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1. Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three
main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Cindy's
presentation uses which order?
A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic
2. Many obstetricians date the onset of pregnancy from the date of _____.
A) conception
B) the woman's last menstrual period
C) implantation
D) when the woman had intercourse
3. During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distinct
characteristics and gravitate toward particular locations. The term for this process is
_____.
A) duplication
B) division
C) differentiation
D) specialization
4. During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is _____.
A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation
5. About _____ percent of natural conceptions never implant.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
6. About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a shell that
will become the _____.
A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) embryo
D) infant
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7. The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.
A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks
8. Jenny just learned that she is 6 weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal
development.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second
9. At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the
neural tube.
A) stem cells
B) spinal cord
C) primitive streak
D) placenta
10. As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____.
A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord
11. The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.
A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh
12. In the fourth week after conception, a minuscule blood vessel that will become the
_____ begins to pulsate.
A) lungs
B) stomach
C) kidneys
D) heart
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13. A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development.
She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen.
The doctor reassures her that this is typical and due to the _____ pattern of
development.
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
14. Prenatally, development happens in a “near-to-far” pattern known as _____.
A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis
15. The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.
A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) proximodistal
D) germinal
16. Johnny's mom is 4 months pregnant. Johnny is eager for the arrival of the new baby and
asks, “How many more months until I'm a big brother?” His mother says he has to wait
about _____ more months.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
17. The third period of gestation is the _____ period.
A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal
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18. By the end of the _____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via
ultrasound.
A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth
19. What happens to the brain during the fetal period of development?
A) It goes through a process of regeneration.
B) Synapses decrease in number.
C) It increases in size.
D) The number of neurons decreases.
20. The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.
A) might survive outside the uterus
B) begins to move
C) will be born without defects
D) has developed all its major organs
21. Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development.
He now is a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so
early was due in part to his reaching the _____.
A) term of postnatal development
B) germinal period
C) neurogenesis point
D) age of viability
22. The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____.
A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kg)
B) having adequate brain development
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception
23. On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy,
which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.
A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 6.5
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24. In a first birth, the average length of active labor is _____.
A) several days
B) about 12 hours
C) about 8 hours
D) a few minutes
25. In the third stage of labor, the _____.
A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered
26. At around 38 weeks after conception, the _____ starts the sequence of events that
prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.
A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) germinal period
27. When healthy babies are born, they usually _____.
A) do not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut
28. Which step is usually done immediately after birth ?
A) mucus in baby's throat is removed
B) baby is placed in an incubator
C) umbilical cord blood is drawn
D) baby is assessed for eye color
29. The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____.
A) evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities
B) evaluate the health of the new mother
C) help the mother recover from childbirth
D) evaluate the health of the newborn
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30. A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the
five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital
signs the medical team is concerned about are _____.
A) muscle tone and heartbeat
B) respiratory effect and color
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect
31. Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was 4. This means Henry is
_____.
A) experiencing good health
B) a slow-to-warm-up infant
C) in need of emergency medical attention
D) in average health
32. In addition to customs of the culture the birth process depends on _____.
A) the personality of the obstetrician
B) position and size of the fetus
C) grandparents' wishes and expectations
D) parents' genetic heritage
33. A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the
fetus to be removed quickly, is also referred to as a(n) _____.
A) epidural
B) cesarean section
C) induced labor
D) doula
34. In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via c-section.
A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4
35. Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____.
A) are less expensive
B) increase the risk of complications after birth
C) usually take longer
D) are less safe for the baby
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36. Children born by cesarean section _____.
A) spend more time being held by their mothers in the hours following delivery
B) are more likely to breast-feed from the beginning
C) have double the rate of childhood obesity
D) score lower on the Apgar test
37. Who is most likely to drink alcohol during her pregnancy? A mother who _____.
A) is under age 25
B) never attended college
C) is over age 35
D) belongs to a minority ethnic group
38. What does the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test do?
A) diagnoses HIV infection
B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome
C) measures the mother's genetic weaknesses
D) provides an estimate of the fetus's gestational age
39. Currently in the United States, newborn mortality is about _____.
A) 1 in 100
B) 1 in 150
C) 1 in 200
D) 1 in 250
40. Which statement is TRUE about rates for c-sections?
A) They have been relatively steady over the past three decades.
B) They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations.
