MODULE 11:
SHEEP AND GOATS:
DISEASE AWARENESS AND
HEALTH CERTIFICATES
NATIONAL VETERINARY ACCREDITATION PROGRAM
United States Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service • Veterinary Services
Approved as one unit of supplemental training for participants in USDA’s National Veterinary Accreditation Program
June 2013; Revised June 2015 · ©2012-2015 Iowa State University · http://www.aphis.usda.gov/NVAP · [email protected] · 301-851-3400
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates
This informational module has been approved expressly to serve as one unit of supplemental training for participants
in USDA’s National Veterinary Accreditation Program. The module is intended to familiarize accredited veterinarians
with animal health regulatory concepts and activities. Information in the module does not supersede the regulations.
For the most up-to-date regulations and standards, please refer to the Code of Federal Regulations, the International
Animal Export Regulations (IREGs) website, or contact your local District Office. The most current set of scrapie
regulations and program standards can be found on the USDA-APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program website.
A link can be found in the Resources/Web Links section of this document.
For questions about the content of this module, please contact
USDA-APHIS National Veterinary Accreditation Program
4700 River Road, Unit 64
Riverdale, MD 20737
Phone: 301-851-3400
[email protected]
This document was made possible, in part, by a Cooperative Agreement from the USDA-APHIS for the National
Veterinary Accreditation Program. It was produced by the Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University of Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine.
To obtain additional copies of this or other modules, please contact
Center for Food Security and Public Health
2160 Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Ames, IA 50011
Phone: 515-294-1492
Fax: 515-294-8259
Email: [email protected], subject line NVAP Module
www.cfsph.iastate.edu/NVAP/
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can be addressed to the Director of Equal Opportunity and Compliance, 3280 Beardshear Hall, Iowa State
University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, 50011, (515) 294-7612.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page i
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates
Table of Contents
Introduction1
Overview of the Sheep and Goat Industry 1
Animal Movement and Disease Awareness 1
Bluetongue2
Brucellosis2
Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis
3
Contagious Ecthyma (Soremouth or Orf )
3
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)
4
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP); also known as Maedi-visna
5
Q Fever
5
Scrapie6
Scrapie7
Impact of Scrapie
7
Accredited Veterinarian’s Role in Scrapie Eradication
8
Genetic Component of Scrapie
8
Genotyping Sheep
8
Official APHIS Recognized Genotyping Test 9
National Scrapie Eradication Program vs. Scrapie Flock Certification Program
10
National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP)
10
Animal Identification (ID)
10
Official Identification Requirements
11
NSEP - Surveillance and Flock Clean-up
13
Post-Exposure Management and Monitoring Plan (PEMMP)
13
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National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates
Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP)
14
SFCP Flock Categories
14
Flock Enrollment
15
Export and Select Category Flocks
15
Select Category Flocks
15
Status Change
16
Submission of Scrapie Suspects
16
Scrapie Eradication Summary
16
International Health Certificates and Certificates of Veterinary Inspection
17
Role of the Accredited Veterinarian
17
Completing an International Health Certificate (IHC)
19
Completing a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI)
20
Animal Movement Scenarios
20
Exporting Rams to Canada
20
Moving Goats Interstate
22
Conclusion23
Resources/Web Links
24
Acknowledgments26
Photo and Illustration Credits
27
Knowledge Review Answers
29
Sheep and Goat Disease Reference Chart
32
Genotyping Sheep
34
Official Identification for Sheep and Goats
35
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Sheep
36
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National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Goats
37
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols
38
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National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates
Introduction
Welcome to the Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates module. After completing this module,
accredited veterinarians will be able to
• list common diseases of sheep and goats and identify those that are zoonotic,
• list the four requirements that must be met for USDA-APHIS to officially recognize a scrapie genotype test,
• understand the differences in the National Scrapie Eradication Program and the Scrapie Flock Certification Program,
• explain the types of official identification required for international and interstate movement of sheep and goats, and
• identify common errors on completed International Health Certificates and Certificates of Veterinary Inspection.
Completion of this module is estimated to take 60 minutes but will vary depending on your familiarity with the
information presented.
Overview of the Sheep and Goat Industry
Sheep and goats are raised in all 50 states. These small ruminants are raised to
produce a variety of goods, including milk, meat, and fiber, either wool from
sheep or cashmere and mohair from goats. They are also raised for show and
companionship, and their use in diagnostic and laboratory research is expanding.
As of January 2012, the total U.S. sheep and lamb population was estimated
at approximately 5.35 million head on 80,000 operations. Texas, California,
Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah were the top five states for sheep production.
During the same period, 360,000 dairy goats in the U.S. produced
approximately 23 million pounds of milk. Additionally, there were 2.36 million
goats raised for meat and 146,000 goats raised for mohair production in the U.S.
Sources:
• National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) Sheep and Goat Report January 27, 2012. Accessed June 2012 at
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/shep0112.pdf.
• USDA NASS Sheep and Goat Review February 2012. Accessed June 2012 at http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/
Wisconsin/Publications/Livestock/sheep_goat_review.pdf.
The USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) conducted studies on the U.S. sheep industry in 2011,
and the U.S. goat industry in 2009. Links to these reports can be found in the Resources/Web Links section of this document.
Animal Movement and Disease Awareness
Importation of live sheep and goats into the U.S. for breeding has been regulated due to infectious disease incidences
in other countries. For U.S. animals to travel interstate or internationally, accredited veterinarians inspect sheep and
goats, attest to the lack of apparent illness in animals, and collect samples for diagnostic testing in order to properly
complete Certificates of Veterinary Inspection (CVIs) and International Health Certificates (IHCs). Completion
examples for both are provided later in this module.
In order to confidently inspect and issue movement documents, accredited veterinarians need an awareness of
domestic and exotic diseases affecting sheep and goats. The next section of this module provides a brief overview
of the following diseases: bluetongue, brucellosis, caprine arthritis and encephalitis, Johne’s Disease, contagious
ecthyma (also known as soremouth and orf), ovine progressive pneumonia, Q fever, and scrapie. A number of these
diseases are zoonotic. A summary table of these diseases can be found at the end of this document.
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Bluetongue
Etiology
Bluetongue virus belongs to the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ruminants may all be affected.
Humans are not susceptible.
Geographic Distribution
Bluetongue is found in Africa, parts of Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle
East, North America (primarily the southern and western U.S.), South
America, and the South Pacific.
Transmission
Vector: Bluetongue virus is transmitted by biting midges in the genus
Culicoides.
Fomite: Mechanical transmission of the virus can occur with contaminated items.
Direct contact: Venereal transmission of the virus from bulls is possible, but does not appear to be a major
route of infection.
Clinical Signs
Sheep: Fever, swollen cyanotic tongue (thus the name “bluetongue”), excessive salivation, depression, dyspnea,
panting, hyperemic coronary bands, and lameness are commonly seen.
Cattle: Typically have subclinical infections; rare signs may include vesicles or ulcers in the mouth and on skin,
hyperemia of coronary bands, hyperesthesia, or temporary sterility in bulls.
Goats: Usually subclinical, although rare signs similar to those listed for cattle may be seen.
Wild ruminants: May see signs ranging from none to severe hemorrhage or sudden death in pronghorn antelope
and whitetail deer.
For more information, see the bluetongue factsheet at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bluetongue.pdf.
Brucellosis
Etiology
Brucella melitensis is an intracellular, facultative Gram-negative coccobacillus, or short rod, in the family
Brucellaceae. B. abortus and B. suis are common pathogens found in the same family, but they rarely cause
clinical disease in sheep and goats.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
B. melitensis primarily affects small ruminants; it is occasionally reported in
cattle, camels, and dogs. It is rarely reported in horses and pigs.
Humans are susceptible.
Geographic Distribution
B. melitensis is particularly common in the Mediterranean; it is also found in
the Middle East, Central Asia, around the Arabian Gulf, Mexico, and in some
countries of Central America. It is a foreign animal disease in the U.S. where
cases have been documented in imported goats and rarely in cattle.
Transmission
Oral: Ingestion of contaminated tissues or milk can transmit disease.
Direct contact: Contact with reproductive tissues, blood, urine, milk, or
semen from infected animals can transmit disease. Contact with the udder
may also result in transmission of Brucella spp.
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Fomite: Mechanical transmission of B. melitensis can occur on contaminated items.
Humans: Transmission to humans occurs though direct contact with mucous membranes and abraded skin or
ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products.
Clinical Signs
Sheep and goats: Signs include abortion, stillbirth, or birth of weak offspring; small ruminants usually abort only once, but
reinvasion of the uterus and shedding of organisms can occur during subsequent pregnancies; milk production is significantly
decreased; mastitis is uncommon; orchitis and epididymitis can be seen in males; arthritis is occasionally seen in both sexes.
Cattle: Abortion is most commonly seen.
Camels, dogs: Abortion, orchitis, and epididymitis have been reported; dogs are often asymptomatic.
Humans: Signs may be extremely variable, ranging from subclinical to influenza-like illness. The disease typically
appears as an acute, febrile, flu-like illness with headache, malaise, aches and pains. This may lead to complications
in a variety of organ systems including arthritis, neurologic signs, anemia, nephritis, endocarditis, and death.
For more information, see the ovine and caprine brucellosis: (Brucella melitensis) factsheet available at http://www.
cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/brucellosis_melitensis.pdf.
Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis
Etiology
CAE Virus (CAEV) belongs to the genus Lentivirus in the family Retroviridae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Goats and, to a lesser extent, sheep are the only species affected.
Humans are not susceptible.
Geographic Distribution
CAEV is found in most industrialized countries including the United States;
it is rarely found indigenously in developing countries unless animals have
been exposed to imported goats.
Transmission
Oral: The virus is transmitted from infected dams to kids through colostrum
and milk.
Direct contact: The virus is transmitted between animals via direct contact such as nose to nose contact or
rubbing and licking of mucous membranes (i.e., mothering behaviors).
Fomite: The virus is transmitted via an object contaminated with infective blood (e.g., a needle) or milk
(e.g., a shared bucket).
Clinical Signs
Goats: Most cases are non-clinical; disease course is slow, but progressive. Kids can develop encephalomyelitis.
Adults may have chronic polyarthritis and/or indurative mastitis (in does).
Sheep: Little known about infection in sheep.
For more information, see the caprine arthritis and encephalitis factsheet available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/
Factsheets/pdfs/maedi_visna_and_caprine_arthritis_encephalitis.pdf
Contagious Ecthyma (Soremouth or Orf )
Etiology
Orf virus is from the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Sheep, goats, and many other hooved animals are affected; rare cases have occurred in dogs that were infected by
eating contaminated carcasses.
Humans are susceptible.
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Geographic Distribution
Orf virus is found worldwide in all sheep-raising countries; in the U.S., it is most commonly seen in the
western states.
Transmission
Direct contact: The virus can be transmitted through contact with cuts and
abrasions on the skin. The virus can remain viable on wool and hides for up
to one month after skin lesions have healed.
Fomite: The virus can be transmitted when mucous membranes contact an
object contaminated with infective blood or skin lesion secretions.
Clinical Signs
Sheep and goats: Papules, pustules, and vesicles are seen on the mouth,
face, feet, or perineal area; can be severe enough to affect the gastrointestinal
and respiratory tracts; lesions can lead to anorexia and/or lameness.
Humans: Typically a single skin lesion is seen where inoculation occurred;
initially the lesion is a small, firm, red/blue papule and often appears on a
finger, hand, or other exposed body part.
For more information, see the contagious ecthyma factsheet available at:
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/contagious_ecthyma.pdf.
Origins of the virus name can be found at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/1/et-1901_article.htm.
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis)
Etiology
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an acid-fast rod in the family Mycobacteriaceae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Domestic and wild ruminants: Sheep, goats, bighorn sheep, cattle, camels, llamas, alpaca, moose, elk, buffalo,
deer, and reindeer can be affected.
Non-ruminants: This pathogen has been isolated from rabbits, cats, bears, raccoons, crows, and others; disease
has been reported in wild rabbits, nonhuman primates, and pigs.
Humans: The organism has been found in some human patients with Crohn’s disease, but the connection is
controversial and not completely understood.
Geographic Distribution
This organism is found worldwide.
Transmission
Oral: The bacterium is primarily spread through ingestion of organisms in
feces; it also found in contaminated colostrum/milk.
Fomite: The bacterium can be transmitted on feces contaminated objects.
Vector: The bacterium can be transmitted mechanically by flies.
Clinical Signs
Sheep and goats: Noticeable weight loss is commonly seen; wool is often
damaged and easily shed.
Cattle: Diarrhea and wasting most common.
Non-ruminants: Intestinal lesions seen in rabbits and nonhuman primates.
For more information, see the paratuberculosis factsheet available at: http://
www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/paratuberculosis.pdf.
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Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP); also known as Maedi-visna
Etiology
Maedi-visna virus is a member of the genus Lentivirus in the family Retroviridae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Sheep and, to a lesser extent, goats are affected.
Humans are not susceptible.
Geographic Distribution
Most sheep-raising countries except Australia and New Zealand.
Transmission
Oral: Typically occurs through ingestion of infected colostrum or milk.
Aerosol: During close contact, animals can become infected by the
respiratory route.
Clinical Signs
Most infections are asymptomatic.
Sheep: Wasting, progressive dyspnea (maedi), and dry cough are seen; the
disease is eventually fatal.
Goats: Subtle neurological signs (visna) which progress to paraplegia;
animals typically die of inanition (exhaustion due to starvation).
For more information, see the maedi-visna factsheet available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/
maedi_visna_and_caprine_arthritis_encephalitis.pdf
Origins of the virus name can be found in this document: http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/
tahm/2.07.03-04_CAE_MV.pdf.
Q Fever
Etiology
The obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is in the family Coxiellaceae.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Sheep, goats and cattle are the most common domestic reservoirs; the pathogen has been found in multiple
mammal and bird species.
Humans are susceptible.
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, except New Zealand.
Transmission
Aerosol: Inhalation of the organism during close contact.
Direct contact: Contact with infected reproductive tissues.
Oral: Ingestion of contaminated milk or tissues can lead to infection.
Vector: Mechanical transmission of the pathogen from ticks.
