Diversity of matter
There is a great variety of things in the world we live in.
This great variety of things in our world is called diversity of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
Mass is the amount of matter something.
Volume is the amount of space something occupies.
Density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume.
Physical quantities are quantities that can be measured using scientific instruments.
Thus, mass, volume and density are physical quantities.
The measurement consists of a numerical value and a unit.
There are many different units – including those above. But in scientific work,
life is much easier if everyone uses a common system of units.
Most scientists use the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French:
Le Système International d'Unités) The base SI units for measuring mass, time, and
length are the kilogram, the second, and the metre, respectively. From these base
units come a whole range of units for measuring volume, speed, force, energy, and
other quantities. Other SI base units include the ampere (for measuring electric
current) and the kelvin (for measuring temperature).
Extra info : The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le
Système international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system. It
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comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built around seven base units,
22 named and an indeterminate number of unnamed coherent derived units, and a
set of prefixes that act as decimal-based multipliers. The standards, published in
1960, are based on the metre-kilogram-second system, rather than the centimetregram-second system, which, in turn, had several variants. The SI has been declared
to be an evolving system; thus prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are
modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement
progresses, and as the precision of measurements improves. SI is the world's most
widely used system of measurement, used in both everyday commerce and science.
Length
Length is a physical quantity needed to calculate area and volume.
Length is the distance between two points. The SI base unit of length is the
metre(symbol m). At one time, the standard metre was the distance between two
marks on a metal bar kept at the Office of Weights and Measures in Paris.
A more accurate standard is now used, based on the speed of light, as on the right.
There are larger and smaller units of length based on the metre:
2
To measure length using metre rule, the user need to avoid parallax error.
The eye must be positioned so that the line of sight is at right angles to the scale.
This avoids errors in measurement due to parallax.
Parallax error is due to the incorrect positioning of the eye. Another reason for this
is the fact that the object is not at the same level as the markings of the scale.
Vernier calipers can be used to measure small lengths to a precision of 0.1 mm or
0.01 cm. The outside jaws are used to measure the length of a solid or the diameter
of a sphere. The inside jaws are used to measure the inner diameter of a tube. The
depth bar is used to measure the depth of a container.
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The figure shows the various steps of using a vernier calipers to measure an object.
The table shows how to deal with positive and negative zero error.
4
Example 1 Fig. 1 shows the reading of the vernier calipers when it is closed. Fig.2
shows the reading of the vernier calipers when it is used to measure the diameter of
a circular object.
cm
1
0
2
6
5
Fig 1
5
cm
Fig 2
5
(a)
What is the diameter of the circular object?
(b)
If the reading of the vernier caliper when it is closed, is shown in Fig 3 instead
of Fig 1. What is the diameter of the circular object?
1
0
cm
2
Fig 3
5
(a) To determine the diameter of the circular object, we need to check for any zero
error.
1
0
2
The zero error reads with
main scale reading = 0.00 cm
vernier scale reading = 0.07 cm
zero error
= +0.07 cm
5
Vernier scale reading is 0.07 cm
The zero mark of vernier
scale is on the right side of
the main scale zero. Main
scale reading is 0.00 cm
5
7
6
5
7
Observed reading
main scale reading = 5.10 cm
vernier scale reading = 0.09 cm
zero error
= 5.19 cm
5
Vernier scale reading is 0.09 cm
The zero mark of vernier scale
Mains scale reading = 5.10 cm
The reading shown in Fig 2 needs to be corrected for zero error, so the actual
diameter is (5.19 cm ‒ (+0.07 cm) ) 5.12 cm.
(b)
1
0
2
The zero error reads with
main scale reading = ‒ 0.00 cm
vernier scale reading = 0.03 cm
zero error
= ‒ 0.03 cm
5
The zero mark of
vernier scale is on the
left side of the main
scale zero. Main scale
reading is ‒ 0.00 cm
Vernier scale reading is 0.03 cm
The corrected reading for the diameter is (5.19 cm ‒ (‒ 0.03 cm) ) 5.22 cm.
Volume
Volume is the amount of space something occupies. SI unit of volume is cubic
metre (m3).
The volume of regular solids can be determined using formulae.
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Volume = length  width height
Volume
=    (radius)3
Volume
=   (radius)2 height
Volume = 
cross-sectional area  height
Determine the volume of irregular solids using measuring cylinder or
displacement can.
