PAPER 245
THE PRACTICE OF mE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION
AND TM-SIDID PROGRAMME REVERSES
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS
MICHAEL TOOMEY, BRIAN PENNINGTON, 1 ROGER CHALMERS, and GEOFFREY CLEMENTS
MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England
1Department of Biology, University of York, England
Research completed September 1982.
Participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme were found to have
an average biological age which was 7.2 years younger than their average chronological age
of 31.8 years. Length of time practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme was found to be correlated with reduction in biological age.-EDITORS
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME , VOL.
3
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme on the ageing process using a standard test of biological ageing, which involved
measuremJnts of auditory threshold at 6kHz, near point of vision, and systolic blood pressure. The test
was administered to 173 participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sid,hi programme (127
men, mean age 30.7 years, and 46 ladies, mean age 35.0 years).
Scores showed that the mean biological age of the subjects was 7.2 years younger than their chronological
age (p< .001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the reduction in biological age
and length of time practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme (p <. 001). Another
measure of physiological ageing, functional age, was found to show a similar correlation with duration
of practice (p< .001).
Multiple regression analysis indicated that duration ofpractice of the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme was significantly predictive of improvement in systolic blood pressure (p<.001) and
auditory threshold (p< .05).
The findings support the hypothesis that the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme reverses the ageing process.
INTRODUCIION
Certain physiological variables change progressively over the course of adult life. These can serve
as indicators of the rate at which ageing proceeds
in .individuals and populations (Bourliere, 1970;
Murray, 1951).
Wallace, Dillbeck, Jacobe, and Harrington (1982),
using the Adult Growth Examination (Morgan and
Fevens, 1972), recently demonstrated that practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme had significantly lower biological
age scores compared to norms and to control subjects. The mean biological age of short-term practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme was found to be 5 years younger
than their chronological age, while that of the longterm subjects was 12 years younger. Furthermore,
a significant correlation was found between length
of time practising the Transcendental Meditation
programme and younger biological age (r = - .46,
N=84, p<.001).
On the basis of their results, Wallace et al. suggest that the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme has the effect of reversing the ageing process. In support of this conclusion they cite
many previous findings on the physiological and
psychological changes that accompany the practice
of these techniques (Orme-Johnson and Farrow,
1977; Chalmers et al., in press).
The present study was conducted to examine
further the relationship between length of time par-
1872
ticipating in the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi programme and biological age, and to extend
the research of Wallace et al. by investigating this
relationship in subjects who were on average some
20 years younger than those participating in
Wallace's study.
Multiple regression analysis was used to test the
hypothesis that the changes produced by the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme in
the physiological variables assessed constitute an
actual reversal of the usual results of ageing.
METHODS
SUBJECTS-A total of 173 people were examined,
127 men and 46 ladies. The mean age of the subjects was 30.7 years for the men (range 18.8 to 68.7
years), and 35.0 years for the ladies (range 21.5 to
66.3 years).
The mean duration of participation in the Transcendental Meditation programme was 6.5 years for
the men (range 0.4 to 14.0 years), and 6.5 years for
the ladies (range 0.5 to 15.8 years).
The majority of the people in the study had learnt
the TM-Sidhi programme, a set of advanced meditation procedures practised in addition to the Transcendental Meditation technique. The mean length
of time of participation in the TM-Sidhi programme
was 2.1 years for the men (range of 0 to 4.3 years),
and 2.3 years for the ladies (range of 0 to 4.3 years).
TOOMEY ET AL.
HEALTH : PHYSIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS
Most of the subjects were employed in light industry or office work.
TESTING PROCEDURE-The Adult Growth Examination (AGE), (Morgan and Fevens, 1972), includes three basic subtests which have been reported
by Morgan to be the most reliable and easily
measured indicators of biological ageing. These are:
systolic blood pressure, near point of vision, and
auditory threshold at 6 kHz.