In humans: This pathogen can be spread through infectious aerosols from
cattle, sheep, or goats, ingestion of unpasteurized milk, or human-to-human
spread via blood transfusions or sexual contact.
Clinical Signs
Goats: Poor appetite and lethargy are seen a couple of days prior to abortion.
Sheep and most other animals: Usually non-clinical infection; animals may
show signs of reproductive disease: abortion, stillbirth, retained placenta and/or endometritis.
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Humans: May see signs ranging from asymptomatic to fever, chills, headache, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, and
chest pain; pneumonia and hepatitis can develop in severe cases. Other rare complications include endocarditis,
meningitis, encephalitis, osteomyelitis, and vasculitis. (Historical note: The infection was known as ‘Query Fever’
at the time the disease was first discovered because the etiologic agent was unknown. Even though we now know
the etiologic agent, the term ‘query’ or ‘Q-fever’ is still used.)
For more information, see the Q fever factsheet available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/
pdfs/q_fever.pdf.
Scrapie
Etiology
The most widely accepted theory is that the agent is a prion and is among a group of diseases classified as
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Prions (PrPc) are proteins that are normally found in the body.
The agent responsible for scrapie (PrPsc) is an abnormally folded conformation of the normally occurring protein.
PrPsc are infectious proteins that seem to replicate by converting PrPc into more copies of PrPsc, which accumulate
in the brain tissue and result in “sponge-like” lesions.
Other TSEs include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer
and elk, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), and feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) in domestic
and captive wild cats.
Species Affected and Zoonotic Potential
Scrapie is found in sheep (most common in black-faced meat-type sheep in the U.S.) and goats. The disease has also
been reported in at least one species of wild sheep.
Humans are not known to be susceptible to scrapie, though variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) can occur after
the consumption of products from BSE infected cattle.
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, except Australia and New Zealand.
Transmission
Disease transmission is best understood in sheep.
Direct contact: Transmission can occur through abraded skin or mucous membranes.
Oral: Ingestion of fetal membranes, fluids, contaminated bedding, forage or soil can spread pathogens.
Transmission most often occurs through direct or indirect exposure of young animals to reproductive tissues or
fluids from infected ewes.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs can vary significantly between infected animals and may
progress over days, weeks or months. Initially there may be subtle
behavioral changes, followed by ataxia and gait abnormalities and weight
loss leading to weakness, recumbency and eventual death. Commonly, due
to intense pruritis, there is rubbing (thus the name “scrapie”) and chewing
that leads to wool loss and abraded or thickened skin. Severely affected
animals may continue to eat normally. Sudden death has been observed as
the only sign in some cases.
For more information, see the scrapie factsheet available at: http://www.
cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/scrapie.pdf.
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Knowledge Review #1
Which of the following sheep and goat diseases are zoonotic? Select ALL that apply.
A. Bluetongue
E. Johne’s disease
B. Brucella melitensis
F. Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
C. Caprine encephalitis and arthritis (CAE)
G. Q fever
D. Contagious ecthyma (Orf)
H. Scrapie
Answers are found in the Appendix.
Scrapie
There are two types of scrapie: classical and Nor98-like (atypical) scrapie. For the purposes of this module,
“scrapie” refers to classical scrapie. For additional information on Nor98-like scrapie, please visit http://www.
aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/nor98-like_information.pdf.
The normal incubation period for scrapie ranges from two to five years. Clinical cases have been rarely documented in
animals younger than two years of age. The APHIS website has a number of scrapie video clips demonstrating behavioral
and neurological signs. A link to these videos can be found in the Resources/ Web Links section of this document.
Behavioral and Neurological Signs
Some of the signs you will see in the videos available on the APHIS website include
• bilateral gait abnormalities,
• incoordination, including ataxia, stumbling, and hypermetria,
• tremors,
• difficulty rising,
• stargazing (i.e., the animal holds its head up and appears to be looking at the sky or in a mild trance),
• abraded, rough, thickened, and/or hyperpigmented areas of skin,
• increased sensitivity to noise and sudden movements,
• intense rubbing due to extreme pruritis,
• bilateral abraded wool,
• poll abrasions,
• head pressing,
• chewing, and
• weight loss despite retention of appetite.
Impact of Scrapie
Infected flocks containing a high percentage of scrapie susceptible animals can
experience significant production losses. Animals sold from infected flocks may
spread scrapie to other flocks. The presence of scrapie in the U.S. prevents the
export of breeding stock, semen, and embryos to many other countries. Scrapie
costs American sheep producers over $20 million per year, principally in lost
sales abroad, decreased value of byproducts, and increased production costs.
> $20 million
Source:
• American Sheep Industry Association, “Scrapie eradication is in sight. You are
the key to finding the last cases”, July 2010
In 1952, the USDA initiated a program to eradicate scrapie. In 2001, the
program was revised, accelerating the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) with the goal of eradicating
scrapie. At the current rate of progress, the prevalence of scrapie cases is expected to be near zero by 2017.
In 1992, the Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP) was established as a voluntary program to help producers
improve the marketability of their animals by allowing them to certify that their flocks have a negligible risk for
scrapie infection based on categories. Each program is discussed in further detail later in this module.
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Accredited Veterinarian’s Role in Scrapie Eradication
As an accredited veterinarian, you play a vital role in accomplishing the USDA’s goal of eradicating scrapie. Your
responsibilities include
• educating producers about scrapie and the eradication and certification programs,
• writing CVIs, drawing blood for genotyping, and applying official USDA ear tags,
• reporting scrapie suspects to Federal and State Animal Health Officials,
• collecting and submitting samples for scrapie testing,
• assisting producers in developing and successfully completing flock clean-up plans,
• assisting producers in providing export processing guidance, and
• writing IHCs for sheep and goat exports.
DNA
Genetic Component of Scrapie
A sheep’s genotype strongly influences the incidence of scrapie, which makes
genotyping an important tool for scrapie control programs. Sheep have one
pair of genes which affects scrapie susceptibility, the PRNP (Prion Protein)
gene. All genes are made of codons. Each codon instructs cells to put a
specific amino acid at a particular location when building a protein molecule.
PRNP gene
The PRNP gene produces the prion protein molecule PrPc, which has 254
amino acids, numbered 1 through 254. Codons 171, 154, and 136 within the
PRNP gene determine a sheep’s risk of acquiring scrapie.
Codon 171= Glutamine (Q)
Codon 136= Alanine (A)
Codon 171: Major determinant of scrapie susceptibility; programs for the
amino acids glutamine (Q), arginine (R), histadine (H), or lysine (K):
• Q and H are considered to have similar susceptibility. K is rare and its
effect on susceptibility is unknown.
• Q, H and K are reported as Q by most labs and treated as Q for regulatory purposes.
• R is reported as R when found. It plays a role in resistance.
Codon 154: Plays a minor role; not often used in U.S.
Codon 136: Affects susceptibility in sheep exposed
to valine-associated scrapie; programs for the amino
acids valine (V), alanine (A), or rarely threonine (T).
T is treated as V for regulatory purposes.
Genotyping Sheep
In the U.S., sheep genotypes are primarily written in
two ways:
• using letters of the amino acids (AARR,
AVQR, etc.), and
• using the codon number followed by the
corresponding amino acids (171QR, 171RR, etc.).
Each parent contributes one copy of the gene to
the lamb. The gene can be any of these three genes:
AQ, VQ, or AR. VR is known to exist but has not
been found in the U.S. Each lamb inherits two copies
of the gene, and together, susceptibility to scrapie
can be predicted.
If a flock is exposed to classical scrapie, APHIS will
use only the genotype test results from codons 171
and 136 to determine whether an exposed animal
will be designated high-risk. In most situations,
testing codon 171 is sufficient. In a few cases,
Ewe
(136/171)
Ram (136/171)
AQ
VQ
AR
AQ
AA QQ
AV QQ
AA QR
VQ
AV QQ
VV QQ
AV QR
AR
AA QR
AV QR
AA RR
Rarely Susceptible
Highly Susceptible
Resistant
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codon 136 is needed also to predict the susceptibility of an exposed sheep and to avoid further diagnostic testing if
the exposed sheep comes from a flock with a positive sheep that is VV or AV. Only official genotype test results are
used for regulatory purposes.
The graph on page 8 shows the possible 136/171 combinations.
APHIS publishes the prevalence of each genotype to their website as data becomes available.
Please refer to the handout “Genotyping Sheep” in the appendix for further information.
Official APHIS Recognized Genotyping Test
Accredited veterinarians can submit sheep blood samples for genotype
testing*. In order to be recognized as an official test, the following
requirements must be met:
• The blood is drawn by an accredited veterinarian.
• The sheep is officially identified (see “Official Identification
Requirements” in an upcoming portion of this module), and
the official identification is recorded on VS Form 5-29 Scrapie
Test Record.
• The sample is submitted with a properly completed VS Form 5-29.**
-- If testing is required at codon 136, results must be noted in
handwriting on the form; subsequently, the lab will test only
codon 171.
• The laboratory is approved by APHIS.
*Note: It should be emphasized to producers that genotyping is a
test for scrapie susceptibility only. It is does not indicate whether the animal has scrapie. Scrapie can be
diagnosed only by ante- or post-mortem tests on brain or lymphoid tissue, which will be discussed later in
this module. A live test for scrapie has been approved for use and can be performed to determine infection.
However, test sensitivity is much higher in a post-mortem evaluation of CNS tissue.
**Note: VS Form 5-29 must be an original form with a preprinted APHIS serial number. This form is
available from your local District Office. Please allow ample time for the form to arrive. A link to the
USDA APHIS District Offices can be found in the Resources/Web Links section of this document.
Although producers may submit samples for genotyping on their own, the test will not be considered official. An
official test potentially could alleviate more thorough and time-consuming testing procedures if the flock of sheep is
designated as exposed at a later time.
Recommendations regarding specimen submissions and allowed specimen types can be found at each laboratory’s
website. These recommendations may differ by laboratory due to different techniques used for genotyping.
A link to a list of labs approved by APHIS for genotyping can be found in the Resources/Web Links section of
this document.
Knowledge Review #2
Specific criteria must be met for a genotype test to be considered official by APHIS. Select ALL that apply.
A. The animal is officially identified.
B. Blood must be drawn by a trained producer.
C. The sample is submitted with VS Form 5-29.
D. Blood must be sent to an APHIS approved laboratory.
Answers are found in the Appendix.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 9 of 46
National Scrapie Eradication Program vs. Scrapie Flock Certification Program
The chart below compares the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) and the Scrapie Flock Certification
Program (SFCP). While both work together on the common goal of eradicating scrapie, they do have significant
differences. These differences are discussed in detail in following sections.
have significant differences. On page 10 is an overall comparison of the programs.
NSEP
SCFP
Mandatory
Voluntary
Some approved tags are tamper resistant,
not tamper evident
Only tamper evident tags
Acceptable to ID animals when leaving farm
ID all animals in flock greater than 1 year old and potential
breeding animals less than 1 year old when leaving farm
Same interstate requirements as SFCP
Same interstate requirements as NSEP
No inspections, unless on a PEMMP*
Annual inspections for flocks in Export Category
Allowed to purchase sheep from anyone
Status affected by purchases and commingling
Keeps records of sales/dispositions and
acquisitions and tags applied for 5 years
More recordkeeping required - refer
to SFCP Program Standards
*PEMMP stands for Post-Exposure Management and Monitoring Plan and is described later in this module.
National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP)
The NSEP is a mandatory program that monitors all sheep flocks and goat herds in the U.S. As part of this program,
flocks that have been exposed to scrapie and those with confirmed scrapie infection(s) are investigated. Depending
on the flock’s status, animals in the flock will be
• removed and tested,
• tested and/or monitored, or
• enrolled in a clean-up plan where high-risk animals are removed or permanently restricted from movement.
The NSEP was accelerated in 2001. Two documents provide details about this program:
• A Guide to the National Scrapie Eradication Program for
Veterinarians, June 2009, can be accessed at http://www.
eradicatescrapie.org/Educational%20Resources/PDFs%20&%20
PPTs/Vet%20Guide.pdf.
• The Scrapie Eradication Uniform Methods and Rules, June 2005, is available at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/
scrapie/downloads/umr_scrapie.pdf.
The components of the NSEP include animal identification, surveillance, and
flock clean-up. These are discussed next.
Animal Identification (ID)
Most classes of sheep and some classes of goats must be identified with an
official APHIS-issued or approved tag (discussed next) or another approved
method of identification when a change of ownership occurs, as well as under
some other conditions.
The NSEP requires official identification of sheep and goats so that diseased animals can be traced to their flock or
herd of origin. This process also allows exposed and high-risk animals to be traced to their current location. The goal
of official identification is to prevent the spread of scrapie within and from infected, source or exposed flocks or herds.
Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 79.2, Identification of sheep and goats in interstate commerce
provides additional information and is accessible at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e8552ef1b444a10ac33
22d7e7e7407c7&mc=true&node=se9.1.79_12&rgn=div8.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 10 of 46
Official Identification Requirements
Official identification devices for use on sheep or goats must be approved
by USDA for use in the National Scrapie Eradication Program. The key
identifying feature of an official tag is the U.S. Shield. Most official tags
have either a flock identification number starting with a two-letter U.S. Postal
Service State abbreviation and an individual animal identification number or
an eight digit serial number starting with a two-letter U.S. Postal Service State
abbreviation. Official swine and cattle tags are not approved for use on sheep
and goats. Producers and accredited veterinarians may request tags or have
specific questions answered by calling 1-866-USDA-TAG (1-866-873-2824).
Please refer to the handout “Official Identification for Sheep and Goats” in
the appendix for more information.
Available Identification Types
Producers can use official eartags or tattoos as the official identification for
sheep and goats. In the NSEP, electronic implant devices with radio-frequency
identification (RFID) may be used only in conjunction with a registration
certificate that includes the RFID number or by participants in the Scrapie
Flock Certification Program (SFCP – covered later). For low-risk commercial
sheep, registered ear notches or paint brands (as described below) may be used.
