·
Botany 2 or BO4103
2013
OutlineSpring&Quarter
Introduction
COURSE NUMBER
COURSE TITLE
INSTRUCTOR
CLASS TIME
BO 4103
Botany 2
Rainer Stahlberg, PhD
CREDITS
STUDENT
ADVISING HOURS
CONTACT INFO
3.0
Mondays 5 pm to 5:30 pm in room 82, also by appointment
Lecture: Mondays, 10:00 – 11:50 am in room 146
Lab A: Mondays, 1:00 – 2:50 pm in room 82
Lab B: Mondays, 3:00 – 4:50 pm in room 82
(Work Phone)
(Home Phone)
(E-mail)
206-897-1790
206-546-2395
[email protected]
Purchase test Scantrons in the Bastyr University Bookstore & Clinic Dispensary
Welcome to the wonderful & in spite of all
research still mysterious world of the plants!
This course …
Time and parts
Mondays Lecture 10 – 11:50PM in Room 146
Wednesdays Lab A 1:00 – 2:50AM; Lab B 3:00 – 4:50PM in
Room 82
Here are two important links! Use them & u will succed!
to your instructor
[email protected] (check We)
[email protected]
[email protected] (check daily)
and to the lectures
moodle site for BO4103
http:\\staff.washington.edu/raista
click Intro Botany and pull the window down to expose the study
questions and PDFs summarizing the lectures given.
·
Course Description
Botany II is a selection of important chapters compiled from subdisciplines of the Botanical Sciences.
The lectures focus on plant development and the secondary
metabolites that provide the various plant species with the
abilities and characteristics that define their uniqueness and
individuality.
Information is presented in a historical, logical and social context
with reference to related disciplines like medicine, ecology,
agriculture, and history.
All lectures are accompanied by integrated laboratorial exercises,
which test, reject, question, reinforce, confirm or expand the
interpretations presented in the lectures.
·
·
Major Course Educational Objectives
We continue to develop the scientific approach to problem solving
which consists of
1. trained observation,
2. formulating hypotheses and ideas and
3. verifying them by skillfully designed experimental tests – also
called the art of conversing with nature.
Aside from developing scientific thinking, analytical and experimental
skills we also emphasize a modest degree of presentation skills.
4. The main objective of the course is to provide relevant
information that enables to understand current, previous and
especially future developments in the plantsciences in order to
make informed decisions as professionals as well as citizens.
To this end students are trained to independently extract relevant
information out of lectures, websites and articles. Their success is
evaluated by their ability of answering test questions in seminars and
written examinations
This course …Topics
WEEK
1
2
3
TOPIC
What do plant sense and comprehend?
How do plants develop; their meristems and hormones
Which pigments do plants have and which ones are used to sense
changes in the environment like day to night and spring to fall?
4
5
6
7
How do plants know when to germinate, flower and prep for winter?
The array of fragrant molecules in plants
9
And the role they play in the olfactory interaction of plants with each
other as well as other kingdoms
10
Topics of your choice as presented in the “Poster session”
·
WEE
K
DATE
This course …Topics
TOPIC
1
04/07
Plant senses & feelings in
adaptation to Environment
2
04/14
3
04/21
4
04/28
5
05/05
6
05/12
7
05/19
8
05/26
9
06/02
Plant interactions with bacteria,
fungi and animals
10
06/09
11
06/16
Plants and the future;
sustainable agriculture +
Perennial crops
Final test III
the last botany ever
LABS
BRIEF OUTLINE OF CONTENT
PDF
+SQ
What is intelligence
plant embryos , seeds
asexual propagation layering ,
PDF
+SQ
plant growth, phototropism, geotropism, annuals,
biennials, flowering, plant training
Lab exercise. 3:
Plant development II
Plant hormones
PDF
+SQ
Photoperiodism, phytochrome,
Infra-red neighborhood detection Question
session
Lab exercise. 4:
III Light responses
PDF
+SQ
role of chloroplast & vacuole, internal excretion
Vitamins, antioxidants
LAB EXERCISE 5
Plant pigments
PDF
+SQ
Plants interacting with other
plants: parasitism, mutualism
allelopathy
LAB EXERCISE 6
fragrances &
Submit Poster title!
PDF
+SQ
Plant fragrances
Plant-derived herbicides and allochemicals
Question session
TEST #2
Phenolics colors, spices etc.