Subjects were administered the AGE tests according to Morgan's protocol. The majority of subjects
were tested on two separate days within a three-week
period. Each session lasted approximately twenty
minutes.
Systolic blood pressure was measured with a random zero sphygmomanometer (Gelman Hawksley,
England), the appearance of the first sound being
taken as the systolic pressure. The value of systolic
blood pressure used was the average of three readings taken at rest in the sitting position separated
by the intervening activity of the other two tests.
Near point of vision was taken as the closest distance
for uncorrected binocular vision at which a sentence
in 12 point characters could be read without blurring.
The auditory threshold was measured at 6 kHz
for the better ear after a rehearsal at 1 kHz (1702
recording audiometer, Grayson Stadler, U.S.A.).
ANALYSIS-AGE scores were derived according to
the methods described by Morgan. This involves using conversion tables taken from normative data (obtained from the U.S. National Health Survey) to convert the raw score from the average reading of each
subtest to the equivalent age score. The three age
scores were then ranked and the median taken to
be the biological age.
The difference between this median biological age
score and the chronological age of the subjects was
then compared with the years of participation in the
Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme in a correlation analysis.
Because of its predictive ability and greater rigour,
multiple regression analysis was also carried out on
the data, each physiological variable being modelled
separately using forward stepwise analysis. The
objective of this statistical exploration of the data
was to investigate further the relationship of each
variable-systolic blood pressure, auditory threshold
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245
and near point of vision-with the number of years
of practice of the Transcendental Meditation and
TM-Sidhi programme, and the chronological age
and sex of the subjects.
Since years of practising the Transcendental Meditation technique and years of practising the TM-Sidhi
programme were highly correlated, (r= .570,
N= 173, p< .001), these two variables were combined to produce one variable (TMSD) in order to
avoid problems of collinearity. This variable
therefore represents the total time invested in the
Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. It increases annually by one unit for someone practising only Transcendental Meditation and
by two units for someone practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. The
other regressors fitted to the models were age (years),
and sex (1 for men and 0 for ladies).
In order to avoid potential problems from using
normative data, another method of assessment of
physiological age-functional age as defined by
Webster and Logie (1976)-was calculated for each
subject. This measure is derived from the sample
rather than norms. A multiple regression model was
constructed using the individual subtests and sex as
dependent variables, age being the independent variable. Functional age was then calculated for each
subject from this model. The difference between
functional age and chronological age was then correlated with the years of participation in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme (as
the combined TMSD variable defined above).
RESULTS
The Adult Growth Examination scores showed
that the subjects of this sample had a biological age
that was on average 7.2 years younger than their
average chronological age of 31.8 years, a highly
significant difference (1=7.15, N= 173, p<.OOl).
The results are summarized in table l.
In addition, the length of time of participation
in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme was significantly correlated with the reduction in biological age (r= - .329, N = 173, p< .001).
I
Similarly, the difference between functional age
and chronological age was significantly correlated
with years of practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme (r=- .351, N= 173,
p< .001).
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME,
VOL .
3
TABLE I
DETAILS OF THE SAMPLE AND REsULTS OF THE ADULT GROWTH EXAMINATION
LADIES
MEN (N=l27)
TOTAL (N= 173)
(N = 46)
Mean
S.D.
Mean
S.D.
Mean
S.D.
30.7
8.0
35.0
11.2
31.8
9.1
Duration of the practice of
Transcendental Meditation (years)
6.5
2.8
6.5
3.5
6.5
3.0
Duration of practice of
the TM-Sidhi programme (years)
2.1
1.2
2.3
1.3
2.1
1.2
TMSD* (years)
8.5
3.7
8.7
4.4
8.6
3.9
11.9
Age (years)
122.3
11.2
113 .4
11.6
120.0
Near point of vision (inches)
4.0
1.5
6.2
5.7
4.6
3.3
Auditory threshold (dB)
6.4
12.1
8.9
13.5
7.1
12.5
22.9
7.4
29.6
12.6
24.7
9.5
-7.8
7.4
-5.4
8.7
-7.2
7.8
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Biological age (years)
Difference between biological age
and chronological age
• TMSD =years of practice of Transcendental Meditation added to years of practice of the TM-Sidhi programme
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS
EQUATION I. MODEL OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) = 101.9""" + (10.78••• x sex)
+ (0.49••• x age)+ [- 0.64••• x (TM years+ TM-Sidhi years))
R 2 =0.243***, F= 18 .1, N= 173 .