Eartags
• Only USDA provided or approved tags can be used for the movement
of sheep and goats in interstate commerce for the NSEP and SFCP. All
official sheep and goat eartags have the U.S. shield. Official tags may
also have the following:
-- serial numbers–typically the U.S. Postal Service state abbreviation
followed by a letter/number combination that is six characters in length;
-- herd/flock ID/animal numbers–typically the U.S. Postal Service
state abbreviation followed by a series of numbers and/or letters.
If the tag includes the flock’s national premises ID, it will not have
the postal abbreviation; or
-- 840 (the country code assigned to the United States) RFID tags.
Tag colors
• White plastic or metal - standard program tags provided by USDA
free of charge; colors other than those listed may be purchased directly
from approved tag manufacturers by producers.
• Blue plastic or metal - marked with “MEAT” or “MEAT ONLY” or
“SLAUGHTER ONLY” may be applied to animals destined for slaughter
only. ONLY blue tags may be applied to animals whose flock of origin is
unknown unless the animal is in an exempted group (explained on a
following page under Animals NOT Needing Identification)
• Restricted Tags
-- Yellow metal - used by Federal and State personnel to identify
scrapie-exposed animals that are permanently restricted.
-- Red metal - used by Federal and State personnel to identify
scrapie-positive animals.
Tattoos
Tattoos are considered official identification if the tattoo prefix is the scrapie premises ID number (flock ID) or the
animal is accompanied by its registration certificate or Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI), which must list
the registry tattoo number as well as the flock of origin. Ears should be used for tattooing when possible, with the
scrapie premises ID tattooed in the right ear and the unique individual ID number in the left ear. The right flank or
tail fold may be used for tattooing if necessary.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 11 of 46
Electronic implant devices (microchips)
Subcutaneous electronic microchips are recommended to be inserted between the wool or hair-covered skin
and the cartilage of the right ear near the base. Registered animals must be accompanied by a copy of their
registration certificate listing the microchip number and a scanner that can read the device. Electronic implants
may similarly be used as primary identification if the animal is enrolled in the voluntary SFCP. When the
animal is sent to slaughter, the establishment should be informed of the presence of the microchip so that it can
be removed from the carcass.
Ear notches or paint brands
Sheep in low-risk commercial flocks moving to slaughter can be identified with registered ear notches or
paint brands as long as they are accompanied by a brand inspection certificate, owner’s statement, and
veterinarian’s statement.
Source
• National Scrapie Educational Initiative (NIAA). “What You as a Producer Need to Know about the National Scrapie
Eradication Program”, November 2008. Accessed June 2012 at http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/Educational%20
Resources/PDFs%20&%20PPTs/What%20You%20Need%20to%20Know%20English.pdf.
Animals NOT Needing Identification
With respect to the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP), the following groups do NOT need official
identification to move interstate:
• sheep (ewes, ram lambs and wethers) under 18 months of age moving into slaughter channels
-- (Sexually intact animals sold at an unrestricted sale are not in slaughter channels and must be identified),
• wethers for exhibition,
• goats (wethers, does, and bucks of any age) moving into slaughter channels,
• animals moving for grazing, if no change in ownership occurs, and
• low-risk commercial goats if,
-- moved to slaughter,
-- raised for fiber or meat,
-- not registered or exhibited,
-- not commingled with sheep unless from a low-risk flock,
-- not scrapie-positive, high-risk, or exposed animals,
-- not from an infected or source herd, or
-- not commingled with other goats at premises that do not meet these criteria.
Keep in mind, some states may have additional identification requirements and set more stringent standards for
interstate or intrastate movement of livestock for sale or exhibition. It is important to check with the State Animal
Health Official for individual State requirements. Encourage your clients to check with show officials for any
additional requirements. (More details related to official identification will be covered in the health certificate section
of this module.)
Animals Needing Identification
With respect to the NSEP, the following groups need official identification:
• all breeding sheep and potential breeding sheep regardless of age,
• all sheep and goats for exhibition, except wethers,
• all sheep 18 months and older,
• animals from noncompliant flocks1,
• all scrapie-exposed, suspect, test-positive, and high-risk animals2,
• breeding goats, except low-risk commercial goats,
• sheep under 18 months of age in slaughter channels that are pregnant or
have aborted or are sexually intact animals from a scrapie infected flock.
Noncompliant flocks include the following:
• any source or infected flock whose owner declines to enter into a flock
plan or PEMMP agreement within 60 days of being so designated or
whose owner is not in compliance with either agreement;
1
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 12 of 46
•
•
•
any exposed flock or flock under investigation whose owner fails to make animals available for testing within
60 days of notification, or as mutually agreed; or whose owner fails to submit required postmortem samples as
directed in the PEMMP;
any flock whose owner has misrepresented, or who employs a person who has misrepresented, the scrapie
status of an animal or any other information on a certificate, permit, owner statement, or other official
document within the last 5 years; or
any flock whose owner or manager has moved, or who employs a person who has moved, an animal in
violation of 9 CFR, Part 79, within the last 5 years.
2
High-risk animals include any genetically susceptible, exposed female animal. The female offspring of a scrapiepositive female animal or any genetically less-susceptible exposed female animal that the experts3 determine to be
a potential risk based on the epidemiology of the flock, including genetics of the positive sheep, the prevalence of
scrapie in the flock, any history of recurrent infection, or other characteristics. (The 9 CFR definitions are used for
determining the designation of trace-out animals and animals in flocks not participating in a genetic-based flock plan
or PEMMP, which is discussed next.)
3
Experts include the Designated Scrapie Epidemiologist (DSE) who is a Federal or State veterinarian designated
by APHIS to make decisions about the use and interpretation of diagnostic tests and field investigation data and the
management of scrapie-affected flocks, the APHIS Area Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC), the State Animal Health
Official, the Regional Scrapie Epidemiologist, and the National Scrapie Program Coordinator.
Source:
• USDA-APHIS “Scrapie Eradication Uniform Methods and Rules,” June 2005. Accessed June 2012 at
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/umr_scrapie.pdf.
Please refer to the “Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Sheep and Goats” in the appendix for
more information.
NSEP - Surveillance and Flock Clean-up
Surveillance
Animals in targeted groups (those expected to have a higher prevalence of
scrapie) are tested at harvest. Test-positive animals are traced to their herd
of origin, which is subsequently investigated. For flocks under investigation,
genetic testing, combined with ante- or post-mortem testing, is a valuable aid
in identifying infected flocks. Flocks under investigation include
• any flock in which a scrapie-suspect animal was born or lambed,
• any flock containing a high-risk female or suspect animal, or
• any flock that once contained such an animal that may have lambed in the flock and from which obex and lymphoid tissues either were
not submitted for official testing or were not confirmed negative.
A flock that has completed the required genotyping and live-animal or
post-mortem scrapie testing and that is in compliance with a post-exposure management and monitoring plan
(PEMMP—this will be explained shortly) if one is required, or that has been designated as an infected source or
exposed flock, will no longer be a flock under investigation.
Flock Clean-Up
Scrapie-infected and source flocks are placed under movement restrictions until they no longer pose a significant
risk for spreading scrapie. Infected and source flocks must have a flock plan, which typically includes
• genetic testing,
• removal of genetically susceptible exposed female animals and other high-risk animals,
• mandatory reporting of animals with scrapie signs,
• access to and review of records and management procedures, and
• annual monitoring by Federal or State Animal Health Officials.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 13 of 46
Post-Exposure Management and Monitoring Plan (PEMMP)
Flocks exposed to scrapie may be placed on a Post-Exposure Management and Monitoring Plan (PEMMP), a
written agreement signed by the flock owner and a Federal or State representative. Each participant agrees to
take actions to reduce the risk and monitor for scrapie. Monitoring must occur for at least five years after the
last high-risk or scrapie-positive animal is removed from the flock or after the last exposure of the flock to a
scrapie-positive animal. As part of a PEMMP, the flock owner must provide the facilities and personnel needed
to carry out the required elements listed in the plan. The plan must include the requirements in 9 CFR §54.8,
which can be found a http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=d373ac2667aac6a3e827be1d2136b851&mc=tru
e&node=se9.1.54_18&rgn=div8
Knowledge Review #3
True or False: Electronic implant devices are sufficient alone as a primary means of identification for
sheep in the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP).
Answers are found in the Appendix.
Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP)
The Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP), begun in 1992, is a
voluntary program designed to monitor sheep flocks and goat herds and
certify the scrapie status of animals enrolled in the program. The SFCP
is a cooperative effort among producers, allied industry representatives,
accredited veterinarians, State Animal Health Officials, and APHIS.
Any sheep or goat owner may apply to participate. The purpose of the
program is to
• reduce scrapie’s occurrence and spread,
• identify flocks that have been free of evidence of scrapie over specified
time periods,
• contribute to the eventual eradication of scrapie from the U.S., and
• enhance the marketability of enrolled animals.
Accredited
Veterinarians
Producers
SFCP
Allied Industry
Representatives
State Animal
Health Officials
USDA-APHIS
Please see SFCP Standards, June 2013, at the following link for complete
details of this program: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_
diseases/scrapie/downloads/sfcp.pdf.
SFCP Flock Categories
Sheep producers will need to work with the State Scrapie Certification Board (SSCB) to apply for the
SFCP. Applications for enrollment and instructions for submitting an application may be requested from
the District Office for the State in which the flock resides. Once approved to enter the Program, the producer of
the flock will be issued an enrollment date, and this date will serve as the category status date until the
flock fails to meet any of the Program Standards. The flock will be placed in one of the following categories
upon enrollment:
• The Export Category has stringent requirements for flock additions, sampling, and contact
with other flocks. It allows flocks to become an Export Certified Flock after 7 years of compliance
with Program Standards. Flocks in this category are called Export Monitored flocks until they reach
Export Certified status.
• The Select Category is designed to provide scrapie surveillance in flocks without restricting the
acquisition of sheep and goats. Flocks in this category are called Select Flocks. Participation in this
category supports the eradication effort by providing testing in flocks that are not sampled through
slaughter surveillance. Select flocks do not become Export Certified, but can maintain their status as
long as they continue to meet Program Standards.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 14 of 46
Flock Enrollment
The application package includes several items:
• completed VS Form 5-22, Application for the Scrapie Flock Certification Program,
• flock records listing,
-- all animals in the flock,
-- official individual identification numbers for each animal, and
-- breed and sex of each animal, and
• VS Form 5-19, Flock Inspection and Epidemiology Report completed by an authorized Federal or State regulatory official or an authorized accredited veterinarian that verifies the information provided on
the application.
Flock Enrollment
• VS Form 5-22
• Flock records
• VS Form 5-19
Additional details about record keeping are available in the SFCP Standards: http://
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/sfcp.pdf.
APHIS maintains a national information database that includes information about participating SFCP flocks:
https://vsapps.aphis.usda.gov/scrreports/flockSFCPReport.
APHIS also prepares periodic summary reports on enrolled, infected, and source flocks.
Export and Select Category Flocks
Accredited veterinarians can assist their clients with participation in the Export or Select categories by
• reporting immediately to a Federal and State Official any scrapie suspects and animals with other neurological
and debilitating illnesses,
• ensuring that proper tissue samples are collected and submitted for diagnostic purposes from animals that exhibit
clinical signs of scrapie and animals found dead or euthanized at or over 18 months of age, and
• ensuring that all animals requiring official identification are properly identified.
Identification Requirements - Export Category Flocks
Prior to enrollment into the Export category, animals over 12 months of
age must be identified with at least one of the following types of programapproved identifications:
• official tamper-evident eartag
• APHIS-assigned ear tattoo
-- Right flank or tail fold tattoo if ear is not available (animal lost it or
has other tags present)
• electronic implant
-- When moved off premises, the animal must be accompanied by a
scanner that can read the implant and an owner statement, CVI, or
registration certificate listing the number; or
-- When moved with a change of ownership, a visual official ID must
also be used unless moving to another SFCP flock that uses microchips or moving under the provisions for registered animals.
• registry tattoos
-- If registered with an approved goat registry organization, the animal may be identified with registry tattoos
or registry microchips under certain conditions as described in the SFCP Standards.
A secondary form of ID may be maintained at the owner’s discretion.
Select Category Flocks
The Select category is open to any flock and is intended to provide scrapie surveillance at the flock level and
to provide recognition of producers who go the extra mile to help the U.S. sheep and goat industries eliminate
scrapie. Flock owners may apply for enrolled status in the Select category by contacting the District Office for
their State.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 15 of 46
Identification Requirements - Select Category Flocks
• The flock owner will officially identify all animals 18 months of age and older prior to change of ownership.
• The flock owner will officially identify all sexually intact animals less than 18 months of age prior
to change of ownership unless moving direct to slaughter, to slaughter-only auctions or buying stations,
or to a terminal feedlot.
• If acquired animals are not officially identified, the flock owner will properly identify them with an
official ID and maintain records linking the new ID to the animal’s flock of origin before commingling
with the flock.
Status Change
Flocks will lose status within the Program if any of the
following situations occur:
• scrapie is found,
• non-participating or lower status female sheep or
goats are added to flock, and/or
• compliance irregularities exist.
The SSCB shall recommend downgrading a participating
flock’s status or removing it from the SFCP if its owner
or manager has not complied with the Program Standards.
A flock may reenter the program after fulfilling Boarddetermined requirements.
Enrolled or
Certified Flock
Non-SFCP ewe
added to flock
Suspension
of SFCP
Status
Scrapie
Diagnosed
Compliance
Irregularities
When a flock’s status is in question because of a pending
potential downgrade or because it is a Flock Under
Investigation (FUI), its status may be suspended. While
suspended, the producer of the flock may not sell animals as
“enrolled” animals.
Knowledge Review #4
True or False: All sheep and goat producers are required to participate in the Scrapie Flock
Certification Program.
Answers are found in the Appendix.
Submission of Scrapie Suspects
When scrapie is suspected in a live or dead animal, the owner should contact an APHIS representative, a State
Animal Health Official, or an accredited veterinarian. If an APHIS representative or State Animal Health Official is
unavailable, it is the responsibility of the producer to have an accredited veterinarian collect the samples or preserve
the head for sampling and ship to a diagnostic laboratory designated by the Assistant District Director for this purpose.