C) They vary by doctor, hospital, and even day of the week.
D) They are higher for births attended by midwives.
41. Most births in the United States take place in _____.
A) birthing centers
B) hospital labor rooms
C) homes
D) pools of water
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42. An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the
United States, less than _____ of births occur at home.
A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent
43. A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home
through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _____.
A) humanitarian
B) doctor
C) postpartum nurse
D) doula
44. Tina went into labor at her home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time her
contractions and give gentle massages. She assisted Tina and her partner when it was
time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was
Tina's _____.
A) postpartum nurse
B) doctor
C) couvade
D) doula
45. Research indicates that _____ can benefit from a doula-assisted birth.
A) low-income women
B) married women
C) mothers of multiples
D) all women
46. A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.
A) prenatal abnormalities
B) damage to the placenta
C) extra chromosomes
D) male infertility
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47. Rita is 1 month pregnant and consults with her doctor about teratogens. The doctor tells
her that one category of teratogens is _____.
A) drugs
B) food
C) the media
D) nutrients
48. Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's
intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____.
A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic mutations
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens
49. Jill is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning
disabilities. Her doctor suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal
exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.
A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic abnormalities
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens
50. With respect to prenatal development, teratogens _____.
A) increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
B) decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities
C) always cause prenatal abnormalities
D) do not cause prenatal abnormalities
51. Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby. Chantal's doctor recommends that
they stop using recreational drugs and update their immunizations _____.
A) before Chantal gets pregnant
B) as soon as Chantal knows she is pregnant
C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) as soon as the baby is born
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52. The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are
_____ for body formation.
A) sensitive
B) critical
C) crucial
D) imperative
53. Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are _____.
A) harmful no matter what the level of exposure
B) rarely harmful
C) harmless until exposure reaches a certain level
D) always harmless
54. Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one
teratogen may _____ the threshold of another teratogen.
A) reduce
B) increase
C) cancel
D) improve
55. Mandy is pregnant yet she still has four alcoholic drinks each day. Her baby may be at
increased risk for the development of _____.
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) fetal anoxia syndrome
C) fetal alcohol situation
D) functional alcohol syndrome
56. A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins' blood alcohol levels are
equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles
for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence
the effects of teratogens.
A) kinds of substance
B) genes of the parent
C) genes of each twin
D) doses of teratogen
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57. Which factor influences the effects of teratogens?
A) timing of the teratogen
B) awareness of the parent
C) genes of the mother
D) season of the year
58. Low folic acid during pregnancy can result in _____.
A) heart defects
B) lung defects
C) limb deformities
D) neural-tube defects
59. Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the
occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper
amount of _____ in her diet.
A) vitamin D
B) zinc
C) folic acid
D) vitamin K
60. Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities; however, it
CANNOT provide pregnant women with information about _____.
A) substances to avoid
B) proper nutrition
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
D) treatments for preexisting conditions
61. Pregnant women should _____.
A) rely on self-education for information about pregnancy
B) never trust their doctors' advice and treatment recommendations
C) consider their doctors' advice and treatment recommendations and engage in some
self-education about pregnancy
D) avoid prenatal care in the early months of pregnancy
62. When it comes to the research on prenatal development and teratogens, scientists _____.
A) always agree on the interpretation of research
B) can disagree on the interpretation of research
C) have not yet started to analyze the data
D) tend to disagree with doctors
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63. Gabby received good quality prenatal care from the care team at her local hospital. She
was informed about what to eat and what to do. They also coached her on what to
_____, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress.
A) avoid
B) seek out
C) experience
D) continue
64. Genetic counseling may be most useful to parents at which stage?
A) before becoming pregnant
B) during the last month of pregnancy
C) during delivery
D) after the birth of a special needs child
65. A common reason that couples do not seek genetic counseling is that _____.
A) they have never been exposed to teratogens
B) they already eat a well-balanced diet
C) their pregnancy is unplanned
D) they are well over the age of 35
66. With respect to test results, a false negative is the result of a laboratory test that reports
something as _____.
A) true when in fact it is not true
B) false when in fact it is not false
C) true when in fact it is true
D) false when in fact it is false
67. Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
68. Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
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69. Babies born slightly under 2,500 grams are considered _____.
A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight
70. A baby born three or more weeks early is called _____.
A) premature
B) preterm
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age
71. A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since
conception is referred to as _____.
