■Essential Question:
–What were the important
contributions of Copernicus,
Kepler, Galileo, & Newton
during the Scientific Revolution?
■Warm-Up Question:
–?
From 1550 to 1700, Europe experienced a
Scientific Revolution when new ideas in
physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy changed
the way Europeans viewed the natural world
Everything was
questioned & nothing
was assumed to be true
Thinkers used logic & the
scientific method to find
answers to questions
Everything was
questioned & nothing
was assumed to be true
Thinkers used logic & the
scientific method to find
answers to questions
Reasons for Scientific Revolution
■ The Scientific Revolution began in 1550s
because of the recent discoveries in other
areas of European life:
–During the
Renaissance,
people began
to question old
beliefs & thought
that humans could
accomplish anything
Reasons for Scientific Revolution
■ The Scientific Revolution began in 1550s
because of the recent discoveries in other
areas of European life:
–During the
Reformation,
people began
to question
the ideas of the
Roman Catholic
Church
Reasons for Scientific Revolution
■ The Scientific Revolution began in 1550s
because of the recent discoveries in other
areas of European life:
–In the Age of
Exploration,
the discovery
of new lands led
people to search
for other “new”
things
Reasons for Scientific Revolution
■ The Scientific Revolution began in 1550s
because of the recent discoveries in other
areas of European life:
–In the Age of
Exploration,
Because of the
the discovery
Renaissance,
Reformation, & the
of new lands led
Age of Exploration…
people to search
people began to
for other “new”
question everything
things
What were some of the key ideas of
the Scientific Revolution?
What were some of the key ideas of
the Scientific Revolution?
What were some of the key ideas of
the Scientific Revolution?
Why did it start?
■ It started with the Renaissance!
–A new secular, critical thinking man
began to look at the world around him.
–New Greek resources were available
that expanded on the Latin resources
that learning was based
–The weakening of the Church’s
intellectual control of thinking.
“The Star Gazers”
Men who studied the heavens
Ptolemy
■ 2nd Century Roman Astronomer
■ Geocentric world view (Earth Centered)
–Series of concentric spheres
surrounding a motionless earth
■ Christianity shaped its view of heaven to
correspond to Ptolemy’s world view
–Heaven above the outer sphere and
Hell in the interior of earth.
Ptolemy
■ 2nd Century Roman Astronomer
■ Geocentric world view (Earth Centered)
–Series of concentric spheres
surrounding a motionless earth
■ Christianity shaped its view of heaven to
correspond to Ptolemy’s world view
–Heaven above the outer sphere and
Hell in the interior of earth.
Nicholas Copernicus
■ Polish astronomer
■ 1543 published On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres
■ Concluded that the sun is the center of
our solar system, or Heliocentric world
■ The earth is merely one of several
planets revolving about the sun.
Nicholas Copernicus
■ Polish astronomer
■ 1543 published On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres
■ Concluded that the sun is the center of
our solar system, or Heliocentric world
■ The earth is merely one of several
planets revolving about the sun.
Nicholas Copernicus
■ Polish astronomer
■ 1543 published On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres
■ Concluded that the sun is the center of
our solar system, or Heliocentric world
■ The earth is merely one of several
planets revolving about the sun.
Johannes Kepler
■ German Astronomer & Mathematician
■ Kepler used Math to prove and extend
the ideas of Copernicus;
■ Determined that the planets follow an
elliptical, not a circular, orbit in revolving
about the sun.
■ Helped explain the paths followed by
human-made satellites today.
Johannes Kepler
■ German Astronomer & Mathematician
■ Kepler used Math to prove and extend
the ideas of Copernicus;
■ Determined that the planets follow an
elliptical, not a circular, orbit in revolving
about the sun.
■ Helped explain the paths followed by
human-made satellites today.
Galileo Galilei
■ Italian Astronomer and Physicist
■ First to use a telescope to study the heavens;
discovered the moons of Jupiter and
mountains on the moon;
– Shows that the universe was made of the
same material
■ Demonstrated the law of falling bodies and
greatly improved the telescope
■ Did the most to bring the heliocentric
conception of the universe to the world
Galileo Galilei
■ Italian Astronomer and Physicist
■ First to use a telescope to study the heavens;
discovered the moons of Jupiter and
mountains on the moon;
– Shows that the universe was made of the
same material
■ Demonstrated the law of falling bodies and
greatly improved the telescope
■ Did the most to bring the heliocentric
conception of the universe to the world
Galileo and the Church
■ The Church took a stand against the
Copernican idea and brought Galileo to
Rome for a Trial. 1610
■ Faced with the choice of recanting his
beliefs or execution, Galileo chose to
recant and abandoned his studies of the
heavens.
Galileo and the Church
■ The Church took a stand against the
Copernican idea and brought Galileo to
Rome for a Trial. 1610
■ Faced with the choice of recanting his
beliefs or execution, Galileo chose to
recant and abandoned his studies of the
heavens.
The Thinkers
Isaac Newton
■ English mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist
■ Principles of Natural Philosophy or Principia
1642
■ Isaac Newton created many scientific
breakthroughs in physics:
– Discovered & explained the theory of gravity
– He studied the physics of motion, light, &
heat
– Created calculus to prove his theories
■ Law of gravitation, which explains why the
heavens are in motion
■ World as a machine view of natural laws!
Isaac Newton
■ English mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist
■ Principles of Natural Philosophy or Principia
1642
■ Isaac Newton created many scientific
breakthroughs in physics:
– Discovered & explained the theory of gravity
– He studied the physics of motion, light, &
heat
– Created calculus to prove his theories
■ Law of gravitation, which explains why the
heavens are in motion
■ World as a machine view of natural laws!
Francis Bacon
■ Lawyer from England
■ Concept of inductive, experimental
thinking
■ He popularized the new scientific
method of observation and
experimentation.
■ English Royal Society: Meetings of
scientist who share ideas.
Rene Descartes
■ French Scientist, Mathematician, and
philosopher
■ Discourse on Method 1637
■ Cartesian Dualism: Separation of Mind
and Body - father of Rationalism
■ Discovered laws of optics and is
considered the founder of analytic
geometry.
■ Doubt everything; all must be proven
–“I think, therefore, I am.”
Studying the Body and the World
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish Physician
■ On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
■ Undertook dissections of the human body as a
professor of surgery
■ Founded the science of anatomy
■ His work added to European knowledge of the human
body for first time in more than 1,500 years
■ Marked the beginning of modern science
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish Physician
■ On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
■ Undertook dissections of the human body as a
professor of surgery
■ Founded the science of anatomy
■ His work added to European knowledge of the human
body for first time in more than 1,500 years
■ Marked the beginning of modern science
William Harvey
■English Physician, demonstrated that
blood circulates through the body
■On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood (1628)
■Disproved the Greek Galen’s theories
that had been held for 1500 years.
William Harvey
■English Physician, demonstrated that
blood circulates through the body
■On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood (1628)
■Disproved the Greek Galen’s theories
that had been held for 1500 years.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
■Dutch naturalist
■Perfected the microscope and the
study of micro-organisms.
What was the Impact of
the Scientific Revolution
on:
■Philosophy: Enlightenment and ideas on
government
■Religion: the Church, rather than embracing
the ideas created a conflict between faith
and science;
■World: challenged traditional beliefs about
the organization of society, application of
science to solve problems in society