Owners of Export Category flocks are required to submit to an official laboratory tissues from scrapie-suspect
animals and animals over 14 months of age suspected of other neurologic or chronic debilitating disease. Export
Monitored flocks must submit samples from ALL animals found dead or euthanized at over 18 months of age or that
have lambed in the flock.
Please refer to the handout “Scrapie Tissue Collection Protocols” in the appendix for more information. Details are also
provided in the SFCP Standards: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/sfcp.pdf.
Scrapie Eradication Summary
Throughout this section, you have learned about scrapie as well as the National Scrapie Eradication Program and
the Scrapie Flock Certification Program. Eliminating scrapie from U.S. sheep and goats relies on participation from
accredited veterinarians and producers. Next, we will discuss the role of the accredited veterinarian in the proper
completion of IHCs and CVIs.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 16 of 46
International Health Certificates and Certificates of Veterinary Inspection
Role of the Accredited Veterinarian
As an accredited veterinarian, you must perform all accreditation work
following Federal and State laws and regulations as well as approved
procedures. The Standards for Accredited Veterinarians are available in the
Code of Federal Regulations, 9 CFR §161, found at: http://www.aphis.usda.
gov/animal_health/vet_accreditation/downloads/CFR_Parts_160-161-162.pdf.
Accredited veterinarians are instrumental in surveillance, control, and
eradication programs for many diseases including scrapie. For movement
of animals within the State, between states, or internationally, a Certificate
of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) or International Health Certificate (IHC) is
usually required. These documents serve as a record, attesting to the lack of
apparent illness in animals inspected* by an accredited veterinarian as well
as documenting test results and certification statements.
A certificate directed by statute
or by regulation, issued under
APHIS authority, for use by
accredited veterinarians
performing official functions.
Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR)
*From 9 CFR §161.4: “Inspections under this paragraph must be conducted
in a location that allows the accredited veterinarian sufficient space to observe
the animal in such a manner as to detect abnormalities related to areas such as, but not limited to, locomotion,
body excretion, respiration, and skin conditions. An accredited veterinarian shall examine such an animal showing
abnormalities, in order to determine whether or not there is clinical evidence compatible with the presence or
absence of a communicable disease.”
Veterinarian’s Liability
By completing and signing a CVI or IHC for an animal, you are using your professional judgment based on
available information. Under no circumstance should a certificate be completed and signed when the health of an
animal is questionable or the information provided is not accurate and complete. Your diligence can prevent animals
from introducing disease into other States or countries.
IHCs and CVIs issued by an accredited veterinarian are legal documents. Providing false or incorrect information
may subject you to civil and criminal action as well as suspension or revocation of your accredited status. In the
event that an error, omission, or irregularity in a submitted certificate is noted by VS personnel, APHIS Investigative
and Enforcement Services (IES) is notified and is responsible for investigating alleged violations.
Errors that may increase an accredited veterinarian’s chances of enforcement action include
• leaving blanks on paperwork post-signature for the staff to fill in later,
• allowing owners to submit animal tissue or blood samples to the laboratory for testing, and
• failing to confirm the official identification of the animals(s) being certified.
These errors could also have detrimental consequences for your client. For example, the certificate may not be
endorsed, the animals may not be allowed to enter the destination State or country, or the animals may be confiscated
and/or destroyed upon arrival in the destination State or country.
International Health Certificates
VS Form 17-140, U.S. Origin Health Certificate, is the IHC traditionally required to move animals internationally,
although some importing countries require their own import health certificate in addition to, or instead of, VS Form
17-140. NVAP Module 2: Role of Agencies and Health Certificates provides detailed instructions on completing
VS Form 17-140. IHCs are issued by an accredited veterinarian and endorsed by an authorized VS endorsing
veterinarian. Additionally, countries may require some or all of the following:
• additional paperwork,
• additional animal testing, and
• certification statement(s) that confirms information about the disease status of the U.S., State or area, herd/
flock, and individual animals.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 17 of 46
Therefore, checking the current import regulations of the destination country is absolutely essential. Please visit the
APHIS International Animal Export Regulations (IREGs) webpage at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/
iregs/animals/. If the IREGs webpage does not list specific requirements for a country or species, do not assume
that there are no import requirements. Contact either the Embassy or Consulate of the destination country or its
Department or Ministry of Agriculture for specific details related to import requirements. Your local District Office
is another resource for more information on animal exports.
Certifying Animals for Export
Isolation Facilities
Some countries may require animals be maintained in a USDA-approved isolation facility prior to export.
This means that an APHIS veterinarian must inspect and approve the isolation facility prior to the start of
the isolation period. If required, contact your District Office to schedule the inspection and approval to meet
export time frames.
Animal Identification
Sheep and goats for international export will have to comply with the
identification requirements of the NSEP and comply with the import
identification requirements of the destination country. Ensure all animals
have proper application of official identification as previously described.
For more information on animal identification, please see the “Scrapie
Eradication Uniform Methods and Rules” available at http://www.
aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/
umr_scrapie.pdf.
Animal Testing
Some destination countries require additional testing before animals can
be imported. They may require specific tests for specific diseases, so check
with them prior to requesting and submitting laboratory tests. If an isolation
facility is required, tests typically cannot be performed until the animals
have entered that facility. Follow the steps below:
1. Contact the District Office that will be endorsing the certificate for guidance on procedures for the
submission of laboratory results. Unless original signed copies of test results are required, results can
be sent electronically.
2. Consult with a USDA-approved laboratory prior to sample collection to check that the laboratory can
conduct the specific test and coordinate with their testing schedule.
3. Request the specific test type and negative dilution titer required for each disease.
4. Include the date samples were collected on the submission form.
5. Indicate this is a test request for international export and specify the destination country.
6. Notify the laboratory personnel about the required format for the test results sent to the District Office
and request a copy of the results be sent to you for your client’s records.
7. Perform any additional treatments required by the destination country (e.g., treatments for parasites).
8. Administer all treatments in accordance with the label directions.
9. Contact the Assistant District Director (ADD) if the destination country has requested a treatment that is
outside the label directions.
10. Include all details related to the active ingredient, dose, and route of administration as requested on
the certificate.
11. Do not paraphrase the required certification statements.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 18 of 46
Knowledge Review #5
When certifying animals for international export, specific identification requirements need to be met.
Which of the following are considered Official ID for sheep and goats shipped internationally? (Select
the ONE best answer)
A. An APHIS-approved eartag with a U.S. shield and a 15-digit RFID tag.
B. A registration tattoo in lieu of an official eartag, as long as the animal is accompanied by a copy
of its registration certificate.
C. An electronic microchip implant in the right ear, as long as the animal is registered and
accompanied by its registration certificate and scanner (to read the implant).
D. All of the above.
Answers are found in the Appendix.
Completing an International Health Certificate (IHC)
Once appropriate measures have been taken to prepare the animals for export, the IHC can be completed. IHCs
require a significant amount of information, and it is important to complete these forms accurately.
• Consignor’s name and address: Last name, first name, and middle initial of consignor; full address of the
consignor (consignor could be an owner, export broker, exporter, or company)
• Consignee’s name or business name and full
physical address
• Farm Origin: Name and address of the physical
CONSIGNOR’S NAME
location of the animals, may be the same as the
consignor’s location
-- You, the veterinarian, must be accredited in the
state where the animals are located and being prepared for export
• Species and number of animals being exported
• Official ID and description of animals to be
exported, including
-- Age (YY, MM, DD)
-- Sex (M, F, NM, NF)
CONSIGNEE’S NAME
-- Official individual ID for each animal
AND STREET ADDRESS
-- Breed
»» For a listing of sheep breeds, please visit
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/
»» For a listing of goat breeds, please visit http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/goats/
• U.S. port of embarkation (City and State)
-- The location where the animals are loaded on the aircraft or ocean vessel for departure. For animals leaving by
land vehicle to Canada or Mexico, port of embarkation is the U.S. Port of Entry across from the Canadian or
Mexican Port of Entry. Contact your local District Office if you are unsure of the port of embarkation to list.
• Negative results of other tests
-- List the disease, type of test, dilution titer of test (if appropriate), date sampled (or date read if intradermal,
such as with tuberculosis testing), and results. Some destination countries will also request the date the
result was read and the laboratory where the tests were performed. The brucellosis and tuberculosis status
of the premises and the status of the premises state are commonly requested.
• Certification statements
-- If required, these will be available in the destination country’s list of requirements or on the
import permit. Legibly write the statements exactly as listed. If you cannot attest to these statements
being true, then do not sign the certificate!
-- Statements often involve status of disease within the country or region; scrapie statements are common for
sheep and goats.
• Sign and date the certificate
-- The accredited veterinarian is the “issuing” veterinarian, not the “endorsing” veterinarian. Endorsement is
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 19 of 46
--
done by an authorized VS endorsing veterinarian if required by the destination country.
The date must be no earlier than the last date listed for any tests, treatments, or inspection.
Items to Forward to the District Office
• The completed signed IHC.
• Laboratory results (original, carbon copy or have the lab transmit results directly to District Office). The
District Office will return the original results to you.
If sending forms to the District Office overnight, be sure to have the correct street address. Provide method and
directions for return delivery of the endorsed documents to you and the owner. All certificates are mailed out
United States Postal Service (USPS). If requesting priority USPS delivery, you must provide a prepaid envelope. If
requesting overnight delivery, you must make prior arrangements with the vendor.
Completing a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI)
Interstate movement of sheep and goats (other than for slaughter
or feeding for slaughter or low-risk commercial goats) must be accompanied
by an official document known as a CVI issued by the accredited veterinarian.
The information required to complete a CVI is similar to the information
required to complete VS Form 17-140, U.S. Origin Health Certificate. Many
States also require entry permits.*
*A State-issued Permit for Entry may be required before healthy animals can
enter the State of destination. Regulations requiring an import permit vary from
State to State and also vary depending on the State of origin. The accredited
veterinarian should always contact the State Animal Health Official of the State
of destination. The U.S. State and Territory Animal Import Regulations website
can provide additional information. A link can be found in the Resources/Web
Links section of this document.
Some animals are not eligible for interstate movement except by permit VS-Form 1-27 or equivalent State form:
scrapie-positive, scrapie-suspect, or high-risk, including exposed animals of unknown genotype. State regulations can
change frequently. Confirming requirements with the State of destination is the best way to ensure your clients’ animals
comply with the regulations. States can be contacted by email or by calling the Office of the State Animal Health
Official. Contact information can be accessed at http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pdf.
Animal Movement Scenarios
Proper completion of IHCs and CVIs can be fairly detailed. Hypothetical, but realistic, scenarios are presented next
for educational purposes. Each scenario is based on actual, simple mistakes accredited veterinarians have made while
completing IHCs and CVIs for sheep and goat movement. The goal is to recognize the mistakes presented and learn from
them, so they can be avoided in the future, saving time and money for you and your clients.
Note: At the time of the writing of this supplemental training module, all regulations applicable to the content were
accurate. For current regulations, contact your local District Office (international movements) or the office of the
State Animal Health Official in the destination State (interstate movements). Links can be found in the Resources/
Web Links section of this document.
Exporting Rams to Canada
Robinson Rambouillets is a prominent sheep farm in Ohio. The owners have a well-managed, healthy flock. They
participate in the Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP) and frequently export sheep. Today the Robinsons
have made an appointment with Dr. Roberts to have an IHC completed. They are shipping a few rams to Canada for
breeding purposes in two weeks. They have done this before, and they already have their Canadian import permit
and have tentatively scheduled the Canadian Port of Entry inspection.
Verifying Export Requirements
Dr. Roberts’ clinic has completed IHCs for the Robinsons before. He looks up Canada’s requirements online using
IREGs, the USDA International Animal Export Regulations, prior to heading out to the farm to see if there have
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 20 of 46
been any changes since the last export. He finds that in order for these rams to be exported to Canada, several
requirements still must be met. The rams must have had a negative brucellosis test within 30 days of import and a
negative tuberculosis test within 60 days of import. The flock of origin must have been inspected within 30 days of
import and the rams not exposed to any communicable disease within 60 days of import.
The USDA International Animal Export Regulations are available at www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/.
Inspecting and Testing
After arriving at the Robinson’s farm, Dr. Roberts inspects the three rams to be exported: one age 2 and two age 3.
All appear to be in good health, and Dr. Roberts finds no signs of illness in the rams to be exported or in the rest of the
flock. The small USA tattoo in the right ear (that Canada requires) from previous Canadian exports is still visible.
The tuberculosis test Dr. Roberts completed five weeks ago for a potential U.S. sale will meet the Canadian 60-day
tuberculosis import test requirement. Dr. Roberts draws a blood sample to meet the Canadian 30-day brucellosis
import test requirement. Dr. Roberts records all of the necessary information and heads back to his office to send
the blood sample to the laboratory. He will complete the IHC as soon as he receives the negative test result and then
send it to the District Office for endorsement.
Knowledge Review #6
Review this section of the VS Form 17-140 U.S. Origin Health Certificate. Which boxes are
correctly completed?
17. FARM ORIGIN
Owner’s name (Last name, two initials, or business name)
Owner’s street address
Owner’s city/town, state code (FIPS code on reverse) & zip code
18. INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION
(Instructions for columns A, B, C,& D on reverse)
ID NO. OR DESCRIPTION
A
ROBINSON RAMBOUILLETS
111 OLIVE LANE
SMALL TOWN, OH 43210
OHIO FARM # 1234
pp
pp
pp
Box 17. Farm Origin
Box 18A. ID NO. or Description
Box 18B. Age
14
51
53
pp
pp
AGE
B
SEX
C
2YR M
3YR M
3YR M
BREED
D
RA
RA
RA
Box 18C. Sex
Box 18D. Breed
Answers are found in the Appendix.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 21 of 46
Moving Goats Interstate
The Potter Farm in northern Iowa raises sheep and goats; the farm has a flock ID number issued as part of the
National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP). The Potters have recently finalized the sale of some Nubian goats to
a zoo in South Dakota for a farm exhibit. The Potters call to have a CVI completed for the Nubians they plan to ship
to South Dakota. The accredited veterinarian who typically sees the Potter’s animals is on vacation for two weeks.