EQUATION 2. MODEL OF NEAR POINT OF VISION
Near point of vision (inches)
= 0.937NS> + ( -1.583*" x sex)+ (0.151° 00 x age)
vision. It should be pointed out that in general
the near point of vision of these subjects was
lower than the norms for their ages.
3. Ladies had consistently lower values of systolic
blood pressure than men. Near point of vision
was also different in men than in ladies but
auditory threshold was not.
Summary data for each of the multiple regression
models is given in table 2.
R 2 =0.2ll***,F=28.6, N= 173 .
EQUATION 3. MODEL OF HEARING THRESHOLD AT 6kHz
Hearing threshold level at 6kHz (dB)= -6.749*+(0.58•••xage)
+ [ - 0.541* x (TM years+ TM-Sidhi years))
R 2 =0.161**",F=i1 . 1, N=l73 .
Sex is I for men and 0 for women.
• p<O.OS
•• p<O.Ol
•••p<O.OOI
A significant correlation between biological age
and the age at which the subject learned the Transcendental Meditation technique was also found
(r= .67, N= 173, p< .001).
The multiple regression analysis revealed that:
1. Age was significantly predictive of higher
systolic blood pressure, increased near point
of vision, and increased auditory threshold.
2. Duration of practice of the Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme was
significantly predictive of lower systolic blood
pressure and reduced auditory threshold, but
was not significantly related to near point of
1874
DISCUSSION
The results of the AGE analysis of the data are
comparable to those of Wallace and his colleagues
discussed above.
Furthermore, the present findings extend those of
Wallace et al. to a younger age group. Whereas the
average age in Wallace's study was 53 years, the
mean age of the male subjects in this study was 30.8
years, and that of the female subjects, 34.9 years.
The results with regard to biological age are also
supported by the correlation found between the difference of functional age from chronological age and
years of practice of the Transcendental Meditation
and TM-Sidhi programme. Thus the two different
methods, norm-based and sample-based, agree that
the degree to which physiological age is younger than
chronological age increases in proportion to years
of practice of the Transcendental Meditation and
TM-Sidhi programme.
TOOMEY ET AL.
HEALTH : PHYSIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS
The multiple regression models, looking at the
structure of the cross-sectional data in more depth,
show that duration of participation in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme was
significantly related to scores on two of the three
measures of the Adult Growth Examination: systolic
blood pressure and auditory threshold. The significant regression coefficients for Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme participation
with respect to these two age-related variables, indicate that the duration of participation is a significant predictor of improvement in these variables,
independent of the other factors in this study (age
and sex of the subjects).
It was our hypothesis that the Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme would have
the effect of reversing physiological changes that
occur with ageing. This was observed to occur with
systolic blood pressure and auditory threshold at
6 kHz, but not with near point of vision. An effect
of slowing or reversal of the deterioration of near
point of vision might be revealed in older subjects
in whom deterioration from the ideal situation would
ordinarily be more advanced. This would be an interesting topic for further research.
In this study we have derived linear multiple
regression models for the data but there is no reason
to suppose that the underlying relationships between
physiology, age, and length of practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme are
linear. The progression of blood pressure, near point
of vision, and auditory threshold at 6 kHz with age
is certainly not constant throughout life (see for example Hofstetter, 1954; Hinchcliffe, 1959; Miall,
and Lovell, 1967).