LAB EXERCISE 7:
exper. preparation for
poster
PDF
+SQ
Carotenoids, flavonoids, and other pigments,
esters and essential oils,
something good & fun
memorizi
e
sweet memories can be recalled by sweet scents
Lab exercise 8:
Student presentations:
20 min Poster and r
talk
LAB EXERCISE 9
plant walks
Recom
literature
+ web
sites
PDF
+SQ
Example: How did nettle hairs gain access to
neurotransmitters? What is the role of
neurotransmitters in plants
No labs,
lab make-ups if
required
PDF
+SQ
The quarter ends on Friday, 06/20//2014.
Plant develop[ment
Embryoformationm propagation
meriistems, plant hormones
Plant development :
responses to blue & red light
TEST #1
followed by lecture
Secondary metabolites
Organic acids, amino acids,
amines
Memorial Day
Lab exercise 1:
Plant Senses
touch light, gravity,
sound
ASSIG
N
Lab exercise 2:
Plant development I
Plant defenses against bacteria, fungi and
animals
Will there be an end to our alien world-wide war
on the planet and its species;
We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence and courage, then, are not
acts of a moment, but trained habits.
Aristotle
Feel what is beautiful, think what is
true and do what is right.
J. W. von Goethe
The three columns of your life
From “Wilhelm Meister’s years of apprenticeship”
We are what we repeatedly
do. Excellence and courage,
then, are not acts of a
moment, but trained habits.
Aristotle
To avoid criticism
say nothing,
do nothing,
and be nothing.
Aristotle
Ignorance is not lack of
intelligence, it is simply not
knowing. So what?
Knowledge is power, and
ignorance is impotence.
Unknown (to you)
The lectures introduce topics that are of interest to individuals studying
interactions of plants among themselves and with other organisms. -- Plant characteristics and responses will be presented from a
refreshing phytocentric point of view rather than the common
homocentric views of everyday boredom.
The lab is intended to encourage curiosity and initiative in the
exploration of plant characteristics, ingredients, organs, structures
and even responses that appear to be familiar on a superficial basis.
To support the acquisition of the topics
I will supply study questions that allow you to test whether u
got the important “take home” points of each lecture.
The questions for the tests will be a smaller selection chosen
from the study questions. The questions will be posted and updated
after the lectures at the web at http://staff.washington.edu/raista/
This is a faire procedure to enable you to the class standards.
This Course and Creativity
(1) True, the written tests seem to encourage memorization while
leaving the thinking & connecting to yourselves. I can’t think of
anything to alter this part except for encouraging you to ask more
questions during the lectures
memorizing: you are
over-informating us !!!
(2) The lab part of the course is there to encourage creativity. And
experimentation. Using examples, it shows how to find (= confirm the
presence of) substances like pigments, tannins, essential oils, etc. and
also how to get them out of a plant. Considering that experimentation is
some conversation with nature, it is like learning a new language.
You are no longer talking to instructors but to nature herself, to plants.
(3) The poster session is the ultimate part of the course that is
encouraging creativity. They encourage what Sternberg (see manual)
calls the generation of an idea that is entirely your own. First, you
follow your own interest and talents. Second, you chose your own topic
in a discussion with your lab mate. Making the choice you are
considering the risk of the topic; i.e. will I find enough interesting stuff
in books or on the net; will I be able to figure out an experiment or
demonstration that connects to this topic in a meaningful way?
Ah, finally! talking to
mother Nature …
Defending your ideas …
· LABS
Experiments are the only means of
knowledge at our disposal; the rest is just
poetry and imagination …
Max Planck 1910
“Imagination is more important than
knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all
we now know and understand, while
imagination embraces the entire world, and
all there ever will be to know and
understand.”
-Albert Einstein 1920
Imagination without knowledge and
experimental control is just poetry and
imagination and will never turn into real
knowledge.
Rainer Stahlberg 2012
How do I succeed in this course …????
Be prepared and you will learn
something, be not prepared and you just
try to catch up on methodical details. All
is mediocrity unless the stuff allows you
to make any important conclusions.
Max Planck
“In the labs as well as in class and
society you are expected to carry the
initiative. You are here to act and not as
an audience”
-Albert Einstein 1920
A good experiment is nothing but an
attempt to speak with nature in her
own terms.
Rainer Stahlberg 2012
I never said any of this
and Max did neither. It is
all imagination. Please,
God, stop throwing dice,
man up and end this
abdominal presentation!
Why Experimenting?
(1) Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal, the
rest is poetry and imagination … English translation of Max Planck 1910
(2) Knowledge (“Wissen” in Planck’s citation) can be
achieved by reading as well. However, to turn this
information into real knowledge you need to know
that it works; i.e. you need to have experienced it.
(3) You can and should observe nature. Then,
however, you need to make sure that your
interpretation is correct. How do you do that? You
ask. Experiments are often the only means to ask
a question; they are the language you use with
nature.