Dr. Savage works at the same practice but generally sees equine clients. Since the Potters are planning to ship their
goats next week, Dr. Savage agrees to inspect the goats and complete the CVI.
Dr. Savage arrives at the farm prepared for the task at hand. Before leaving the clinic, she contacts South
Dakota’s Animal Industry Board to find out their regulations for importing goats. The Department of Agriculture
has several requirements that need to be met for the Nubian goats to enter South Dakota. The animals must be
accompanied by a current CVI, which should include the usual information about the consignor and consignee as
well as the following information:
• specific health statements regarding infectious and contagious disease status of the animals to be moved,
• specific statements regarding the quarantine status of the flock of origin,
• official individual animal identification, and
• the South Dakota import permit number recorded on the CVI; South Dakota Import Permits may be obtained
by calling the South Dakota Animal Industry Board at (605) 773-3321.
Dr. Savage inspects the goats and finds them to be in good health; the doctor then completes the CVI for the
Potter family.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 22 of 46
Knowledge Review #7
RECONSIGNEE AT PUBLIC SALE
NAME
STREET
ST
CITY
PREMISE ID NO.
DATE
ZIP
CITY
Signature (Veterinarian)
NOTE: RECOSSIGNEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR AND MUST MEET STATE OF DESTINATION AND
OTHER MOVEMENT REQUIREMENTS
INSPECTION
DATE
10/14/08
PERMIT
NUMBER
Treated For
Product
Date
DESCRIPTION OF
ANIMALS
IDENTIFICATION TAG
or
REGISTRY NUMBER
A
G
E
S
E
X
B
R
E
E
D
1A123411
1
NUBIAN BUCK
2YR
M
NU
1A123412
2
NUBIAN DOE
3YR
F
NU
1A123478
3
NUBIAN KID
7MO
F
NU
1A123479
4
NUBIAN KID
7MO
F
NU
What revisions need to be made to Dr. Savage’s CVI for the Nubian goats?
A. None. The CVI has been completed correctly.
B. The SD import permit number needs to be recorded on the CVI.
C. The Official ID prefix needs to be listed as IA (for Iowa) as shown on the ear tag, in compliance with
NSEP requirements, instead of 1A as is currently shown on the CVI.
D. Because the Potter’s are shipping goats, official ID does not need to be included on this CVI.
Answers are found in the Appendix.
Conclusion
Accredited veterinarians play a key role in disease prevention through attentive, thorough inspection of sheep and
goats destined for movement. This module began with a review of eight diseases affecting sheep and goats. The
National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) and the Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP) were discussed;
both programs are working towards the eventual eradication of classical scrapie in the U.S. Finally, two scenarios
provided real-life examples where veterinarians have incorrectly completed IHCs and CVIs.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 23 of 46
Resources/Web Links
Additional resources discussed throughout this module are provided here for your convenience.
Scrapie Resources
USDA-APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_animal_disease_information/!ut/p/a1/
tVJNU8IwEP0tHnpss_aDpN4KypdUGRiV9tJJ25QE-2UaRP69geGgM4p6MLfdefv2vX1BMVqhuKavYk2VaG
paHuq4l0zvx_ZlH-zJaOnfwOTucRiSGXbux64GRBowGAVjF88AwCU2TK7742vshwCT3k_zTyhGcVarVnEU0
ZaLLsmaWrFaJaVIJZV7AzqaNFuZFE227Y4VrUVFy4QzWir-sZOLjtGOJaIuGlkdTRz420zkKHIYpDn1UrPH
CmK6xPdN32PE9H2MKbFzjB3n5Ae-eQH8ys8nyOimryHD2RzfTm249U6Acyc7As5oiLRI_K0K30XLP7qe_
iJmW4aDcK1pqeLm4cBodf7wekZsXl7iQAd8iPRNodW_JKzVr8smPX7XKKhTh2iZkhVMMmltpW5zpdorAw
zY7XZWVnQttwTtFFXMYvnWgLlsNixTevfdYzA3YDlY6KWZhJ4NFlfVV8S86bShLwlRWz1UxNmbzwsCjlezopQeVFw8Q5WcVfE/?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_
animal_health%2Fsa_animal_disease_information%2Fsa_sheep_goat_health%2Fsa_scrapie%2Fct_scrapie_home
Scrapie Eradication Uniform Methods and Rules (2005)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/umr_scrapie.pdf
Voluntary Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP) Standards (June 2013)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/sfcp.pdf
SFCP Participant Database
https://vsapps.aphis.usda.gov/scrreports/flockSFCPReport
USDA-APHIS/NAHLN Approved Scrapie Testing Laboratories
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahln/downloads/cwd_scrapie_lab_list.pdf
USDA-APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program -- Reports and National updates
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_animal_disease_information/!ut/p/a1/
tVJNU8IwEP0tHnpss_aDpN4KypdUGRiV9tJJ25QE-2UaRP69geGgM4p6MLfdefv2vX1BMVqhuKavYk2VaG
paHuq4l0zvx_ZlH-zJaOnfwOTucRiSGXbux64GRBowGAVjF88AwCU2TK7742vshwCT3k_zTyhGcVarVnEU0
ZaLLsmaWrFaJaVIJZV7AzqaNFuZFE227Y4VrUVFy4QzWir-sZOLjtGOJaIuGlkdTRz420zkKHIYpDn1UrPH
CmK6xPdN32PE9H2MKbFzjB3n5Ae-eQH8ys8nyOimryHD2RzfTm249U6Acyc7As5oiLRI_K0K30XLP7qe_
iJmW4aDcK1pqeLm4cBodf7wekZsXl7iQAd8iPRNodW_JKzVr8smPX7XKKhTh2iZkhVMMmltpW5zpdorAw
zY7XZWVnQttwTtFFXMYvnWgLlsNixTevfdYzA3YDlY6KWZhJ4NFlfVV8S86bShLwlRWz1UxNmbzwsCjlezopQeVFw8Q5WcVfE/?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_
animal_health%2Fsa_animal_disease_information%2Fsa_sheep_goat_health%2Fsa_scrapie%2Fct_scrapie_home
National Institute for Animal Agriculture (NIAA), National Scrapie Education Initiative Educational resources on scrapie
http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/Educational%20Resources.html
Code of Federal Regulations 9 CFR §54 – Control of Scrapie
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=8d124743ca4924c63e73b69a1ec0599a&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/
Title09/9cfr54_main_02.tpl
USDA-APHIS Videos on Scrapie Clinical Signs
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_
content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_animal_disease_information%2Fsa_sheep_goat_
health%2Fsa_scrapie%2Fct_scrapie_disease_information
Animal Movement Resources
USDA-APHIS International Animal Export Regulations (IREGs) for Animal Exports
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_
content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_export_from_us%2Fsa_live_animals%2Fct_iregs_
animal_exports_home
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 24 of 46
U.S. State and Territory Regulations for Importing Animals (USDA website)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/importexport?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_
content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_import_into_us%2Fsa_entry_requirements%2Fct_
us%2Bstate_and_territory_animal_import_regulations
State Animal Health Officials
http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pdf
USDA-APHIS District Offices
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_vet_accreditation/ct_other_states/!ut/p/
a1/tVJNc4IwFPwtPXhkEj4DR_wEldqpMy1wycSYSCwGhGjrvzfSm1OrPTS39yb7dt--BTlIQS7JUWyIEpUk5aXO
PTxdRJbZh1Y8WQYjGD-_jRN_juxF5IB3kIOcSlWrAmSkLkSLaSUVkwqXYtWQ5tSDLcHVocG8ooe2q4gUO1Lig
pFSFV3nyBQmlDZsLVTH3YNU4UoVrMGt7rD2wlNTsQbZOnC5yW1icIu5hmM60CAc-gbyVpy6K-ojz9TCMy0c3nghvLfXN34wCSMHzTXC8S0YD_vREAUJhLH3kC93JnQffpN4RTIZ9TXJeP6CZlMLzlyQaZHoporAAcs_
ujZ9wBarSQbJRo8lqjCE5BVIfzogSK8PqLFiu9_noQ7MJSJfCqT_mph6t_PtkzA-Xn1ou-X29Bk-nQHuQOLr/?1dm
y&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_contact_
us%2Fct_vet_acred_asst_dd
Sheep breeds for review
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/
Goat breeds for review
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/goats/
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 25 of 46
Acknowledgments
This module was made possible, in part, by a Cooperative Agreement from the USDA-APHIS for the National
Veterinary Accreditation Program. It was prepared by the Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of
Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University. Authors and contributors include
• Tegwin K. Taylor, DVM, MPH
• Danelle Bickett–Weddle, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM
• Megan M. Smith, DVM
• Sarah Weiland, student intern
This module reviewed by
• Janet LaVille, MA
CFSPH Editor
Illustrations were designed by
• Clint May, BFA
• Andrew Kingsbury, BFA
Content and review was provided by the following subject matter experts
• Diane Sutton, DVM
National Scrapie Program Coordinator
• Alan Huddleston, VMD
Associate National Scrapie Program Coordinator
• Larry White, DVM
Animal Export Consultant
This module was reviewed within USDA–APHIS–VS by
• Clement Dussault, VMD
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
• Todd Behre, DVM, PMP
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
• Jamie Snow, DVM, MPH
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
• Timothy Cordes, DVM
National Veterinary Accreditation Program
Previous versions of this module were reviewed by:
• Wayne Zielenga, DVM, MBA
USDA-APHIS-VS Veterinary Medical Officer, New Hampshire
• Sue Skorupski, M.S., DVM
USDA-APHIS Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge, Ohio and West Virginia
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 26 of 46
Photo and Illustration Credits
Page 1 Photographs of a sheep (top) and a goat (bottom), the focus of this module. Photo sources: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, Iowa State University (top); Larry Rana, USDA (bottom)
Page 2 (Top) This photograph shows a sheep with clinical bluetongue, including bilateral nasal exudate, erosion
of the nasal planum (shown by black arrows), and excessive salivation. Photo source: Plum Island
Animal Disease Center
(Bottom) Ingesting unpasteurized milk and other dairy products can transmit B. melitensis to
humans. Photo source: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, Iowa State University
Page 3 This goat has CAE. Notice the swollen carpal joints. Photo source: Staff of the University of
Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine
Page 4 (Top) This photograph shows a goat with contagious ecthyma on its lip. Crusted lesions are
centered on the commisure with small papules on the chin and nostril (top). This collage of three
photos shows lesions on human skin. The lesions are papules that exhibit central necrosis and/or hemorrhage (bottom). Photo source: Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine (both)
(Bottom) This photograph shows sheep with clinical Johne’s. Weight loss is markedly evident.
Photo source: Suelee Robbe Austermann
Page 5 (Top) The top photograph shows a ewe with Maedi-visna in respiratory distress (i.e., open mouth
breathing). The bottom photograph shows a section of edematous lung from a ewe with Maedivisna. Photo source: Dr. Paula Menzies (both)
(Bottom) This photograph shows a placenta from a goat with Q fever. Most cotyledons have
pale tan margins (necrosis). There are scattered, raised, tan and discrete intercotyledonary plaques
(exudate) and a locally extensive area where the intercotyledonary placenta is opaque, thickened
and tan. Photo source: Dr. J. Arzt, Plum Island Animal Disease Center
Page 6 This photo shows a black-faced sheep with large patches of bare skin on the lateral thighs,
abdomen and midthorax areas due to excessive rubbing because of the intense pruritis experienced
with scrapie disease. Photo source: Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Page 7 This illustration depicts the impact of scrapie which costs American sheep producers over $20 million per year. Graphic illustration by: Andrew Kingsbury, Iowa State University
Page 8 (Top) This is an illustration of a double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, helix
representing the PRNP gene (dark blue bracket). A set of three nucleotides (GAA) is enclosed
in a light blue bracket designating Codon 171 which is one amino acid, in this case glutamine,
abbreviated Q. A second set of three nucleotides (GCG) is enclosed in another light blue bracket
designating Codon 136 which is alanine, abbreviated A. Graphic illustration by: Clint May and
Andrew Kingsbury, Iowa State University
(Bottom) The following 136/171 combinations are possible and shown in this illustration: AA QQ
sheep which are highly susceptible, AV QQ-sheep which are highly susceptible, VV QQ-sheep
which are highly susceptible, AV QR-sheep which are much less susceptible, AA QR-sheep which
are rarely susceptible, AA RR-sheep which are resistant. Graphic illustration by: Andrew
Kingsbury, Iowa State University
Page 9 This photograph shows an accredited veterinarian drawing blood from a sheep. Photo source:
Stephen Ausmus, USDA
Page 10
(Top) This illustration shows an overall comparison between the National Scrapie Eradication
Program and the Scrapie Flock Certification Program. Graphic illustration by: Andrew Kingsbury,
Iowa State University
(Bottom) This photo depicts an official ID tag on an angora goat. Photo source: Danelle Bickett
Weddle, Iowa State University
Page 11
(Top) This photograph shows the three key identifying features of an official identification tag:
U.S. Shield, Animal ID, Flock ID. Photo source: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, Iowa State University
(Center) The photograph shows a sheep with an Official USDA RFID tag. Photo source: Staff of
the University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine
(Bottom) This photo shows examples of standard white SFCP tags. Photo source:USDA
Page 12 This photograph shows a sheep with official ID. Photo source: Animal Improvement Company
Page 13
This photograph shows a flock of sheep at a research facility. Photo source: Maristela
Rovai, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Page 14
This illustration depicts the cooperative efforts among those involved in the Scrapie Flock
Certification Program. Graphic illustration by: Andrew Kingsbury, Iowa State University
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 27 of 46
Page 15
(Top) Flock enrollment requirements include VS Form 5-22, flock records, and VS Form 5-19.