A) preterm
B) premature
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age
72. Cigarette smoking is implicated in _____ percent of all low-birthweight births
worldwide.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
73. Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had
their first baby. Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than their peers who are of Mexican
ancestry but were born in the United States. Bruno and Juliana's baby was born at a
healthy weight, due in part to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is
called the _____.
A) immigrant paradox
B) Hispanic paradox
C) native-born paradox
D) SES paradox
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74. Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.
A) diabetes
B) malnutrition
C) normal-range weight
D) obesity
75. Possible consequences of low birthweight include infant death, hearing impairment, and
_____.
A) death in adolescence
B) delayed walking
C) teen pregnancy
D) spatial skills
76. The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the
twentieth century, and then _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.
A) increased
B) further decreased
C) remained stable
D) was nearly eradicated
77. Statistically, which woman has characteristics that make her likely to have a baby with
low birthweight?
A) Ashley, who is 27 years old and middle-class SES
B) Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
D) Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
78. In the United States, which is a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of
low-birthweight babies?
A) plentiful food
B) drug use
C) exercise regimens
D) genetic factors
79. Birth complications are more likely when _____.
A) a baby is full term
B) a mother is over age 40
C) a baby is female
D) a mother is unmarried
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80. Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair, assisted by an aid. Sammy
can't control any of his muscles due to brain damage. Sammy's condition has been
evident since birth, during which he was deprived of oxygen. Sammy has _____.
A) anoxia
B) cerebral palsy
C) Huntington disease
D) Parkinson's disease
81. Cerebral palsy was once thought to be the result of something that happened during the
birth procedure, but we now know it can result from many factors, including _____.
A) a specific gene for cerebral palsy
B) maternal nutritional deficits
C) maternal infection
D) Huntington disease
82. Anoxia refers to _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging
B) signs of cerebral palsy
C) a lack of oxygen
D) toxic substances in the bloodstream
83. When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia
experienced _____.
A) cerebral hemorrhaging
B) cerebral palsy
C) couvade
D) anoxia
84. Parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter's responsiveness and reflexes
when a professional administers the _____.
A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
B) Apgar scale
C) Child Behavioral Checklist
D) Strange Situation
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85. When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are
demonstrating the _____.
A) Moro reflex
B) rooting reflex
C) sucking reflex
D) thrashing reflex
86. Newborn babies have _____ designed to maintain oxygen supply, maintain a constant
body temperature, and manage feeding.
A) genes
B) habits
C) reflexes
D) strategies
87. A father's presence at a child's birth _____.
A) has no impact on birth complications
B) only has an impact on birth complications if the mother and father are married
C) reduces the likelihood of birth complications
D) increases the likelihood of birth complications
88. The phenomenon in which fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth is
known as _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
89. While Bill's wife was pregnant, he experienced weight gain and indigestion. When she
gave birth, he felt sharp physical pain as well. Bill was experiencing _____.
A) postpartum depression
B) couvade
C) false labor
D) the Moro reflex
90. Postpartum depression _____.
A) is a normal development and no cause for concern
B) has no treatment
C) does not typically interfere with the care of a newborn
D) can be mitigated by successful breast-feeding
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91. Julia had a baby three weeks ago. She has been feeling sad and inadequate as a mother,
which has made caring for her newborn difficult. Julia may be experiencing _____.
A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) postpartum depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) separation anxiety
92. Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She
may have _____.
A) couvade
B) behavioral teratogens
C) kangaroo care
D) postpartum depression
93. Studies indicate that _____ may mitigate maternal depression.
A) breast-feeding
B) having a home birth
C) couvade
D) epidurals
94. A commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising the child is referred to as parental
_____.
A) alliance
B) cooperation
C) commitment
D) support
95. Rebecca and Bob just had a baby. They agreed that they would each be responsible for
the baby every other evening to give the other parent a break from childcare. They have
also discussed how to share responsibility for daycare drop off and pick up once they
are both back at work. Rebecca and Bob are demonstrating _____.
A) parental alliance
B) bonding
C) postpartum depression
D) couvade
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96. The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their
newborn is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent–infant bond
97. Phil is holding his newborn child for the first time and is overwhelmed by the love he
feels for his child. What Phil is experiencing is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) the parent–infant bond
98. A form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on
their naked chests is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) parent–infant bond
99. Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called _____.