(4) You cannot learn a language without
practicing it. Let us do Experiments, & Tests
(Labs) and observations (lab walks) before judging
This course …labs
WEEK
1
Lab # 1 The algal ancestry of plants
2
Lab # 2 Plant diversity and . identification : Campus walk
3
Lab # 3 Primary metabolism
4
and the making of paper
Lab # 4 Plant diversity and
identification : Visit to the UW
5
Lab # 5: Secondary metabolism and the making of ink
6
Lab # 6: Poster session
you prepare your experiment and then present it in context
7
Lab # 7: Plant colors and Stains
8
Finals week:
no lab!
time for lab make-ups (see Syllabus) !!
How to Experiment?
Color and Plants: getting your mind into it!
Color is a wonderful feature that came into
being with the first flowers and fruits of the
seed plants. They attracted both pollinators
and seed distributors = fruit eaters for their
successful propagation.
Repetition: Which plant color is the moist common one? ………………
Which flower colors are the most common ones …………… ………….,
which two are the rarest ones: …………………., ……………………..
Task 1: Try to recall from memory flowers that have
– green flower: ……………………………
- white flower: ……………………………….
- blue flower: ………………….. ……………….
- red flower : ……………………………………….
- brown flower:
The Smell of Spring is here:
Daphne odora: earliest strong smelling
flowers on Bastyr and UW Campus
Daphne x Burkwoodii: showy & fragrant spring flowers
Allspice Calycanthus californica both flowers a&
rubbed leaves have wonderful smell
Syringa : lilac flowers strong aromatic smell in spring
Choisya ternata Mexican orange scented spring flowers
Buddleia davidii: distinct fragrance in summer flowers
Hamamelis mollis: Witchhazel spicy-scented winter
flowers
Jasminum nudiflorum: gentle smell of winter flowers
Gardenia jasminoides smell of Hawaii spring/summer
flower
Lonicera Honeysuckle : familiar sweet smell in flowers
Winter jasmin
Which is the first wild flower to bloom in the Northern USA?
We know that early flowers are liverleaf or Hepatica, the snowdrop Galanthus
It is the Swamp cabbage or skunk cabbage
Lysitichon americanus which blooms as early
as the end of March. However, it is often
overlooked because of location (under the
snow) and in swampy areas.
The leaves have a somewhat spicy or peppery taste.
Caution should be used in attempts to prepare
Western Skunk Cabbage for consumption, as it
contains calcium oxalate crystals, which result in
a gruesome prickling sensation on the tongue and
throat and can result in intestinal irritation and even
death if consumed in large quantities.
After hibernation the bears feel really stuffed and need a little detox treatment.
Here the skunk cabbage root is just fine. For some reason the root acts on the bear
gut as a cathartic, i.e. a strong laxative.
Scented Flowers are fine, Scented Leaves are divine
Aloysia triphylla Lemon Verbena: lemon-scented
foliage
Allspice or Sweetshrub Calycanthus floridus
rubbed leaves have smell
Labrador tea Ledum groenlandicum : leaves
used for tea
Lindera benzoin Spicebush crushed leaves with
citrus scent
Rosmarinus officinalis: desinfecting stron smell
of this herb
Sage Salvia officinalis: Sage S fructicosa used in
cooking
Sassafras officinalis: root, bark & leaves strongly
scented
Thymus vulgaris scented herb is actually a shrub
Ruta graveolens Rue : strong scent in foliage
Quiz about Plants
1. Which plant is the smallest flowering plant?
2. Which plant has the largest single flower on this planet?
3. Which plant has the largest leaves? …
4. Which plants have no leaves? ………………………………………
5. Which plants have no roots? ………………………………………
6. Which plant makes only two leaves although keeping it > 100 years?
7. Which earthly plant produces the largest seeds?
8. Which plant family has the smallest seeds?
9. Which plant has the longest-living seeds?
10. Which plant has the edible fruit with the most calories?
11. Which plant produces the largest edible fruits?
12. Which creature is largest living being on earth?
13. Which creature is longest living being on earth?
14. Which creature is longest living plant on earth?
15. Which plant species was the first one in space?
16. Which is the oldest recent (old but still around) flowering plant?
17. Which plant is the tallest monocot?
18. Which plant is the tallest dicot?
19. Which plant has the deepest roots and how deep do they go?
20. Which creature is the largest being by area?
21. Which creatures are the longest beings in the ocean?
Quiz about Plants
1. Which plant is the smallest
flowering plant?
Wolffia arrhiza – the small relative of the
duckweed Lemmna being only 0.5 mm across.