Graphic illustration by: Dani Ausen, Iowa State University
(Bottom) This photograph shows a sheep with an Official SFCP eartag. Photo source: Staff of the
University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine
Page 16
This illustration depicts how SFCP flock status could change if non-SFCP animals are added to the
flock, scrapie is diagnosed, or compliance irregularities occur. Graphic illustration by: Andrew
Kingsbury, Iowa State University
Page 17 Illustration showing a collage of health certificates and the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR)
definition “A certificate directed by statute or by regulation, issued under APHIS authority, for use
by Accredited Veterinarians performing official functions.” Graphic illustration by: Clint May,
Iowa State University
Page 18 This photograph shows a person applying an official eartag on a sheep. Photo source: USDA
Page 19 This graphic highlights the areas of VS Form 17-140, U.S. Origin Health Certificate that can be
used for the international movement of sheep and goats. The consignor’s name, address and
consignee’s name and street address are properly completed. Graphic illustration by: Andrew
Kingsbury, Iowa State University
Page 20 This photograph shows sheep loading onto a truck for transport. Photo source: Staff of the
University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine
Page 21 These three Rambouillet rams have Ohio ear tags. Graphic illustration by: Clint May and Andrew
Kingsbury, Iowa State University
Page 22 Dr. Savage arrives at the Potter Farm to inspect the goats that need to be moved to South Dakota.
Graphic illustration by: Clint May and Andrew Kingsbury, Iowa State University
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 28 of 46
Knowledge Review Answers
Knowledge Review #1
Which of the following sheep and goat diseases are zoonotic? Select ALL that apply:
A. Bluetongue
E. Johne’s disease
B. Brucella melitensis
F. Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
C. Caprine encephalitis and arthritis (CAE)
G. Q fever
D. Contagious ecthyma (Orf)
H. Scrapie
The correct answers are B, D and G - Brucella melitensis, contagious ecthyma (Orf), and Q fever.
Knowledge Review #2
Specific criteria must be met for a genotype test to be considered official by APHIS. Select ALL that apply.
A. The animal is officially identified.
B. Blood must be drawn by a trained producer.
C. The sample is submitted with VS Form 5-29.
D. Blood must be sent to an APHIS-approved laboratory.
The correct answers are A, C, and D. Response B is incorrect because the blood must be drawn and submitted by
an accredited veterinarian.
Knowledge Review #3
True or False: Electronic implant devices are sufficient alone as a primary means of identification for
sheep in the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP).
The correct answer is False. Electronic implants may only be used in conjunction with a registration certificate or,
in the case of an SFCP enrolled animal, an owner statement.
Knowledge Review #4
True or False: All sheep and goat producers are required to participate in the Scrapie Flock
Certification Program.
The correct answer is False. The SFCP is a voluntary, cooperative effort among producers, allied industry
representatives, accredited veterinarians, State Animal Health Officials, and APHIS. Any sheep or goat owner may
apply to participate, but participation is not required.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 29 of 46
Knowledge Review #5
When certifying animals for international export, specific identification requirements need to be met.
Which of the following are considered Official ID for sheep and goats shipped internationally? (Select the
ONE best answer)
A. An APHIS-approved eartag with a U.S. shield and a 15-digit RFID tag.
B. A registration tattoo in lieu of an official eartag, as long as the animal is accompanied by a copy of the
registration certificate.
C. An electronic microchip implant in the right ear, as long as the animal is registered and accompanied
by its registration certificate and scanner (to read the implant).
D. All of the above.
The correct answer is D, All of the above.
Knowledge Review #6
Review this section of the VS Form 17-140 U.S. Origin Health Certificate. Which boxes are
correctly completed?
17. FARM ORIGIN
Owner’s name (Last name, two initials, or business name)
Owner’s street address
Owner’s city/town, state code (FIPS code on reverse) & zip code
18. INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION
(Instructions for columns A, B, C,& D on reverse)
ID NO. OR DESCRIPTION
A
ROBINSON RAMBOUILLETS
111 OLIVE LANE
SMALL TOWN, OH 43210
OHIO FARM # 1234
pp
pp
pp
Box 17. Farm Origin
Box 18A. ID NO. or Description
Box 18B. Age
14
51
53
pp
pp
AGE
B
SEX
C
2YR M
3YR M
3YR M
BREED
D
RA
RA
RA
Box 18C. Sex
Box 18D. Breed
The correct answers are 17, 18B, 18C, and 18D. 18A is not correct. The numbers 14, 51, and 53 are farm
identification numbers, but the official animal ID numbers should be listed as OH123414, OH123451, and
OH123453 as shown on the ear tags.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 30 of 46
Knowledge Review #7
RECONSIGNEE AT PUBLIC SALE
NAME
STREET
ST
CITY
PREMISE ID NO.
DATE
ZIP
CITY
Signature (Veterinarian)
NOTE: RECOSSIGNEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR AND MUST MEET STATE OF DESTINATION AND
OTHER MOVEMENT REQUIREMENTS
INSPECTION
DATE
10/14/08
PERMIT
NUMBER
Treated For
Product
Date
DESCRIPTION OF
ANIMALS
IDENTIFICATION TAG
or
REGISTRY NUMBER
A
G
E
S
E
X
B
R
E
E
D
1A123411
1
NUBIAN BUCK
2YR
M
NU
1A123412
2
NUBIAN DOE
3YR
F
NU
1A123478
3
NUBIAN KID
7MO
F
NU
1A123479
4
NUBIAN KID
7MO
F
NU
What revisions need to be made to Dr. Savage’s CVI for the Nubian goats?
A. None. The CVI has been completed correctly.
B. The SD import permit number needs to be recorded on the CVI.
C. The Official ID prefix needs to be listed as IA (for Iowa) as shown on the ear tag, in compliance with
NSEP requirements, instead of 1A as is currently shown on the CVI.
D. Because the Potter’s are shipping goats, official ID does not need to be included on this CVI.
Answers are found in the Appendix.
The correct answers are B and C. A is incorrect because the official ID needs to be corrected before submission. It
should be listed as IA for Iowa instead of 1A. D is incorrect because according to the “Official Animal Identification
Guidelines for Goats”, bucks and does destined for exhibition requires official individual animal identification.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 31 of 46
Etiology
Genus: Orbivirus
Family: Reoviridae
Intracellular, facultative
Gram-negative
coccobacillus
Family: Brucellaceae
Genus: Lentivirus
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Parapoxvirus
Family: Poxviridae
Disease
Bluetongue
Brucellosis
Caprine
Arthritis and
Encephalitis
Contagious
Ecthyma
Sheep, Goats, Hooved
animals, Dogs
consuming infected
carcasses
Humans: susceptible
Goats
To a lesser extent:
Sheep
Humans: Not
susceptible
Small ruminants,
Occasionally reported
in: Cattle, Camels, Dogs
Rarely reported in:
Horses, Pigs
Humans: susceptible
Sheep, Cattle, Goats,
Wild ruminants
Humans: not
susceptible
Species Affected,
Zoonotic Potential
Worldwide in all sheep
raising countries
Industrialized
countries, including
the United States
Mediterranean, Middle
East, Central Asia,
Arabian Gulf area,
Mexico, South America
Africa, Parts of Asia,
Australia, Europe,
Middle East, North
America, South
America, South Pacific
Geographic
Distribution
Sheep and Goat Disease Reference Chart
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 32 of 46
Sheep: Fever, swollen cyanotic tongue, excessive
salivation, depression, dyspnea, panting,
hyperemic coronary bands, lameness
Cattle: Subclinical infections, rare signs include
vesicles or ulcers in mouth and on skin, hyperemia
of coronary bands, hyperesthesia, temporary sterility
in bulls
Goats: Usually subclinical, rare signs similar to
those seen in cattle
Wild Ruminants: Signs range anywhere from
inapparent to severe disease
Sheep and Goats: Abortion, stillbirth, birth of weak
offspring, reinvasion of uterus and shedding of
organisms in subsequent pregnancies, decreased
milk production, orchitis and epididymitis in males,
arthritis in both sexes
Cattle: Abortion
Camels and Dogs: Abortion, orchitis, epididymitis,
often asymptomatic
Humans: Variable ranging from subclinical to
influenza-like illness, may lead to complications in
a variety of organ systems
Goats: Commonly non-clinical. Kids may commonly
develop encephalomyelitis. Adults may develop
chronic polyarthritis and/or indurative mastitis.
Disease course is slow but progressive.
Sheep: Little known
Sheep and Goats: Papules, pustules, and vesicles
on the mouth, face, feet, or perineal area
Humans: Skin lesion where inoculation occurred,
initially a small, firm, red/blue papule
Vector: Biting midges
in the genus Culicoides
Fomite:
Contaminated items
Direct contact:
Infected bull semen
Direct Contact:
Reproductive tissues,
blood, urine, milk, or
semen
Oral: Ingestion of
contaminated tissues
or milk
Fomite: Contaminated
items
Oral: Infected
colostrum and milk
Direct Contact
Fomite: Blood, milk,
contaminated items
Direct Contact:
Cuts and abrasions
on the skin
Fomite:
Contaminated Items
use as training materials for the
USDA APHIS National Veterinary
Accreditation Program.
This information was developed by
Clinical Signs
Transmission
Sheep and Goat Disease Reference Chart
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 33 of 46
Initially may be subtle behavioral changes, followed
by ataxia, gait abnormalities, and weight loss
leading to weakness, recumbency, and possibly
death. Intense pruritis commonly causes rubbing
and chewing that leads to wool loss and abraded
or thickened skin. Severely affected animals may
continue to eat normally. Sudden death has been
observed as the only sign in some cases.
Best understood
in sheep
Direct Contact:
Abraded skin or
mucous membranes
Oral: Ingestion of fetal
membranes, fluids,
contaminated
bedding, forage, or soil
Worldwide, except
Australia and New
Zealand
Sheep, Goats,
Moufflon
Humans: not
susceptible
Most widely accepted
theory: Prion
Scrapie
Goats: Poor appetite and lethargy a few days
prior to abortion
Sheep and most other animals: Usually
non-clinical infection, may show signs of
reproductive disease such as abortion, stillbirth,
retained placenta, and/or endometritis
Humans: Signs may range from asymptomatic to
fever, chills, headache, fatigue, malaise, myalgia,
and chest pain. Pneumonia and hepatitis may
develop in severe cases. Rare complications
include endocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis,
osteomyelitis, and vasculitis
Aerosol: Inhalation
Direct Contact:
Reproductive tissues
Oral: Contaminated
milk or tissues
Vector: Ticks
Humans: Blood
transfusions or
sexual contact
Worldwide, except
New Zealand
Sheep, Goats, Cattle,
Mammals, Bird
Species
Humans: susceptible
Obligate intracellular
rickettsial pathogen
Coxiella burnetii
Family: Coxiellaceae
Q Fever
Mostly asymptomatic
Sheep: Wasting, progressive dyspnea, dry cough,
eventually fatal
Goats: Subtle neurological signs which progress
to paraplegia, animals typically die of inanition
Oral: Ingestion
of infected colostrum
or milk
Aerosol: During close
contact
Sheep raising
countries except
Australia and
New Zealand
Sheep
To a lesser extent:
Goats
Humans: Not
susceptible
Genus: Lentivirus
Family: Retroviridae
Ovine
Progressive
Pneumonia
Sheep and Goats: Weight loss, damaged wool that
is easily shed
Cattle: Diarrhea and wasting
Non-ruminants: Intestinal lesions seen in rabbits
and nonhuman primates
Oral: Ingestion of
organisms in feces,
contaminated
colostrum/milk
Fomite:
Contaminated items
Vector: Flies
Worldwide
Domestic and wild
ruminants,
Non-ruminants
Humans: possible
association with
Crohn’s Disease;
connection is
controversial
Myobacterium
avium subsp.
Paratuberculosis
Family:
Mycobacteriacaea
Clinical Signs
Transmission
Johne’s
Disease
Geographic
Distribution
Etiology
Disease
Species Affected,
Zoonotic Potential
Sheep and Goat Disease Reference Chart (cont’d)
Genotyping Sheep
Genotype testing is used to determine whether a sheep is susceptible to contracting scrapie if exposed to the disease.
In the U.S., sheep genotypes are primarily written in two ways:
• Letters of the amino acids (AARR, AVQR, etc.)
• Codon number followed by the corresponding amino acids (171QR, 171RR, etc.)
Each parent contributes one copy of the gene to the lamb. The gene can be any of these three: AQ, VQ, or AR.
VR is known to exist but has not been found in the U.S. Each sheep inherits two copies of the gene, and together,
susceptibility to scrapie can be predicted.
If a flock is exposed to classical scrapie, APHIS will use only the genotype test results from codons 171 and 136 to
determine whether an exposed animal will be designated high-risk.
Based on the genotype test results, the following 136/171
combinations are possible:
•
AA QQ–sheep which are highly susceptible
•
AV QQ–sheep which are highly susceptible
•
VV QQ–sheep which are highly susceptible
•
AV QR–sheep which are much less susceptible
•
AA QR–sheep which are rarely susceptible
•
AA RR–sheep which are resistant
In most situations, testing codon 171 is sufficient. In a few
cases, codon 136 is also needed to predict the susceptibility of
an exposed sheep and to avoid further diagnostic testing if the
exposed sheep came from a flock with a positive sheep that is
VV or AV. Genotype test results can be official or unofficial.
Highly Susceptible
Rarely Susceptible
Resistant
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 34 of 46
Official Identification for Sheep and Goats
What makes an eartag an “Officially Approved” device?
The need for identification has spanned hundreds of years for a variety of purposes but with a common goal: identify
animals to an owner. Today, with the advancement of technology, many forms are available for owners to use on their
sheep and goats. The never-ending questions are What is an “Official Eartag?” and “How do I recognize one?”
Official sheep and goat eartags have been reviewed and approved by USDA as suitable for sheep and goats and are
distributed through the scrapie program application of the Animal Identification Management System. While there are
many tag styles, colors, sizes, shapes and materials, the US Shield and an identification number are the key identifying
features of an “Official Eartag.” Identification numbers for sheep and goats may consist of (1) a flock ID or premises
identification number and an animal number as shown in the example below, (2) a serial number beginning with
the U.S. Postal Service state abbreviation and 6 characters, or (3) a 15 digit RFID number. Note: National Uniform
Eartagging System (NUES) tags starting with a numeric state code are not approved for sheep and goats.
All tags currently being produced are tamper evident or resistant and most plastic tags bear the statement “Unlawful
to Remove.” Tags assigned to producers enrolled in the Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP) may be
imprinted with “SFCP.”