A) couvade
B) a doula
C) kangaroo care
D) parent–infant bond
100. Kangaroo care has been associated with a newborn _____.
A) sleeping more shallowly
B) gaining weight more quickly
C) spending more time asleep
D) smiling at a younger age
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Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
C
B
C
D
C
A
C
B
C
D
A
D
B
A
B
D
D
B
C
A
D
B
C
B
D
A
C
A
D
C
C
B
B
A
B
C
C
B
D
C
B
A
D
D
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45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
D
A
A
D
D
A
A
B
C
A
A
C
A
D
C
C
C
B
A
A
C
B
C
B
A
B
D
D
B
A
B
A
C
B
B
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
C
B
B
D
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91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
B
D
A
A
A
D
D
C
C
B
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1. Describe the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period of prenatal
development. Identify the length of each period and detail the major developmental
milestones that occur during each period.
2. Explain the procedure known as a cesarean section, and discuss at least two benefits and
two risks associated with this kind of delivery.
3. Define behavioral teratogens and name at least two common ones. State two potential
consequences of exposure to them.
4. Identify at least three teratogens. Since teratogens' impact depends on multiple factors,
briefly describe two such factors.
5. Name four of the factors that contribute to low birthweight.
6. List two of the hypotheses developed to explain the increase in low birthweight in the
United States.
7. Define reflexes. Describe the three kinds of reflexes that are necessary for newborn
survival and give an example of each.
8. Define couvade and give two examples.
9. Describe the maternal symptoms of postpartum depression. What are two possible
causes of postpartum depression?
10. Describe kangaroo care and list two of its benefits.
11. Give a general description of the embryonic period. Detail the fetal status at the end of
this period.
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Answer Key
1. The first two weeks (14 days) of prenatal development are the germinal period. During
this time the zygote experiences cell duplication and differentiation. The major
milestone is the transformation of the zygote into a blastocyst, which forms the embryo
and placenta, enabling implantation in the uterus. The embryonic period lasts from the
third through the eighth prenatal week (day 14 to 56). The major developmental
milestones are body structure and system formation, including a rudimentary central
nervous system and circulatory system. The fetal period starts at the ninth prenatal week
and ends at birth. Fetal growth, sex organs, and refinement of all the body structures and
systems are the major developmental accomplishments.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe the three
Describes the three
Describes just two of Describes one or none
prenatal
prenatal periods,
the prenatal periods or of the periods or their
developmental
including the length of does not accurately
lengths accurately or
periods, including
each one
describe the length of confuses the periods
their lengths
all three
Detail the milestones Details the major
Details the milestones Details the milestones
that occur during
milestones for each for two of the periods for one or none of the
each period
period
periods or confuses
them
2. A cesarean section (c-section) is also known as a surgical birth. Incisions through the
mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being
delivered through the vagina. Generally, cesareans are 1) safe for mother and baby and
2) can save a baby's life when the infant experiences distress during a vaginal delivery.
Advantages for hospitals include 3) ease in scheduling, 4) quicker than vaginal
deliveries, and 5) more profitable than vaginal deliveries. Drawbacks include 1) a longer
recovery period for the mother, 2) complications after birth, 3) a reduction in
breast-feeding, and 4) by age 3, children born by cesarean have double the rate of
childhood obesity.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Explains the
Explains the
Does not explain the
procedure, stating that procedure without
procedure
it is also called a
extra details
c-section or surgical
birth
Discuss the risks and Discusses two or more Discusses two risks or Does not discuss at
benefits
risks and two or more two benefits or one least one risk and one
benefits
risk and one benefit benefit
3. Behavioral teratogens are substances and conditions that do not cause physical defects
in a developing fetus but increase the risk of harm to the child's brain. For example, if a
pregnant mother 1) smokes, 2) drinks alcohol, 3) uses marijuana or other drugs, or 4)
has a virus (such as the flu), the fetus's brain could be damaged. Consequences of
exposure to behavioral teratogens include 1) hyperactivity, 2) learning disabilities, and
Explain the
procedure
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3) antisocial behavior.
