aboutl'0oopaintings
ffiiti"ti""s haveidentified
p*'.T:::"'Itt
of the Battleof the l-ittlei'ighom'.rhe on the next
in tagg' ihe painting
;;;;;;intea
drawingsof
oaseis one ol tne mani colored-pencil
inthe
whoparticipated
ffi"";;i.i;'il;" uvn"a'noise'
themfivevearsafterthebattle'
ilil;;;;
How do thesepaintingsshowthe
influences
Fightingon the Flains
and Far
ln the northern Plains' Southwest'
to resist
West, Native Americans continued
on reservabeing moved to and confined
sent troops'
tions. The U'S' government
cavalry' who the
including African American
into the area
Indians called buffalo soldiers'
to forcethe Indians1o leave'
to Sit:
Other Sioux leaders listened
uP land' I:i
Bull and refused to give
the armr
ing soon broke out between
the Siouxft'
OnJune 25,I876, Custer'sscouts
Bighorn L
a Sioux camp along the Little
264 ot
in Montana Territory' Leading
soldiers, Custer raced ahead
without r't'a
Battleson the Northern Plains
Plains came to
As fighting on the southern
in the north' In
an end, new trouble started
Armsffong
LB74LieutenantColonelGeorge
the Black
in
gold
Custer'ssoldiersdiscovered
a leaderof
Hills of the Dakotas'Sitting Bull'
demandsfor
the LakotaSioux'protestedU'S'
the land'
'/Whut t'"uty that the whiteshavekept hasthe red
that the white
man broken?Not one'Whattreaty
they kept?Not one'"
man evermadewith us have
EarthbyTC'Mcluhan
the
inTouch
-sitting Bull'quoted
t6
CHAPTER1
It wa:
his entire command was killed'
irr
worst defeatthe U'S' Army suffered
Bighortr
West. The Battle of the Little
alsothe Sioux'slast maior victory'
follt'
In 1881 Sitting Bull and a few
theyhad m'
returnedfrom Canadawhere
tne
They had run out of food during
on Starr
wint"r. They ioined the Sioux
Territory'
RockReservationin Dakota
=#
{.*;
,t1'r1;
*
;,t|
TheU.S.Armyis shownon
h o r s e b a ci kn t h i sp a i n t i n g
r..rnosta decade later, in 1890, while
:,,ing ordersto arrestSitting llull, reserva_
:.,rlicekilled him. Many Sioux left the
-..ttions in protest.
Later that year, the
\rmy shot and killed about 150 Sioux
: 1,\bundedKnee Creek in South Dakota.
Massacre
at WoundedKneewasthe last
: ir-rcident
on the Greatplains.
\.rvajo lived in what became Arizona
\*r, Mexico. In 1863 the Navaio refused
* i:le orl a reservation. In response,U.S.
, ' made raids on the Navaio,s fields.
.-:, ?rrd livestock.
', hen
the Navaio ran out of food and
::r, the)z started surrendering to the U.S.
, In 1864 the army led Navaio captives
':..JLongWalk.
On this 300-mile march the
-:ir.)wer€ forced to walk acrossthe desertto
n-ation in BosqueRedondo, NewMexico.
: the way, countless Navajo died.
FarWest
The United States had promised to let the
peacefulNez Perc6keep their land in Oregon.
Within a few years, however, the govern_
ment ordered the Nez perc6 to a reservation
in what is now Idaho. Before leaving, a few
angry Nez Perc6killed some local settlersand
tried to escapeto Canada. Near the border,
U.S. troops overtook them and sent them to
a reservation in what is now Oklahoma.
FinalBattles
By the 1BB0s,most Native Americanshad
stopped fighting. The Apache of the Southwest, however,continued to battle the U.S.
Army.A ChiricahuaApachenamedGeronimo
and his band of raiders avoided capture for
many years.In September1886Geronimosur_
rendered,endingthe Apachearmedresistance.
d# [.i::Jj:li'*#'$
contrastinsHowdidthe
Apache
resistance
differ
fromthatoftheNavaio?
AMERICANS
MOVE
WESTI7
sPoke
Winnemucca
Sarah
of
oJttot thefairtreatment
herpeoPle.
