Reform Movements
Reform Movements Abolitionist Movement • They wanted to end slavery • Impact – Led to disagreement over slavery in new Led to disagreement over slavery in new territories – People began to question the morality of People began to question the morality of slavery – Led to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 Led to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860
Labor Movement • Wanted to reform poor working conditions – Low wages – Long hours – Lack of job security – Poor safety conditions Poor safety conditions
– Child labor • Impact – Creation of labor unions • Knights of Labor (1869) • American Federation of Labor (1886) – Labor Strikes • • • • • Great Railway Strike (1877) Haymarket Riot (1886) Homestead Strike (1892) Pullman Strike (1894) Lawrence Textile Strike (1912) IWW Lawrence Textile Strike (1912)­
– Dept. of Labor created (1913) – New laws­>Wagner Act (1935) >Wagner Act (1935) – Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) • Minimum wage • 40 hour week Temperance Movement • Wanted to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol [prohibition] • Began in the 1820s • In 1874, Frances Willard formed the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Impact – Adoption of the 18 th Amendment in 1919 – Law was unenforceable – It stimulated crime­smuggling and bootlegging smuggling and bootlegging – Repealed by the 21 st Amendment in 1933
Amendment in 1933 Women’s Rights Movement • Women’s suffrage was main goal of women’s rights movement from early 1800s to 1920 • Wanted more educational opportunities • Equality economically and socially for all
Equality economically and socially for all women • Impact – 1848 Seneca Falls Convention – Women gained more access to college education – 19 th Amendment (1920) gave women the right to vote – WWI and WWII­women had more employment women had more employment opportunities – 1963, The Feminine Mystique argued against the The Feminine Mystique traditional roles of women – Equal Rights Amendment passed by Congress in 1972, but never ratified – Equal Opportunity Act (1972)­ equal pay for equal Equal Opportunity Act (1972) work – Title IX (1972)­ helped female athletes helped female athletes
Populist Party • Farmers created the Populist Party to promote the following goals – Graduated income tax Graduated income tax – Direct election of U.S. Senators Direct election of U.S. Senators – Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs
and telephones – Secret ballot • Impact – During election of 1896, Populist candidate During election of 1896, Populist candidate William Jennings Bryan believed that the free coinage of silver would make it easier for farmers to pay off their debts – Many of their ideas were adopted by other Many of their ideas were adopted by other political parties and made into law – Illustrates the role of third parties in American Illustrates the role of third parties in American
politics Progressive Movement 1890s to 1920 • Wanted to correct political, economic, and social abuses of industrialization – Political bosses – Monopolies – Working conditions in factories Working conditions in factories – Life for the urban poor Life for the urban poor
• Impact – Muckrakers­ exposed problems to the public exposed problems to the public – Social settlement movement • Hull House – Reform of city and state governments • Initiatives, Referendum, and Recall – Consumer protection • Creation of FDA – Regulation of business • Anti­trust legislation – Improved labor conditions
Improved labor conditions – Conservation • Creation of national parks Civil Rights Movement • African Americans moved toward ending racial segregation in the public schools and other public places (Jim Crow laws) • Goal of obtaining equal civil rights as promised in the 14 th and 15 th Amendments
• Impact – 1909­ creation of NAACP – 1954­ Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education overturned “Separate but equal”­ ­ schools desegregated – 1955­ Montgomery Bus Boycott­
Montgomery Bus Boycott lead to end of segregation in public transportation – 24 th Amendment­abolished poll tax abolished poll tax – Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Voting Right Act of 1965 Voting Right Act of 1965 – Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. (April Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. (April 1968) and Robert F. Kennedy (June 1968) 1968) and Robert F. Kennedy (June 1968)
Harlem Renaissance 1920s • Wanted action against bigotry and an expression of pride in African American culture and identity • Harlem became the center of African American life – Jazz music flourished [known as Jazz Age] Jazz music flourished [known as Jazz Age] – Poets and writers expressed pride in heritage Poets and writers expressed pride in heritage
and attacked racism American Indian Movement • Wanted to improve poor economic status • Wanted more control over the Bureau of
Wanted more control over the Bureau of Indian Affairs • Impact – the American Indian Movement (AIM) sought the American Indian Movement (AIM) sought greater pride and respect for their heritage • Introduced term “Native American” • Protested against racial biases and stereotypes in media • Militants took over Alcatraz Island in 1969 and Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1973, and occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1972 • Court decisions tried to correct treaty violations­ Court decisions tried to correct treaty violations money given as compensation for lost lands • 1975­ Act gave Native Americans more control over
Act gave Native Americans more control over reservations Latino Movement • Wanted to obtain civil rights in – Employment – Education – Housing • Impact – Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers into the United Farm Workers Union in 1962 • led to safer working conditions and more stringent government regulations • Raised the self­esteem of Latino population by esteem of Latino population by making their contributions more visible making their contributions more visible
Disabled Americans • Wanted to gain their full rights in American society – Wider educational opportunities Wider educational opportunities – End to discrimination in employment, public End to discrimination in employment, public accommodations, transportation, and accommodations, transportation, and
telecommunication • Impact – Federal Government passed legislation setting Federal Government passed legislation setting out new programs and policies for people with disabilities • 1973 act barred discrimination in programs and activities that are federally funded • 1975 Education law ensured free and appropriate education of disabled children • 1990­Americans with Disabilities Act Americans with Disabilities Act­disabled given access to public areas; prohibits discrimination in employment and public discrimination in employment and public
accommodations