First partly fill a measuring cylinder.
Record the volume of water.
Then gently slide the stone into the
measuring cylinder. Record the new
volume. The volume of the stone is the
new volume minus the original volume
of the water.
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If the solid is too big for a measuring cylinder, its
volume can be found using a displacement can,
shown below left. First, the can is filled up to the
level of the spout (this is done by overfilling it, and
then waiting for the surplus water to run out). Then
the solid is slowly lowered into the water. The
solid is now taking up space once occupied by the
water – in other words, it has displaced its own
volume of water. The displaced water is collected
in a beaker and emptied into a measuring cylinder
or a measuring cylinder.
Volume of liquid can be measured using apparatus such as
measuring cylinder and burette. When measuring liquids,
notice that the liquid has a curved surface known as the
meniscus. The reading should always be taken from the
bottom of the meniscus. The measuring cylinder should be
placed on the bench and the eye should be kept level with
the line of
the liquid, to
avoid
parallax
errors.
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Extra info: The meniscus is the curve in the upper
surface of a liquid close to the surface of the
container or another object, caused by surface
tension. It can be either convex or concave. A
convex meniscus (Fig on the right, B) occurs when
the molecules have a stronger attraction to each
other (cohesion) than to the material of the container
(adhesion). This may be seen between mercury and
glass in barometers and thermometers. Conversely, a
concave meniscus (Fig on the left, A) occurs when the molecules of the liquid
attract those of the container's, causing the surface of the liquid to cave downwards.
This can be seen in a glass of water.
Mass
Mass of an object/substance is the amount of matter it has.
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
Mass is measured by beam balance or electronic balance.
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Measuring masses of liquids
The mass of a sample of liquid cannot be measured directly. The liquid must be
held in a container of some form. To measure the mass of a liquid, first measure the
mass of the empty container, pour the liquid into the container, and then measure
the mass again. The mass of the liquid is equal to the difference between the two
readings.
Density
We might say that ‘lead is heavier than wood’, but this is technically incorrect. A
kilogram of lead has the same mass as a kilogram of wood, and therefore the same
weight! The difference is that the plastic has a much larger volume than the lead.
To compare materials we must look at equal volumes of material.
Density of a substance is defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume.
Density describes how the mass of a substance changes/varies with its volume.
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Density is a property of a material rather than a particular object. A given material
always has the same density no matter what its size or shape.
To calculate density of an object we must measure both the mass and the volume of
the object and then use the formula:
density=
mass
volume
A steel boat floats because the
average density of the steel and
the air it contains is less than
the density of water.
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MCQ
Q1. Which of the following best explains the meaning of matter?
A. It is a term to describe the non-living things.
B. It is a term to describe things that have no mass.
C. It is a term to describe things that occupy space but contain no mass.
D. It is a term to describe the living things and non-living things which have mass and occupy
space.
Q2. Which of the following examples is not a matter?
A. Vacuum
B. Ashes
C. Sand
D. Bacteria
Q3. Which of the following instruments can be used to measure a length of 2.43 cm?
A. Measuring tape
B. Metre rule
C. Vernier calipers
D. String
Q4. The diagram below shows an observer reading the
measurement from a metre rule.
Which position, A, B, C or D, would not give rise
to parallax error?
(C)
Q5. Which measurement is the most appropriate to be measured by vernier calipers?
A. Height of a person
B. Length of a dining table
C. Diameter of a beaker
D. Thickness of a cabinet
Q6.
A student recorded a few measurements as follows:
10.22 cm
21 cm
54.0 cm
Which measurement is most likely made from a measuring tape?
A. 10.22 cm
B. 21 cm
C. 54.0 cm
14.322 cm
D. 14.322 cm
Q7. Which part of the vernier calipers can be used to measure the depth of a beaker?
A. Internal jaws
B. External jaws
C. Head
D. Tail
Q8. The diagram shows a measurement made by the vernier
calipers. What is the reading of the measurement?
A. 4.64 cm
B. 4.74 cm
C. 5.24 cm
D. 5.74 cm
Q9. What is the correct reading from a metre rule
shown? Assume there is no end error or zero error.
A. 8.100 cm
B. 8.10 cm
C. 8.1 cm
D. 8 cm
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Q10. The diagram below shows a measurement of the
diameter of a ball. What is the diameter of the ball
shown?