Examples of tag types you may see:
Allflex Junior Tag
Hasco Metal Tag
Premier SFCP Tag
NBT
RFID Tag
Although there are many styles and shapes, colors and materials,
ALWAYS look for the US Shield.
Reference: USDA-APHIS
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 35 of 46
Ewes and Rams
Official I.D. Required
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 36 of 46
Reference: National Scrapie Education Inititative, National Institute for Animal Agriculture. www.eradicatescrapie.org
• Animals in slaughter channels include any animal that is sold, transferred or moved
directly to a slaughter facility, or to an individual for custom slaughter, or if moved for
feeding for the express purpose of improving the animal’s condition for movement to
slaughter. Animals sold at an unrestricted sale are not in slaughter channels.
• NO animal may be removed from slaughter channels that has been in interstate
commerce if it was sold at a slaughter-only auction, is identified with a tag or ear
tattoo marked “meat” or “slaughter only”, or was sold with a bill of sale marked for
slaughter only.
• The ONLY animals that may be removed from slaughter
channels (ewe lambs, for example) in interstate commerce
are animals that are identified to their flock of birth.
Official I.D. Required
Exhibition
Official I.D.
Required
Lambed
or
Pregnant
Cull Ewes,
Wethers,
and Rams
Official I.D.
Required
(Does not
have 2nd set
of incisors)
(Has 2nd set
of incisors)
Under 18
Over 18
mo. of age mo. of age
Sheep In
Slaughter Channels
Non-Positive, Non-Exposed,
Non High-Risk, Non-Suspect
Sexually Intact
Sheep Not In
Slaughter Channels
General Conditions for Sheep and Goats
Movement Restricted
APHIS and State
veterinarians will provide
instructions to owners
regarding movement of
these animals
Scrapie-Positive,
Exposed, High-Risk,
and/or Suspect
SHEEP
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Sheep
No
Official I.D.
Required
Not
Lambed or
Pregnant
No Official
I.D. Required
Wethers Under 18
Months of Age
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Sheep
No Official
I.D. Required
No Official
I.D. Required
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 37 of 46
Reference: National Scrapie Education Inititative, National Institute for Animal Agriculture. www.eradicatescrapie.org
No Official
I.D. Required
Official I.D. Required
Bucks and Does
Showing/Exhibition
Official I.D. Required
Registered, used for a purpose other
than meat or fiber production,
resided with sheep, or originated
from a state that doesn’t meet the
requirements for low-risk goats
Goats Not In
Slaughter Channels
Low-risk
commercial goats
Goats In
Slaughter Channels
Non-Positive, Non-Exposed,
Non High-Risk, Non-Suspect
All Wethers
Animals in slaughter channels include any animal that is sold,
transferred, or moved directly to a slaughter facility, to an
individual for custom slaughter, or for feeding for the express
purpose of improving the animal’s condition for movement
to slaughter. Animals sold at an unrestricted sale are not in
slaughter channels.
Movement Restricted
APHIS and State
veterinarians will provide
instructions to owners
regarding movement of
these animals
Scrapie-Positive,
Exposed, High-Risk,
and/or Suspect
GOATS
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Goats
Official Animal Identification Guidelines for Goats
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols
Adapted from the USDA-APHIS Scrapie Program Standards Volume 2: Scrapie Free Flock Certification Program
(SFCP), Final Draft October 2011
Overview
If an APHIS representative or a State animal health employee is unavailable to collect samples for scrapie testing,
the flock owner can
• use an accredited veterinarian to collect and submit the samples,
• use an accredited veterinarian to remove, preserve and ship the animal’s head to a diagnostic laboratory or
collection facility designated by the Assistant District Director (ADD) this purpose, or
• remove, preserve and ship the animal’s head to a diagnostic laboratory or collection facility designated by the
ADD for this purpose.
This document provides instructions for accomplishing tissue sample collection for scrapie testing.
Note: The collector must include the following items with each diagnostic submission.
•
•
•
•
•
•
A completed VS Form 10-4, “Specimen Submission,” or Veterinary Services Laboratory Submission (VSLS)
generated packing slip, or in the case of whole heads submitted by the owner, the owner’s name, address,
phone number, flock identification (ID) number, and the animal’s ID number, age, breed, sex and any clinical
signs observed Note: The VS Form 10-4 is only for use by an APHIS representative, a State animal health
employee, or an accredited veterinarian with approval of the ADD.
All ID devices (with a piece of tissue the size of a U.S. quarter attached), tattoos, and brands on the animal
Age of animal based on dental examination and owner records
Flock ID, species, breed, and sex of animal
Brain and other tissues collected and packaged as described in this appendix
Any additional samples as requested by the ADD or State Veterinarian, including samples requested for research
Safety Precautions
If you are the collector, you are responsible for taking appropriate safety precautions. You should avoid direct contact with
the specimens. Adhere to the following safety precautions to ensure you minimize your risk of exposure to pathogens:
1. Wear personal protective equipment at all times.
2. Cover cuts, abrasions, and wounds with waterproof dressing if left uncovered by PPE.
3. Use face and respiratory protection that includes a well-fitted respirator mask and face shield or goggles to
protect from infective droplets or tissue particles. Wear gloves while handling specimens and formalin.
4. Use formalin in a well-ventilated area.
5. Take steps to avoid creating aerosols, splashes, and dusts.
6. Wash hands and exposed skin following collection procedures.
7. Wash and disinfect protective clothing and instruments thoroughly after use. Use 50 ounces (6¼ cups) bleach
(i.e., 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; household bleach; e.g., Clorox*) to 78 ounces (9 ¾ cups) water to make one
gallon of solution. Maintain items in solution for one (1) hour at room temperature (at least 65°F).
-- Note: Bleach is caustic and can be hazardous if swallowed, gets in the eyes, is breathed in, or is left on the skin.
Further, bleach may damage equipment or clothing. Read the material safety data sheet prior to use and use
appropriate precautions.
-- *Use of chemical trade names or company names does not in any way signify author or government
endorsement of a particular product or company.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) minimizes exposure to pathogens while collecting samples. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines PPE as “specialized clothing or equipment worn by employees
for protection against health and safety hazards. PPE is designed to protect many parts of the body, i.e., eyes, head,
face, hands, feet, and ears.”
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 38 of 46
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
PPE is selected based on the environment, the physical hazards, and the ability to complete the task. PPE balances
protection and comfort. PPE should protect you from the physical hazards of the collection environment, while
allowing you to comfortably collect specimens. Even though the environment where you are collecting specimens
will differ, the following PPE must be worn at all times during collection of scrapie specimens.
Skin Protection
Protect your skin from contact with fluids during specimen collection. Wear waterproof coveralls, preferably
disposable, or coveralls with a waterproof apron and forearm protectors.
Eye and Face Protection
Protect your eyes and face from any aerosols, splashes, or dusts that may be created while collecting specimens. Eye
protection includes safety glasses, safety goggles, or a face shield.
Hand Protection
•
•
Wear metal or mesh gloves. Always wear the cut resistant glove (e.g., Hantover, Koch, or Packer) on your off
hand (i.e., left hand for right-handed person and right hand for a left-handed person). Find a cut resistant glove
that fits against your skin and wear a rubber glove over it.
Wear latex or nitrile examination gloves or thick rubber gloves that extend halfway up the forearm. Many
people prefer long, thick rubber gloves for added protection.
Foot Protection
Protect your feet from injuries that could result from spills, splashes, impact, compression, or exposure. Wear steel-toed
rubber boots when collecting specimens. If steel-toed boots are unavailable, then pullover rubber boots are acceptable.
Respiratory Protection
Face masks and respirators are recommended if the environment includes aerosols, splashing, or flying debris that
may be encountered when using certain methods to remove and handle brain and tissue. Though scrapie is not
known to be transmissible through air nor is it known to be transmissible to humans, other zoonotic diseases such as
rabies, Q fever, or Listeria may be present and could be transmitted during scrapie sample collection.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR VETERINARIANS AND ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNICIANS
Collector’s Responsibilities
Specimens submitted to National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) or contract laboratories must be
traceable to the source animal and farm. To ensure this, the collector must accurately complete the specimen
collection and submission process. Failure to accurately collect and submit specimens may result in the erroneous
eradication of animals, which is an irretrievable loss to farmers and flock owners.
When collecting specimens, you must ensure that each action listed below is completed:
1. Follow the laboratory’s procedure for notifying the laboratory of incoming specimens.
2. Contact the delivery service. Ensure that the package containing fresh tissues will be delivered overnight.
3. Properly complete the specimen submission form in the VSLS Scrapie-on-farm application. If you do not have
access to VSLS, then complete the Veterinary Services (VS) Form 10-4, either by hand or electronically. Be sure
to indicate whether the animal was an exposed animal or an animal with no known exposure. Also, indicate
whether the animal exhibited clinical signs of scrapie. If so, list the signs in “Additional Data” on VS form 10-4.
4. Make 4 copies of the VSLS generated packing slip or completed VS Form 10-4.
a. Maintain a copy in the collector’s files (submitter’s copy).
b. Provide a copy to the animal owner or collection site.
c. Submit a copy to the District Office.
d. Submit a copy with the specimen.
5. Correctly label all specimen collection containers.
6. Properly collect obex, tonsil, cerebellum, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). For scrapie suspects, the
remainder of the brain must also be collected.
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 39 of 46
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
Sample Quality
1.
2.
Tissues with no autolysis (deterioration) should be collected and submitted to any APHIS approved laboratory.
Samples with mild or moderate autolysis should be collected only if they meet the criteria listed below and
they may only be submitted to NVSL.
-- Brain samples with mild or moderate autolysis may be collected if the obex can be identified.
-- Lymph nodes with mild or moderate autolysis should be collected as long as the capsule (outer membrane)
is still intact.
Labeling Sample Containers
•
•
•
•
The specimen collection containers must be properly labeled. The information on the label provides detailed
information to the laboratory regarding the specimens.
The sample number or sample barcode on the sample container must be the same as on the completed VS
Form 10-4 or VSLS generated packing slip.
Both the top and the side of the sample container must be clearly labeled using the provided bar code sticker. If a bar
code sticker is unavailable, the sample may be identified by either typing the information or writing it with a
permanent marker. Verify that the sample numbers that appear on the top and side of the sample container and the
completed VS Form 10-4 or VSLS generated packing slip are identical.
The side label must include the following information:
-- Type of specimen;
-- Animal ID number; and
-- Sample ID number (the number assigned to this sample on VS Form 10-4).
Samples and Sample Packaging
You must properly preserve scrapie specimens to ensure accurate test results. Scrapie diagnosis may require the
submission of fresh and fixed specimens.
Fresh tissue specimens. Fresh tissue specimens must be kept chilled or frozen. Used for gross examination,
microbiology, and certain laboratory tests. Dry ice may be used, though shipping the chilled or frozen tissues
overnight on icepacks is usually best.
Formalin-fixed specimens. Do not allow the formalin-fixed specimens to freeze. Used for immunohistochemistry
testing, histopathology, and DNA comparison. The specimen must be submerged in 10% buffered formalin (follow
the guideline 10 parts formalin per 1 part specimen).
Use the following three tables as a guide for the proper tissue specimen collection for an animal, based on its
situation. Note: Ensure the sample container correctly lists all included specimens.
Table 1.Tissue specimens for non-exposed animals without clinical signs (routine submission)
Formalin: single container for each animal
Fresh: none required for these animals
One (1) Retropharyngeal Lymph Node (RPLN)
Entire brainstem (including obex)
Cerebellum (Collect a minimum of 2 g, removed
via the foramen magnum when possible)
Animal ID device(s). (Collect all animal ID devices
with a quarter-sized piece of tissue attached to each
device and the skin containing any official tattoo or
brand. This will allow DNA verification if necessary.)
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 40 of 46
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
Table 2.Tissue specimens for exposed animals or animals with less specific signs*
Formalin: single container for each animal
Fresh: ice packs or frozen
Obex – 1-2 cm of brainstem that includes the
apex of the V at the obex.
Remainder of brainstem in its own labeled
re-sealable bag**
One (1) tonsil
One (1) tonsil in its own labeled re-sealable bag**
One (1) RPLN
One (1) RPLN in its own labeled re-sealable bag**
Animal ID device(s). (Collect all animal ID devices
with a quarter-sized piece of tissue attached to each
device and the skin containing any official tattoo or
brand. This will allow DNA verification if necessary.)
Cerebellum (in its own re-sealable bag labeled
with the animal’s official identification and
“Genotype testing”)
* Animals with “less specific signs” include those that are nonambulatory, antemortem condemned, died before
slaughter, unthrifty, or exhibit wool/hair loss suggestive of rubbing, biting at the legs or side, lip smacking, or
intense rubbing without bare areas.
** Place the three (3) resealable bags with tonsil, retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), and brainstem into a larger
labeled re-sealable bag (i.e., keep cerebellum separate from other fresh tissue).
Table 3. Tissue specimens for suspect animals* and test positive animals
Formalin: single container for each animal
Fresh: ice packs or frozen
One (1) tonsil
One (1) tonsil in its own labeled re-sealable bag**
One (1) RPLN
One (1) RPLN in its own labeled re-sealable bag**
Right half of the brain (cerebrum,
midbrain, cerebellum)
Left half of the brain (cerebrum, midbrain,
remaining brainstem) in its own labeled
re-sealable bag**
Obex – 1-2 cm of brainstem that includes the
apex of the V at the obex.
Left half of the cerebellum (in its own
re-sealable bag labeled with the animal’s
official identification and “Genotype testing”)
Animal ID device(s). (Collect all animal ID devices
with a quarter-sized piece of tissue attached to each
device and the skin containing any official tattoo or
brand. This will allow DNA verification if necessary.)
*Suspect animals are highly suspicious for scrapie because they exhibit CNS signs, have a chronic wasting condition,
and/or intense repeat rubbing or abrasions with bare areas. Complete brain removal is required for all clinical suspects.
Suspect and test positive animals should be submitted on a separate VS Form 10-4 or VSLS generated packing slip and
shipped separately to allow NVSL to prioritize testing these cases. Note: If rabies testing is required, submit entire brain
to the rabies laboratory unless arrangements have been made in advance with the rabies lab to collect and place the
obex in formalin. After rabies testing is completed, proceed with scrapie sampling on rabies negative brains.