Good (5 pts)
Define behavioral
Defines the term and
teratogens
expresses that these
cause brain damage,
not physical defects
Name at least two
Names at least two
behavioral teratogens behavioral teratogens
Fair (3 pts)
Defines the term such
that it could also
include physical
defects
Names one behavioral
teratogen
Weak (1-0 pts)
Does not accurately
define the term
Does not name a
common behavioral
teratogen or gives an
example of one that
causes physical
defects
State two potential States two potential States one potential Does not state a
consequences
consequences
consequence
potential consequence
or states a physical
defect
4. Teratogens include any influence on the pregnant mother, including 1) malnutrition, 2)
stress, 3) exposure to drugs, 4) viruses, or 5) pollutants, and even 6) supplements
(vitamin A is mentioned in the text). Teratogens increase the risk of harm to a
developing embryo or fetus, but they do not always cause damage. 1) Timing is critical
because some teratogens may cause damage only during a critical period. 2) The dose
and/or frequency of exposure is important. Usually, the greater the dose or exposure, the
greater the risk of fetal abnormalities. 3) Finally, the genes of the developing embryo or
fetus can influence the effects of teratogens, since some are more genetically vulnerable
to certain teratogens.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Identify teratogens Identifies three or
Identifies two
Fails to identify more
more teratogens;
teratogens; answer
than one teratogen
answer may be
may be specific
specific (alcohol,
(alcohol, crack,
crack, marijuana,
marijuana, pesticides,
pesticides, etc.)
etc.)
Describe two factors Describes two factors Describes one factor Does not describe a
that influence
from the list above
from the list above
factor
teratogens' impact
5. Low birthweight can be caused by 1) maternal drug use, 2) maternal smoking, 3)
maternal underweight, 4) poor diet during pregnancy, 5) maternal failure to gain
adequate weight in the last six months of pregnancy, 6) underage mother, and 7)
polluted environment.
Good (5 pts)
Name four factors of Names four of the
low birthweight
factors from the list
above
Page 3
Fair (3 pts)
Names three of the
factors from the list
above
Weak (1-0 pts)
Names two or less of
the factors from the
list above
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6. The hypotheses that explain the increase in low birthweight in the United States include:
1) a lack of adequate maternal nutrition, 2) an increase in food insecurity, 3) increased
maternal drug use, and 4) increasing rates of assisted reproduction that lead to twins and
triplets, since multiple babies always weigh less than one infant.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
List two hypotheses Lists two of the
Lists one of the
Cannot list a
hypotheses
hypotheses
hypothesis
7. Reflexes are unlearned actions that are involuntary responses to particular stimuli.
Those that are necessary for newborn survival are ones that 1) maintain oxygen supply
(breathing, hiccupping, sneezing), 2) maintain constant body temperature (crying,
shivering, kicking off blankets), and 3) encourage feeding (sucking and rooting).
Weak (1-0 pts)
Cannot define reflex
or lists one or no type
Gives one or no
example or confuses
examples
8. In some cases, expectant fathers have biological experiences related to pregnancy and
birth; this is called couvade. Many fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy including
1) weight gain, 2) indigestion, and 3) pain during the mother's labor.
Define reflex and
describe three types
Give an example of
each kind
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Defines reflex and
Defines reflex and
lists the three types
lists two types
Gives three examples, Gives two examples
one for each kind
Weak (1-0 pts)
Fails to define
couvade
Give two examples Gives two examples
Gives no example or
an incorrect example
9. Symptoms of postpartum depression include a mother's 1) deep sadness and 2) feelings
of inadequacy, including 3) feeling burdened by baby care, 4) ignoring the baby's needs,
and 5) thoughts of neglecting or hurting the infant.
Define couvade
Good (5 pts)
Defines couvade
Fair (3 pts)
Gives a vague
definition
Gives one example
Possible causes include 1) hormonal changes, 2) financial stress, 3) marital problems, 4)
giving birth without support, 5) birth experience differing from what was imagined, 6)
infant health, feeding, or sleeping problems.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe the
Describes two of the Describes one of the Does not describe a
maternal symptoms symptoms
symptoms
symptom
of postpartum
depression
Name two possible Names two possible Names one possible Does not name a
causes
causes
cause
possible cause
10. In kangaroo care, mothers or fathers hold their infants to their chests skin-to-skin,
allowing them to feel their body heat and listen to their heartbeats. Studies show that
infants who receive kangaroo care 1) experience deeper sleep, 2) spend more time alert,
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3) gain weight more rapidly, and 4) adjust to life outside the womb more easily.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe kangaroo Describes kangaroo Describes kangaroo Cannot describe
care
care as an effective
care as if only mothers kangaroo care
means for both parents can do it
List two benefits
Lists two benefits
Lists one benefit
Does not list a benefit
11. The embryonic period covers the third through the eighth week of development. It is
during this time that differentiation into layers occurs, leading to the formation and
development of all major internal and external body systems. Although the head is too
large in comparison to the rest of the body, by the end of this period, all body systems
are present and functioning with the exception of sex organs.