A. 2.14 cm
B. 2.16 cm
C. 2.13 cm
D. 2.15 cm
Q11. Which apparatus is essential for measuring the volume of an irregular-shaped object?
A. Burette
B. Pipette
C. Measuring cylinder
D. Test tube
Q12. The diagram below shows a measuring cylinder containing water.
What is the reading of the measurement in cm3?
A. 25.3
B. 25.4
C. 25.5
D. 25.6
Q13. At which position, A, B, C or D gives the most
accurate reading of the volume of a liquid shown below?
(B)
Q14. A block of solid X with dimensions 4 cm  2 mm  3 cm has a mass of 3.5 g. What is
its density?
A. 0.055 g/cm3
B. 1.5 g/cm3
C. 0.15 g/cm3
D. 1.05 g/cm3
Q15. Which of the substances would sink if they are dropped into water?
(The density of water is 1000 kg/m3)
Object
Mass (kg)
Volume (m3)
10
0.5
A
5
0.002
B
0.4
0.2
C
2
4
D
Q16. The original level of water in a measuring cylinder is 20.0 cm3. A small piece of stone is
then dropped into the measuring cylinder. The level of water rises to 24.5 cm3. If the density of
the stone is 6.45 g/cm3, what is the mass of the stone?
A. 1.4 g
B. 2.9 g
C. 29 g
D. 162 g
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Q17. A student carries out an experiment to determine the density of an irregular-shaped
stone. The following results are obtained:
If the mass of the stone is 0.03 kg, what is the density of the stone?
A. 1.9 g/cm3
B. 0.91 g/cm3
C. 0.81 g/cm3
D. 2.2 g/cm3
Q18. Which of the following statements is always true?
A. An object of density 0.90 g/cm3 will always sink in a liquid of 1.2 g/cm3.
B. An object with a density higher than a liquid will sink in the liquid.
C. A solid object will always sink in a liquid.
D. When the mass of a substance decreases and the volume increases, its density increases.
Q19. The density of alcohol is 0.79 g/cm3. When a cork and a gold ring are dropped into the
alcohol, the cork floats while the gold ring sinks. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The cork has a higher density than the gold.
B. The cork has a density above 0.79 g/cm3.
C. The gold ring has a density below 0.79 g/cm3.
D. The density of the gold ring is always higher than the cork.
Q20. A stone is dropped into a measuring cylinder before the original level of water is
recorded. The level of water rises to 28.5 cm3. If the stone has a mass of 12.0 g and a density of
2.5 g/cm3, what is the original level of water in the measuring cylinder?
A. 22.6 cm3
B. 24.3 cm3
C. 22.5 cm3
D. 23.7 cm3
Q21. Given the density of the following objects:
Alcohol = 0.79 g/cm3; Water = 1.00 g/cm3; Mercury = 13.60 g/cm3
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Water will sink in mercury.
B. Alcohol will always float on water.
C. Mercury will always float on alcohol.
D. Alcohol will be in between water and mercury in the container.
Q22. Which of the following is not true about density?
A. Each substance has a fixed density.
B. The density of a substance will change if it is heated.
C. The density is a measure of the volume of a substance.
D. When two substances dissolve and mix well together, the mixture has a new value of
density.
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Structured Questions
Q1. Determine the reading shown in the following vernier calipers.
(a) (6.3 + 0.04) cm = 6.34 cm
(b) (2.2 + 0.00) cm = 2.20 cm
(c) (3.6 + 0.05) cm = 3.65 cm
(d) (5.7 + 0.06) cm = 5.76 cm
(e) (7.0 + 0.02) cm = 7.02 cm
(f) (0.8 + 0.09) cm = 0.89 cm
2. The vernier calipers used to measure the following measurements has a zero error.
(a) If it has a negative zero error of 0.03 cm, determine the corrected readings:
(6.2 + 0.05) cm = 6.25 cm ;
Corrected reading = 6.25 – (–0.03) = 6.28 cm
(1.5 + 0.06) cm = 1.56 cm
Corrected reading = 1.56 – (–0.03) = 1.59 cm
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(b) If it has a positive zero error of 0.02 cm, determine the corrected readings:
(3.8 + 0.08) cm = 3.88 cm
Corrected reading = 3.88 – 0.02 = 3.86 cm
(5.8 + 0.05) cm = 5.85 cm
corrected reading = 5.85 – 0.02 = 5.83 cm
Q3. (a) Explain the meaning meniscus.