ConflictContinues
By the 1870s, many N.ative
Americanslived on reservauons'
where land was usuallYnot useful for farming or buffalo hunting. ManYIndianswerestarving'
A Paiute Indian named
Wovoka began a religious movement, the Ghost Dance, that PreNative
dicted the arrival of paradisefor
buffalo herds
Americans.In this paradise'the
disappear'
would retum and the settlerswould
the
U.S. officials did not understand
They fearedit
meaning of the Ghost Dance'
fiied to end
would tlad to rebellion, so they
to other
the movement, which had spread
the masgroups,including the Sioux' After
the Ghost
lu.r. i., L890 at Wounded Knee'
out'
Dancemovement graduallydied
named
Indian
In the late 1870s,a Paiute
reform' She
SarahWinnemucca called for
reservation
gavelectureson problems of the
pub,:yrr"rn. In 188L Helen Hunt Jackson
of Dishonor
lished a book entitled A Century
poliry'
that urgedreform of U'S' Indian
Iriewing ldeas,Ierms' and PeoPle
lndians
oescribeWhatanimalsdid Plains
l.l
"l;;;J;
animals?
those
use
thev
andhow did
Plains
the
t-oward
How did U'S'poticy
;il"iy;"
in the late1850s?
lrdians'change
"Would
to moveto
you havea-greed
a gf"iotut"
I reservation?WhYor whYnot? .
to the Battleof the
Z r Oer.ribe Whatlventsled
tlde Bighorn?
mostIndiangrouPs
I ftaUoiate Whydo youthink
the UnitedStates?
cntually stoppedresisting
General
a
- r DescribeHow did the Dawes
Act affectAmericanlndians?
Em"nt
the Massacre
f n"ai.t Whateffectdo you think
relations
on
AUounded Kneewouldhave
States?
betrreenPlainslndiansandthe United
Some reformers believed
that Native Americansshould
-M
adopt the waYS of white
peoPle. The Dawes Genlal
#
to
Rilotment Act of 1887 tried
on
lessen traditional influences
land
Indian societY bY making
shared' The
ownership private rather than
to deliveract atso promised-Uut failed
After
U.r. .t tr.rrship to Native Americans'
the governbreaking up reservation land'
The Act
ment sold the acreageremaining'
land'
took about two-thirds of Indian
Howdid'
Evaluating
;ffiw
lives?
Americans'
-nflu'n" Native
F
In this section
I SUnnmv ANDPREVIEW
in the settlement '
It yorr r.ud about conflict
you will
tf ,fr" West.In the next section
learnmore about GreatPlainssettlers'
GriticalThinking
Reviewyournotes
4. ldentifyingcauseand Effect
the
Organize
landlosses'
aboutNativeAmerican
in a time linelikethe one below
""""tt
the West Asyou
-s. neaaingabout the Warsfor
the *u: b"Y::l
i"ua this section,takenotesol
How
lndians'
andthePlains
if't"u.s.government
these
experienced
ft;;; iuittouaworkerhave
conflicts?
ConflictContinues
By the 1870s, many Native
Americanslived on reservations,
where land was usuallYnot useful for farming or buffalo hunting. Many Indians werestarving.
A Paiute Indian named
Wovoka began a religious movement, the Ghost Dance, that Predicted the arrival of paradisefor Native
Americans.In this paradise,the buffalo herds
would return and the settlerswould disappear.
U.S. officials did not understand the
meaning of the Ghost Dance.They fearedit
would lead to rebellion, so they tried to end
the movement, which had spreadto other
groups,including the Sioux. After the mas-
sPoke
Winnemucca
Sarah
of
outforthefairtreatment
herpeople.
Some reformers believed
that Native Americansshould
adopt the ways of white
people. The Dawes
Allotment Act of 1887 tried
Iessen traditional influences
Indian society bY making
ownership private rather than shared.
act also promised-but failed to deliver
U.S. citizenship to Native Americans.
breaking up reservation land, the
ment sold the acreageremaining.
took about two-thirds of Indian land,
How
Evaluating