Good (5 pts)
Describe the
States the time period
embryonic period and what occurs to the
embryo (differentiation
into layers)
Detail fetal status States that all body
systems are present with
the exception of sex
organs
Page 5
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
States the time period Cannot state the time
or what occurs to the period covered or
embryo
what occurs to the
embryo
States that all body
Does not state that all
systems are
body systems are
present—but
functioning
includes the sex
organs
full file at http://testbankcorner.eu
1. During the embryonic period, the fingers form after the arms, and the toes form after the
legs, reflecting the _____ pattern of development.
2. _____ is the process in which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of
the uterus.
3. A(n) _____ uses sound waves to generate an image of a fetus in utero.
4. The point at which a fetus may survive if born early is known as the age of _____.
5. The fetus usually gains at least _____ pounds in the third trimester.
6. On average, a first baby is born after _____ hours of active labor.
7. The _____ is used to assess the newborn's health at one minute and five minutes after
birth.
8. A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the
fetus to be removed quickly, is referred to as a(n) _____.
9. In the United States, _____ of births occur via c-section.
10. Violeta is in labor and is using a birthing stool. This decision has been influenced by
Violeta's _____.
11. The _____ is delivered during the third stage of labor.
12. The baby is delivered during the _____ stage of labor.
13. Newborn mortality is currently about 1 in _____ in the United States.
14. Most births in the United States take place in a(n) _____.
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15. In the United States, less than 1 percent of births occur at _____.
16. A woman who helps with the birth process, who is likely to arrive at the woman's home
during early labor and later work alongside a hospital's staff, is called a(n) _____.
17. A(n) _____ is any agent or condition that increases the risk for prenatal abnormalities.
18. Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's
intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____ teratogens.
19. Some teratogens are not harmful unless exposure reaches a certain level; this is called
the _____ effect.
20. Risk of fetal _____ defects may be substantially reduced by a maternal diet adequate in
folic acid.
21. Factors that contribute to the effect of a teratogen include the timing of exposure, the
dose, and _____ factors.
22. A laboratory test result that reports something as false when in fact it is not false is
called a(n) _____.
23. _____ is the term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected,
given the time since conception.
24. Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair assisted by an aid. Sammy
can't control any of his muscles due to brain damage. Sammy's condition has been
evident since birth. Sammy has _____.
25. When Alexia was born she had a lack of oxygen for a brief amount of time. Alexia
experienced _____.
26. A newborn's involuntary response to a particular stimulus is a(n) _____.
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27. When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are
demonstrating the _____ reflex.
28. A father's presence at a child's birth _____ the likelihood of birth complications.
29. Malek gained weight and experienced nausea when his wife, Elenor, was pregnant.
Malek experienced _____.
30. After giving birth to her first child, Mae experienced a deep sadness that made caring
for her child (and herself) difficult. Her husband noticed and called the family's doctor,
who suggested Mae may have _____.
31. A(n) _____ is a commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising the child.
32. The parent–infant _____ is the strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold,
examine, and feed their newborn.
33. _____ is a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their
babies on their naked chests.
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Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
proximodistal
Implantation
ultrasound
viability
4.5 (4 1/2)
12
Apgar scale (Apgar test)
cesarean section (c-section) (section) (cesarean)
one-third
culture
placenta
second
250
hospital
home
doula
teratogen
behavioral
threshold
neural-tube
genetic
false negative
Small for gestational age
cerebral palsy
anoxia
reflex
rooting
reduces
couvade
postpartum depression
parental alliance
bond
Kangaroo care
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full file at http://testbankcorner.eu
1. Every person starts life as a single cell called an embryo.
A) True
B) False
2. The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.
A) True
B) False
3. Couvade is when the zygote embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.
A) True
B) False
4. Prenatal development follows a cephalocaudal and a proximodistal pattern.
A) True
B) False
5. At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body
parts (except sex organs) of a human being.