It will be valuable to investigate in future studies
whether the rate of reversal of ageing depends initially on the degree of ageing that has already taken
place, and further to investigate the relationship
between the rate of reversal of ageing and length of
time practising Transcendental Meditation. Two
alternative patterns would seem to be most probable:
1. The biological age may approach that of a
healthy young adult in an asymptotic fashion,
in which case, the rate of reversal of ageing
would become less with time.
2. Improvements in physiological functioning
may continue over and above the extent
necessary to restore the biological age of early
-PAPER
245
adulthood, to produce a state of higher
physiological efficiency and integration.
This second hypothesis is supported by many existing findings on the Transcendental Meditation and
TM-Sidhi programme (for example Orme-Johnson,
1973; Pelletier, 1974; Blasdell, 1977; Clements and
Milstein, 1977; Orme-Johnson and Granieri, 1977;
Warshal, 1980; Daniels, in press; Wallace et al., in
press). These factors will be examined in further
longitudinal studies.
A characteristic pattern of ageing, particularly
in later years, is the occurrence of a vicious circle
among a number of the factors that characterize the
ageing process. For example, a decline in physical
function would cause a decline in mental well-being,
which in itself could lead to an accumulation of stress
and tension precipitating a further worsening of
physical condition. This compounding of effects is
observed only too often by medical practitioners and
social workers.
The effectiveness of Transcendental Meditation
in reversing the usual pattern of ageing can be seen
from its effect in breaking this vicious circle of ageing by bringing about improvements in the major
factors associated with the ageing process, both
physiological and psychological.
Previous research findings on the Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme show directly
a reversal of the deteriorative effects of ageing on
a wide range of parameters. Furthermore, improvements have been seen in all the major factors
predisposing longevity (Clements and Clements,
1980).
The mechanisms for this comprehensive improvement have been investigated in terms of an holistic
growth factor-the growth of higher states of
consciousness-and studies have now been conducted (Haynes et al., 1977; Levine et al., 1977;
Orme-J ohnson et al., 1977) relating the experience
of higher states of consciousness resulting from the
Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme to high EEG coherence, a measure of cortical integration or communication. These two
parameters have been further correlated with f"owth
in a number of psychological variables, together with
improvements in neurological efficiency (Haynes et
al., 1977; Orme-Johnson and Haynes, 1981; Dillbeck
et al., 1981).
Therefore, the effectiveness of Transcendental
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME , VOL . 3
Meditation in reversing the ageing process may be
incorporated into the following model: Transcendental Meditation produces a state of overall well-being
and integration operationally defined in terms of the
growth of a higher state of consciousness linked to
the occurrence of a high degree of cortical integration (measured as high intra- and interhemispheric
EEG coherence).
In turn this high degree of integration in central
nervous functioning gives rise to autonomic stability and greater physiological efficiency (OrmeJohnson, 1973; Appelle and Oswald, 1974;
McDonagh and Egenes, 1977; Warshal, 1980)
leading also to a more mature, balanced personality
(Seeman et al., 1972; Ferguson and Gowan, 1976)
and a better mental and physical health profile
(Hjelle, 1974; Wilson et al., 1975; Blackwell et al.,
1975; Cooper and Aygen, 1978 and 1979; Wallace
et al., 1972a and in press). These different factors of
integration and well-being contribute towards positive
health habits (Wallace et al., 1972b; Shafri et al., 1975;
Lazaret al., 1977; Monahan, 1977) and a general
style of living which, in itself, is conducive to
maintenance of good health and to the prevention
of the ageing process, reinforcing the benefits that
occur at a more fundamental physiological level.
Studies from many different angles contribute to
our understanding of this chain of improvements.
Further work is now under way to extend this study
to a broader range of important mental, physical,
and social factors, as well as to examine larger
numbers of subjects practising the Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme from a wide
age range. Finally, it is hoped to use the results of
these studies as the basis for widespread and
systematic application of Transcendental Meditation
to ameliorate many of the problems of ageing now
experienced in our society.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
'The authors would like to acknowledge the very
able assistance of Carol George and the co-operation
of the management and staff of the AEC factory
at Skelmersdale, Lancashire.
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