(a) It is the surface of a liquid that curves at the sides of a measuring instrument.
(b) Determine the volume of the following measurements.
31.4 cm3
13.5 cm3
Q4. (a) What is parallax error when reading a measurement from a metre rule?
(b) A student measures the length of a book as shown below.
(i) Name the type of error committed by the student.
(ii) What is the actual length of the book?
(a) It is an error in a measurement due to the position of the eyes not being vertically above the
mark of the measuring instrument when taking a reading.
(b) (i) Positive zero error of 0.1 cm
(ii) The corrected reading = 2.1 cm - 0.1 cm = 2.0 cm
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Q5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Suggest the appropriate instrument to measure the following items.
A wooden rod of length 15.3 cm
The depth of a mug
The external diameter of table tennis
The length of electrical cable of 2 m
The thickness of a mobile phone
(a) Metre rule
(c) Venier calipers
(e) Venier calipers
(b) Vernier calipers
(d) Measuing tape
Q6. The following shows how a student measures the length of a book.
Describe three errors made by the student in the measurement of the book.
There is a gap between the metre rule and the object to be measured.
There is zero error because the end of the object does not line up with the zero of the scale.
There is a parallax error because the eye is not in the correct position to take the reading.
Q7. (a) What is the S.I. unit for volume?
(b) Give two instruments that provide accuracy in volume measurement.
(c) Describe an experimental procedure to obtain the volume of a small irregular-shaped
stone.
(a) The S.I. unit is m3. (b) Burette and pipette
(c) Record the initial volume of water in a measuring cylinder.
Submerge fully the stone in water and record again the water level. The difference in water
level is the volume for the stone
Q8. A metal alloy is made by the following mixtures of metals:
Mass used / g
Density / (g/cm3)
Metal P
50
2.5
Metal Q
100
1.5
Metal R
20
2.0
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Determine the volume of metal P used.
Determine the volume of metal Q used.
Determine the volume of metal R used.
Calculate the density of the metal alloy.
(a) Volume of P = Mass/Density = 50/2.5 = 20 cm3
(b) Volume of Q = Mass/Density = 100/1.5 = 67 cm3
(c) Volume of R = Mass/Density = 20/2.0 = 10 cm3
(d) Total volume = (20 + 67 + 10) g = 97 cm3;
Total mass = (50 + 100 + 20) g = 170 g
Density of alloy = 170 g/97 cm3 = 1.75 g/cm3
Q9. A note on cereal packet of cornflakes read ‘This product is packed by mass and not
volume.’
(a) (i) Can you explain why, when the cereal packet is opened at home, the level of the
cornflakes inside appears to have dropped from when it left the factory?
(ii) How has the volume of the cornflakes changed from time it left the factory?
(iii) How has the mass of the cornflakes changed from the time it left the factory?
(b) Devise a simple experiment to test your answers in (a). You can only use a measuring
cylinder and balance. You can simulate the transfer from the factory to the home by
shaking the packet of cornflakes.
(a)(i) In the transit, the cornflakes box was shaken up so the cornflakes settled closer together,
causing the overall volume to drop.
(ii) The overall volume of the cornflakes has decreased.
(iii) The mass of the cornflakes remains unchanged.
(b) Fill a measuring cylinder with cornflakes. Measure the volume of spaces occupied by the
cornflakes and then measure the mass of the cylinder with cornflakes inside, using electronic
balance.
Shake the cylinder vigorously. Make sure no cornflakes are lost during the shaking process.
Record the volume of the cornflakes after shaking. The volume of spaces occupied by the
cornflakes would have decreased but the mass remained the same.
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Diversity of matter can be confusing, so by classifying the things around us help us
to understand and study them easily. Classification means to sort things into groups.
Physical property is one that can be observed without changing the substance of
the object.
Physical
property
Strength
Definition
the ability of an object/material to support a heavy load without
breaking. (steel)
the ability of an object/material to withstand scratches or the
Hardness
ability to scratch another material. (diamond)
the ability of an object/material to bend without breaking and
Flexibility
return to its original shape. (nylon, fishing net)
the ability of an object/material to conduct electric current.
Electrical
(copper)
conductivity
the ability of an object/material to transfer thermal energy.