A) True
B) False
6. The fetus gains about 2 pounds in the third trimester.
A) True
B) False
7. Birth takes place around 266 days after conception.
A) True
B) False
8. The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born.
A) True
B) False
9. A newborn's cry is assessed when assigning an Apgar score.
A) True
B) False
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10. The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing.
A) True
B) False
11. The rate of both cesarean sections and induced labor is declining worldwide.
A) True
B) False
12. Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States.
A) True
B) False
13. Doulas have been shown to have little benefit in helping women during the birth
process.
A) True
B) False
14. About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral
teratogens.
A) True
B) False
15. The effects of behavioral teratogens may last a lifetime.
A) True
B) False
16. Behavioral teratogens cause physical defects and brain abnormalities.
A) True
B) False
17. The last months of prenatal development are a critical period for body formation.
A) True
B) False
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18. A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure
reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging.
A) True
B) False
19. Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop fetal alcohol syndrome.
A) True
B) False
20. Genes can influence the effects of teratogens.
A) True
B) False
21. Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage.
A) True
B) False
22. Low birthweight is defined as a newborn that weighs less than 2,500 grams.
A) True
B) False
23. A “small for gestational age” baby means the same as an “underweight preterm”
newborn.
A) True
B) False
24. Fathers do not seem to have any impact on birthweight outcomes.
A) True
B) False
25. The nations of sub-Saharan Africa have low rates of low-birthweight babies.
A) True
B) False
26. The term for a temporary lack of oxygen is anorexia.
A) True
B) False
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27. The status of the fetus, but not the status of the mother, is associated with birth
complications.
A) True
B) False
28. The rooting reflex helps a newborn infant find a nipple.
A) True
B) False
29. Birth-related complications are more likely when there is a father listed on the birth
record.
A) True
B) False
30. Between 8 and 15 percent of all women experience postpartum depression in the days
and weeks after giving birth.
A) True
B) False
31. The parental alliance is especially beneficial when an infant is physically vulnerable.
A) True
B) False
32. The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as
couvade.
A) True
B) False
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full file at http://testbankcorner.eu
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
B
B
B
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
B
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full file at http://testbankcorner.eu
1. The first two weeks of development after conception is called the _____.
A) fetal period
B) germinal period
C) embryonic period
D) implantation period
2. The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week three through eight is the _____.
A) blastocyst
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) germinal
3. The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until
birth is _____.
A) fetal
B) blastocyst
C) embryonic
D) germinal
4. The Apgar scale measures the _____.
A) adequacy of prenatal growth
B) duration of labor
C) newborn's health following birth
D) intensity of pain during labor
5. In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?
A) 11
B) 21
C) 34
D) 41
6. A doula is a woman who _____.
A) is pregnant for the first time
B) helps with the birth process
C) helps couples with infertility problems
D) counsels women who have postpartum depression
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7. Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are
called _____.
A) behavioral risks
B) critical risks
C) primitive streaks
D) behavioral teratogens
8. The likelihood of many developmental complications can be greatly reduced through
_____.
A) extreme exercise
B) the science of risk analysis
C) exposure to teratogens
D) There is no way to reduce such complications
9. Moderate use of which of these substances has been associated with fetal abnormalities?
A) chocolate
B) tobacco
C) caffeine
D) trans fat
10. Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than _____ at birth.
A) 3 pounds
B) 5 1 2 pounds
C) 7 pounds
D) 10 pounds
11. What is anoxia?
A) lack of oxygen during birth
B) lack of emotional support during labor
C) toxins in the bloodstream
D) brain damage
12. Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus?
A) motor skill
B) habit
C) reflex
D) symbolic representation
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13. The term couvade refers to _____.
A) a male doula
B) the father's experience of pregnancy
C) the father's impact on a child's development
D) a male birthing physician
14. When parents cooperate to raise their child, they have _____.
A) lower cortisol rates
B) an increase in birth hormones
C) a decrease in brain activity
D) formed a parental alliance
15. The strong loving connection between a parent and newborn is called the _____.
A) Oedipus complex
B) parent–infant bond
C) love connection
D) prenatal bond
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Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
B
B
A
C
C
B
D
B
B
B
A
C
B
D
B
Page 4