**Place the three (3) resealable bags with tonsil, retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), and left-brain into a larger
labeled re-sealable bag (i.e., keep cerebellum separate from other fresh tissue).
National Veterinary Accreditation Program • Sheep and Goats: Disease Awareness and Health Certificates • Page 41 of 46
Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
Collection Procedures
The collection of the obex, tonsils, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN) may be completed using several
methods. These collection procedures describe the preferred collection methods to prevent inadvertent damage to
the tissues during collection. Other methods may be used. Contact an experienced professional for more information
regarding alternative collection methods.
Equipment
The equipment listed below will help to ensure proper specimen collection:
• sharp boning knives
• disposable scalpel blades, disposable scalpels, or a large scalpel blade is acceptable
• aggressively toothed forceps (e.g., rat tooth)
• meat cutting bone saw, hacksaw, or electric saw when brain removal is required
• disposable cutting surfaces such as cardboard, plastic, or Styrofoam
• small hand nippers (may be used on the hyoid bones, or you may cut through at the joint using a knife)
• sharp stainless steel scissors
• European brain spoon, grapefruit knife, or other brainstem scoop
Obex Collection Procedures
General Guidelines: There are two methods available to collect the obex: via the foramen magnum and whole brain
collection.
• Via the foramen magnum: This method is preferred for routine surveillance tissue collections.
-- The animal is not a scrapie suspect.
-- Collect tissue when the carcass is reasonably fresh.
• Whole brain collection: this procedure should be used in the following circumstances:
-- the animal is a scrapie suspect,
-- the brain is too autolysed, and/or
-- removal by the spoon method is unsuccessful.
Obex collection via the foramen magnum
Tools
Use the following tools for obex collection via the foramen magnum:
• aggressively toothed forceps (e.g., rat tooth)
• European brain spoon, grapefruit knife, or other brainstem scoop
• curved blunt scissors
Procedure
Use the 14 steps listed below to collect the obex via the foramen magnum method.
1. Place the head upside down in front of you so that you are looking directly at the foramen magnum.
2. With forceps and scissors, remove the collar of dense dura mater that surrounds the foramen magnum and
spinal cord.
3. Gently grasp the end of the protruding spinal cord with forceps and move the spinal cord laterally to expose
the caudal cranial nerves.
4. Cut the cranial nerves with scissors, taking care to prevent damage to the brainstem. This is best accomplished
with curved blunt scissors directing the tip of the scissors laterally. Repeat this procedure on the other side of
the brainstem. Once the cranial nerves have been severed, the caudal brainstem will be easier to manipulate
within the foramen magnum.
5. With light pressure, use forceps to move the spinal cord to the ventral part of the foramen magnum.
6. Insert the spoon into the dorsal aspect of the foramen magnum between the brainstem and the dorsal
bony calvarium.
7. Sever the cerebellum by advancing the spoon cranially 2 to 3 inches until you feel the leading edge of the
spoon hit bone.
8. Remove the spoon.
9. With the forceps, lift the spinal cord dorsally and reinsert the spoon into the ventral aspect of the foramen
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Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
magnum between the brainstem and the ventral bony calvarium. Sever the brain stem by advancing the handle
of the spoon until the leading edge of the spoon touches bone.
Pull the spoon toward you with gentle traction on the spinal cord with the aggressively toothed forceps.
If the brainstem is not readily removed by this method, stop. Reexamine the brainstem and sever any
remaining cranial nerves or connections to the dura. Use caution, as excessive caudal traction on the spinal
cord may result in a mutilated, non-diagnostic sample.
After cutting any remaining cranial nerves and repeating the spoon technique to completely sever any residual
attachments of the caudal brainstem from the mid brain, the brainstem should easily be extracted by caudal
movement of the spoon cradling the brainstem and caudal pressure on the spinal cord with forceps. The sample
extracted with this method is usually 3 to 4 centimeters long with the obex in the center.
Trim out the central 1/3 containing the obex and place in formalin.
Place the caudal piece (spinal cord) and cranial piece (cranial brainstem) into a plastic bag for chilling or freezing.
Obex collection by complete brain collection (required for clinical suspects)
Tools
Assemble the following tools:
• meat-cutting bone saw, hacksaw, or electric necropsy saw
• wood chisel or large wide-tipped screwdriver
• aggressively toothed forceps (e.g., rat tooth)
• European brain spoon, grapefruit knife, or other brainstem scoop
• curved blunt scissors
• scalpel
Procedure
Follow the 12 steps below for obex collection by complete brain collection:
1. Skin the head.
2. Use a bone saw to remove the top and back of the skull. This requires three cuts:
a. The first cut is directed from the medial aspect of the occipital condyle dorsally to the top of the skull and
then cranially to a transverse line 1 cm caudal to the lateral canthus of the eye.
b. Repeat this cut on the other side starting at the medial aspect of the other occipital condyle.
c. The final cut is a transverse cut connecting the cranial aspects of the two longitudinal cuts approximately
1 cm caudal to the lateral canthi of the eyes.
3. Pry off the skullcap by inserting a wood chisel or a large wide-tipped screwdriver at the level of the transverse
cut and hinge the skullcap caudally.
a. If the top of the calvarium is not readily removed, review the procedure and verify that cuts are through the bone.
b. If the cuts are placed too far laterally or cranially, the sinuses will be entered and additional sawing will be
necessary to free up the top and back of the calvarium. Note: If the sides or front of the cerebrum has been
inadvertently damaged during the previous steps of
the procedure, the samples will not be compromised.
3. Open the dense, fibrous dura mater covering the sides and
top of the brain with scissors and forceps by making
a midline longitudinal cut from the cranial aspect of the
cerebrum to the spinal cord. Ensure that you completely
incise the extra-tough section of the dura mater, known as
the tentorium cerebelli, which lies between the cerebrum
and cerebellum.
4. Once the entire brain is exposed, direct the nose dorsally,
resting the occipital condyles on a flat surface, such as a
table or floor, and sever the cranial nerves starting with
the olfactory nerves and proceed caudally, cutting the
cranial nerves. Allow gravity to assist removal of the
brain from the cranial vault.
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Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
For scrapie diagnosis, separate the brainstem from the forebrain by a transverse cut between the cerebrum
and cerebellum. Note: If a complete differential diagnosis is necessary or if rabies must be ruled out, please
contact the public health agency or diagnostic laboratory that will be involved for direction on sample
collection and submission.
Remove the cerebellum from the brainstem at the level of the peduncles. At this stage, the brainstem derived
from the whole brain and the brainstem derived with the spoon method should be similar.
Remove obex by placing a pencil such that it just covers the apex of the V and slicing on either side to give an
8-10 mm cross section.
Place the obex into formalin.
Place the remaining brainstem tissues including the spinal cord and brain stem into a plastic bag.
Divide the cerebrum, midbrain, and cerebellum longitudinally into left and right halves. Put the right half
in formalin. Put the left cerebellum in its own bag and label, genotyping; place the left midbrain and cerebrum
in another bag and seal.
Place each of the remaining fresh tissue samples into their own sample bags and seal.
Tonsil Collection Procedures
Various successful approaches are available to collect the tonsils. The tonsillar crypts on the dorso-lateral
aspect of the oropharynx are useful landmarks. Keep in mind that the actual tonsillar lymphoid tissue is located
deep to the superficial mucosal crypts in the submucosa. The tonsillar lymphoid tissue is readily palpable and
visible when adequately exposed. Ensure that you have collected the deep tonsillar lymphoid tissue. The most
common scrapie submission error is the collection and submission of the mucosal crypts instead of the tonsillar
lymphoid tissue.
Tools
Assemble the following tools:
• sharp boning knife
• scalpel
• sharp stainless steel scissors
• aggressively toothed forceps (e.g., rat tooth)
Procedure
Follow these 7 steps to collect the tonsils:
1. Place the head upside down on the table.
2. Remove the skin from the ventral surface of the mandible.
3. Grab the pharynx with your noncutting hand and pull it toward you (stretching out the pharynx). Place the
knife on the mandibular symphysis and cut caudally with the blade touching the ventral aspect of the mandible.
As you cut caudally, follow the angle of the mandible dorsally as you approach the rami of the mandible. The
hyoid bones that you encounter will need to be cut with poultry shears or disarticulated at a joint with the knife.
The oropharynx (cranial) and nasopharynx (caudal) will now be exposed.
4. Grab the ventrolateral aspect of the oropharnyx with aggressively toothed forceps and observe the tonsillar
crypts opening into the dorso-lateral aspect of the oropharnyx. Begin a dissection plane between the pharynx
and the lateral pharyngeal muscles. As the dissection is extended dorsally, a bulge of lymphoid tissue will be
seen protruding from the lateral pharyngeal wall. Use the tonsillar crypt as a landmark. The lymphoid tissue is
always connected to the tonsillar crypt. Be sure to collect the lymphoid tissue in addition to the crypt.
5. Once the bulge of tonsillar lymphoid tissue is identified, remove it with scissors or a scalpel and forceps. The
tonsil with associated lymphoid tissue will contain medial crypts; laterally it will have a readily palpable, well
circumscribed mass of lymphoid tissue that will feel like a small, round, and sometimes, relatively flat lymph node.
6. Alternatively, the tongue can be loosened cranially and laterally at the mandibular symphysis and retracted
caudally until the crypts are visible and a similar dissection as described in step 5 may be used to locate the tonsils.
The crypt is the landmark for the tonsillar lymphoid tissue subjacent (i.e., deep or submucosal) to the crypt.
7. Place one tonsil into a jar of formalin; place the other in a resealable bag, and then into the bag with the other
fresh tissues from that animal.
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Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
Retropharyngeal Lymph Node (RPLN) Collection Procedures
The medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes are medial to the stylohyoid bones on the dorsolateral surface of the
pharyngeal muscles and dorsal to the carotid artery. They are deep, and rarely removed by normal processing
procedures. The lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes are found on either side of a median line midway between
the larynx and the foramen magnum. They are generally smaller than the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and
sometimes remain with the neck after the head is removed.
Tools
Assemble the following tools:
• sharp boning knife
• scalpel
• sharp stainless steel scissors
• aggressively toothed forceps (e.g, rat tooth)
Note: Flock owners: Have your veterinarian contact your inspector or the District Office for collection kits and
shipping containers.
Procedure
Follow the 4 steps below to collect the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes:
1. The medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes are caudal to the nasopharynx. Place your index finger and thumb in
the nasopharynx and the thumb caudally on the caudal pharyngeal muscles to feel the nasopharynx. The
opposite lymph node will be about 1 centimeter medial to the first.
2. Dissect both medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes from the surrounding pharyngeal muscles with aggressively
toothed forceps and scissor, scalpel, or knife.
3. Place one (1) medial RPLN into a jar of formalin.
4. Place two (2) RPLN (1 medial and 1 lateral) into a plastic bag for chilling or freezing.
Alternative Collection Procedure (Head Removal, Preservation & Shipping)
Owners may use the following alternative procedures for head removal and whole head packaging.
Tools
Assemble the following tools:
• Sharp boning knife
• Two heavy duty plastic bags and ties
• If shipping the head, shipping container with cooler, large heavy-duty plastic bag, absorbent material, and 4
frozen cool packs. Note: Contact your inspector or the District Office for shipping containers.
Procedure
Follow the 7 steps below to collect and ship the head:
1. Position the animal in dorsal recumbency (lying on its back).
2. Remove the head, at the atlanto-occipital joint, which is where the skull meets the first cervical vertebra (just
behind the ears) following the steps listed below.
a. Locate the “hinge” area where the skull meets the first cervical vertebra by grasping the nose and
moving the head up and down to locate the joint.
b. Insert the knife into the neck between the first cervical vertebra and the throat then cut outward
(ventrally) with blade directed away from you through the throat tissue and skin. (Cutting down through
the skin readily dulls the blade.)
c. Cut down (dorsally) to the membrane that covers the spinal cord; cut through the membrane
exposing the spinal cord. Then cut the spinal cord as far from the head (caudally) as possible so that
it is kept as long as practical.
d. Cut the lateral ligaments connecting the skull to the vertebra in a ventral to dorsal direction on both sides.
This is usually best accomplished with the tip of the knife directed between the skull and vertebra.
e. Once the lateral ligaments have been severed, cut through the remaining tissue to remove the head
from the carcass.
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Scrapie Tissue Collection and Submission Protocols (cont’d)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Now move the head with a portion of the spinal cord protruding from the foramen magnum to a comfortable
height for sample collection or to package the whole head. Ideally, specimens should be collected from the
head onsite by a veterinarian or animal health technician; however, sometimes it may be necessary to ship
the entire head to the laboratory. When this is the case, skin the head leaving the ears with ID in place; place
the head in a large heavy-duty plastic bag. (If you are presented with a skinned head such as at slaughter
plants, place the animal’s ID with about a quarter sized piece of ear tissue attached to each ear tag in a
separate bag with the bagged head inside the second bag.)
Double bag the head. Secure each bag in a manner that will prevent leakage such as by tying a knot in the bag or
using twist ties, string, or cord.
Chill the head prior to placing in the cool box; refrigerate in the cool box until and during shipment to the laboratory.
Pack the cool box. Use at least 4 chill packs per box and an additional chill pack for each additional head if
more than 2 heads are shipped in the same cool box.
a. Put cool packs in the bottom.
b. Insert large plastic bag.
c. Insert absorbent material.
d. Insert double bagged head(s).
e. Seal large plastic bag.
f. Place cool packs on top of large plastic bag.
g. Close cooler top.
h. Insert submission form between cooler top and exterior box.
Ship the cooler overnight to the laboratory or the collection facility. Inform the facility of the shipment’s
delivery date.
Following is the shipping address, phone number and email address for the primary VS collection facility,
Remington Locker.
Shipping Address
Veterinary Services
Remington Facility
18795 S 580 W
Remington, IN 47977
(Or as directed by your VS contact)
Phone and Email
Phone:
(317) 347-3100
Fax:
(219) 261-2357
[email protected]
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