Thermal
(metal)
conductivity
the ability of an object/material that allows it to be beaten or rolled
Malleable
into thin sheets. (Aluminium)
the ability of an object/material that allows it to be drawn out into
Ductility
wire. (Copper)
the ability of an object/material to reflect light, so that it has
Lustre
attractive shiny appearance. (gold)
Transparency the ability of an object/material to allow us to see through. (glass)
the ability of an object/material to return to its original state after
Elasticity
an applied stress is removed. (Rubber)
the quantity of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent
Solubility
to form a saturated solution. (Salt, sugar)
the mass of the substance per unit volume.
Density
Melting point the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid under
standard condition of pressure.
Boiling point the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas under standard
condition of pressure.
how a material feels when it is touched. (clothing)
Texture
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Classification of matter can be done using the following steps:
1. Observe :
Determine their similarities or differences
2. Group :
Place the objects with similar properties/characteristics together.
3. Name :
Give a suitable name to the group
As matter can exist in three different states, they can be classified as solids, liquid
and gases.
Solids
have definite shape and
volume
are nearly incompressible
usually have higher
density than liquids
Liquids
have no definite shape
(assume shapes of
containers) but have
volume
are only very slightly
compressible
have high density
Gases
have no definite shape
(fill containers
completely) or volume
are compressible
have low density
Matter can undergo a change in state by heating or cooling.
For example, water can exist in three states.
Ice (solid) can be changed into water (liquid) by warming and it undergoes melting.
Water (liquid) can be changed into steam (gas) by heating to boil.
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Classify the non-living things based on different kinds of materials that they are
made of. A material is a substance that is used for making objects.
Types of materials
Ceramics
Plastics
Glass
-Strong and hard but
brittle
-High melting point
-Low electrical
conductivity and thermal
conductivity
-Can be mould into
different shape
Kitchenware, flower pots,
brick
Fibres
-Some are flexible
-Low density
-Strong
-Low electrical
conductivity and thermal
conductivity
-Some are transparent
Containers, bags, cling
film, drink bottles
Flexible
Low density
Low electrical conductivity and
thermal conductivity
Can be spun into thread
Clothing, rope, curtains, carpets
-Brittle and can be made
into different shape
-Not flexible
-High density
-Low electrical
conductivity and thermal
conductivity
-Transparent
Window panes, mirrors,
wine and beer bottles
Metals
Some are lustre
Most of them are hard and strong
Has a range of density
Most have high melting and boiling point
High electrical conductivity and thermal
conductivity
Car bodies, cutlery, jewellery, wire
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Example: Look at these five common objects.
(a) Suggest a suitable material for making each object from the five main types of
materials given:
Ceramic
fibre
glass
metal
plastic
(b) State three properties of the material which make it suitable for each object.
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Q1. Classification of objects can be very helpful to us in many ways. Which of the
following statements about classification of objects is not correct?
A. Classification is a method of organising information by grouping similar
objects together in general.
B. Classification provides us a means for systematic study of non-living things
around us only.
C. Objects can be classified into groups based on their physical states.
D. There is more than one way of classifying the same group of objects.
Q2. The table below shows the information of four substances A to D.
Substance
Physical state
Colour
Odour
Shape
A
Gas
No
Yes
No
B
Solid
Yes
No
Yes
C
Liquid
Yes
Yes
No
D
Gas
No
Yes
No
A student would like to classify these four substances into two groups only. Which
of the following properties cannot be used by the student for the classification?
A. Physical state
B. Colour
C. Odour
D. Shape
Q3. The table below shows the items being classified into two groups.
Group
Item
Rubber bands, springboard, paper
A
Glass rod, wooden rule, charcoal
B
Which physical property is most likely used to separate these items?
A. The ability to support heavy load
B. The ability to conduct electricity
C. The ability to withstand scratches
D. The ability to restore the size after bending
Q4. Which of the following is not one of the physical properties of a matter?
A. Colour
B. Electrical conductivity
C. Brittleness
D. Reaction with air
Q5. Which of the following physical properties is not correct about gases?
A. High compressibility
B. Does not have fixed shape
C. Low density
D. Boiling point higher than room temperature
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Q6. The diagram below shows a ball floating in water. Which statement cannot be
deduced from the diagram shown above?
A. The ball is less dense than water.
B. Water has a higher density than the cup.
C. The cup is made of material which has low
solubility in water.
