Before the Scientific Revolution…
• Few scholars openly challenged the
p
theories of the p
past
accepted
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY
– Earth - center of the universe
universe, everything
else moved around the Earth.
– Supported
S
t d by
b A
Aristotle
i t tl
and Ptolemy (Greek)
Before the Scientific Revolution…
• Few scholars openly challenged the
p
theories of the p
past
accepted
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY
– Earth - center of the universe
universe, everything
else moved around the Earth.
– Supported
S
t d by
b A
Aristotle
i t tl
and Ptolemy (Greek)
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Late Middle Ages (Mid1500s), new ideas
challenged old
• …called the scientific
revolution!
• Brought
g forth by
y
exploration and learning
done during the
Renaissance (1500-1700)
COPERNICUS
• Circa 1500 in Pr
Prussia
ssia
• Astronomy: the study of stars, planets, and
other
th heavenly
h
l b
bodies
di
• HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY:
THEORY
– sun is the center
of the
universe & fixed
– gravity: center of
earth & lunar sphere
– “movement” of stars
is actually earth rotating
TYCHO BRAHE
• Denmark, late 1500s
• Differed with
Copernicus
• Sun
S & moon revolved
l d
around Earth
• Made important
observations &
recorded data
JOHANNES KEPLER
• Germany, early 1600s
• Follower of Heliocentric
Theory
• p
planets move in elliptical
p
orbits (not circles)
• Laws of planetary
p
y
motion
• Solar System
GALILEO GALILEI
• Italy, early 1600s
• Astronomer, physicist,
mathematician &
philosopher
• The Experimental Method:
a e o
of modern
ode science”
sc e ce
“father
• Supported Copernicus
• Used improved telescope to
observe the location and
relationship of heavenly
bodies
• Studied time using
gp
pendulums
– Weights hung to swing freely
• Gravity experiments
– Elaborated on work of Aristotle
– Determined
D t
i d th
thatt allll objects
bj t ffallll att
the same rate
THE CHURCH INTERFERES
• The church felt its authority threaten by new
discoveries in science
• Were especially against Heliocentric Theory
– God
God’s
s Earth was at the center of the
universe
• Galileo was brought to trial in 1633
– Roman Inquisition found him “vehemently
suspect
p
of heresy”
y
– Galileo was forced to recant, held under
house arrest until he died in 1642
• 1771: Ban on printing his works lifted
• 1992: the year the Catholic Church finally
acknowledged that Galileo was correct!
Thanks…
I guess.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• people began to base science on observation
and experimentation
• …not ancient authorities and the church
• Logical procedure for gathering information
and testing ideas
1.
2.
3.
4.
Derive a question based on observation
yp
Formulate a hypothesis
Test hypothesis
y and interpret
p data into a conclusion
Analyze
FRANCIS BACON
• England
England, early 1600s
• Argued for empirical
experimental methods
– Practical & useful…
and profitable
• Championed & made
popular scientific
innovation
RENE DESCARTES
•
•
•
•
•
France, early 1600s
France
Influential, original thinker
Mathematics philosophy
Mathematics,
Doubt everything
Start with evidence, use
deductive reasoning to
create
t scientific
i tifi laws
l
ISAAC NEWTON
• England, late 1600s
• United
U it d experimentation
i
t ti and
d
theoretical math
• Created
C t d mathematical
th
ti l llaws
that explain motion &
mechanics
• Famous gravity experiments
WOMEN IN SCIENCE?
• Learning institutions &
societies of the era
excluded women.
• Some noblewomen and
artisans engaged via
male
l ffamily
il members
b
• Male scientists
suggested that female
f
minds were inferior to
men’s
’
IMPACT
• New advancements in science brought
new ideas in other areas…
• If the government & church was wrong
about old science, it could be wrong about
other areas of life as well
• People begin to think differently about their
religious
li i
iinstitutions
tit ti
and
d governments
t