Quiz about Plants
2. Which plant has the largest single flower
on this planet
Rafflesia , a stinky parasitic plant from the
Mediterranean region.
Quiz about Plants
3. Which plant has the largest leaves? …
The Raffia palm. This imposing African palm has the largest
leaves of any tree. IT has leaves that measure up to 20 m in
length. They are the source of raffia, a natural fiber
Quiz about Plants
4. Which plants have no leaves?
1. there are the lower plants like mosses,
which do not have real leaves.
Quiz about Plants
4. Which plants have no leaves?
1. there are lower plants like mosses,
which do not have real leaves.
2. there are desert plants and deciduous
trees in our area that drop their leaves
part of the year.
3. there are parasitic plants like
coralroots and pinedrops that are pale
and have no leaves, just scales
4. there are cacti that have modified
leaves appearing as spines.
Quiz about Plants
5. Which plants have no roots? …
A.Lower plants ( bryophytes) have no
real roots.
B. There are parasitic plants like
Cuscuta (dodder) or mistletoe that
absorb nutrients from their hosts.
C. there are duckweeds like Wolffia
arrhiza.
Wolffia vs Lemna duckweed
Quiz about Plants
6. Which plant makes only two leaves
although living more than 100 years?
Welwitschia mirabilis. This South African desert plant
produces only 2 leaves, which keep during its whole world.
Quiz about Plants
7. Which earthly plant produces the
largest seeds?
Coco de Mer, Seychelles nuts
Quiz about Plants
8. Which plant family has the smallest
seeds?
The orchids.
Quiz about Plants
9. Which plant has the longest-living seeds?
Arctic Lupine were found frozen in the soil of the
Canadian Yukon were estimated to be 10-15,000
years old. Nevertheless, they did germinate into
new plants
Quiz about Plants
10. Which plant has the edible fruit with the most
calories?
Avocado has 750 cal per pound. On the other hand
cucumber has only 70 cal /pound.
Quiz about Plants
11. Which plant produces the largest edible fruits?
Of course, the pumpkin Cucurbita pepo reaching
up to 180 pounds followed by melons with 45
pounds.
Quiz about Plants
12. Which creature is largest living being on earth?
The giant Sequoia or
Sequoiadendron
giganteum; specimen
“General Sherman” is 83
m tall with a trunk of
24.22 meters
circumference.
Quiz about Plants
13. Which creature is longest living being on earth?
Lichens in
Antarctica were
shown to be older
than 10,000 years
growing 3.4
mm/century.
Xanthoria
Quiz about Plants
14. Which creature is longest living plant on earth?
Pinus longaeva –
the Bristlecone pine
form the SW of the
USA.
Quiz about Plants
15. Which plant species was the first one in space?
It was Arabidopsis
aboard the Soviet
spaceship Salute 7
in 1982.
Quiz about Plants
16. Which plant is the oldest recent (species old but still
around) flowering plant?
Gingko biloba first appeared
all over the world 180
Million years ago. 300
years ago, when the
Kaempfer discovered it for
the West, it was extinct in
the wild except for some
monasteries in China.
Quiz about Plants
17. Which plant is the tallest monocot?
It is the
giant black bamboo
Phylostachys nigra
reaches up to18 m
tall.
Quiz about Plants
18. Which plant is the tallest dicot?
Eucalyptus regnans at Mt. Baw
Baw, Victoria, Australia, is
believed to have measured 143 m
(470 ft.) in 1885. Formerly,
another Australian eucalyptus, at
Watts River, Victoria. almost
certainly had been over 150 m
(492 ft.) tall."
Quiz about Plants
19. Which plant has the deepest roots and how deep do they go?
The deepest roots were found
with a Ficus species in South
Africa reaching 120 m deep.
The official, confirmed record
is with the 10 m tall Shepherds
tree
Boscia albitrunca from the
Kalahari Desert with roots
measuring 68 m long.
Quiz about Plants
20. Which creature is the largest being by area?
A giant fungus of the
species Armillaria ostoyae
(honey mushrooms) in the
Malheur National Forest in
Oregon was found to span
8.9 km2 (2,200 acres), which
would make it the largest
organism by area.
Quiz about Plants
21. Which creatures are the longest beings in the ocean?
These are the giant kelps
Macrocystis pyrifera, which may
reach a length of over 100 ft (30
m). This majestic giant of the
kelp forest grows faster than
tropical bamboo—about three to
five inches each day.
Macrocystis vs Nereocystis (our bullkelp)
Thank you for your participation !!!
Everybody knows
– of course - that
Botany is sooo cool!