D. The ball has a low solubility in water.
Q7. Which of the following substances has the highest compressibility?
A. Ice cream
B. Coffee
C. Balloon
D. Ice cube
Q8. The diagram below shows a solid substance at a temperature of 25 °C being
heated.
Which of the following cannot be deduced from the above experiment?
A. The melting point must be 65 °C
B. The melting point is below 100 °C
C. The boiling point must be above 65 °C D. The melting point is above 25 °C
Q9. Which substance expands the least when it is heated from the 25 °C to 100 °C?
A. Iron bar
B. Water in a container
C. Balloon
D. Mercury
Q10. Which combination contains all the materials which are good conductors of
electricity?
A. Zinc, sulfur, magnesium
B. Mercury, potassium, iron
C. Helium, argon, oxygen
D. Aluminium, magnesium, iodine
Q11. Which of the following reasons best explains why tungsten is used in light
bulbs?
A. It has high melting point.
B. It is resistant to corrosion.
C. It is cheap.
D. It is a good conductor of electricity.
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Q12. Which of the following physical properties is suitable for making tennis balls?
A. High density
B. Good conductor of heat
C. Low compressibility
D. Malleable
Q13. The scale of hardness for different materials is
shown. A harder object has a higher hardness value.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Quartz is able to scratch only one object.
B. Powder is able to scratch diamond.
C. Steel is unable to scratch quartz.
D. Fingernail is able to scratch quartz but not steel.
Q14. The table below shows the scale of hardness of different materials P to T.
Material
P
Q
R
S
T
7
3
9
3
2
Hardness value
The greater the value, the harder the material. Which of the following statements is
correctly deduced from this scale about these five materials?
A. Both materials Q and S can cause scratches on each other.
B. Material P can scratch material R when they rub against each other.
C. Material T can scratch all the other materials in the table.
D. Material S can scratch material P but not material T.
Q15. Which reason best explains the suitability of aluminium for making aircraft
body?
A. It is light.
B. It is resistance to corrosion.
C. It is malleable.
D. It has a good thermal conductivity.
Q16. Which physical property can be used to differentiate metals from glass,
ceramics and fibres?
A. High melting point
B. High density
C. Good conductor of electricity
D. Can be moulded into shape
Q17. The following diagram shows a pot used for heating
perfumery oil. Which of the following physical properties
is the most desirable for making the pot?
A. Vibrant colour
B. High density
C. Good insulator of heat
D. High melting point
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Q18. Which of the properties affects the sinking or floating of a substance in a
liquid?
A. Strength
B. Density
C. Flexibility
D. Solubility
Q19. A load is placed on two rods, X and Y, made from different materials. Rod X
sags a little when the load is placed on it but rod Y breaks into two pieces. Which of
the following conclusions is correct about the two rods?
A. Rod X has a greater flexibility than rod Y.
B. Rod X has a greater hardness than rod Y.
C. Rod X has a greater strength than rod Y.
D. Rod X has a greater density than rod Y.
Q20. Which of the following physical properties cannot be used to describe
plastics?
A Flexibility
B. Transparent
C. Malleable
D. Low density
Q21. Which of the following physical properties is possessed by both plastics and
silver?
A. Ductile
B. Good thermal conductivity
C. High melting point
D. Resistance to corrosion
Q22. Which of the following properties best explains why mild steel is used to
make car bodies?
A. Mild steel is able to withstand heavy loads without breaking easily.
B. Mild steel is resistance to corrosion.
C. Mild steel is very hard which can withstand scratches.
D. Mild steel is not a good thermal conductor, so it can maintain a cool
temperature inside the car.
Q23. Which of the following statements cannot be made about aluminium and iron?
A. Both are elements that can be found in the Earth’s crust.
B. Aluminium is lighter than iron, so the density of aluminium is lower than iron.
C. Iron is more resistant to corrosion than aluminium, so it is more suitable to be
used in making the base of a filament bulb.
D. Both metals can be drawn into wires without breaking easily.
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Q24. Which of the following statements best explains why plates are usually made
of ceramics?
A. Ceramics can withstand heavy loads without breaking easily.
B. Ceramics have the ability to bend so that they can be moulded into different
shapes.
C. Ceramics do not melt easily because they have high melting point.
D. Ceramics allow heat to pass through them easily to heat up the food on the
plates.
Q25. Which of the following substances cannot be used to protect the users from
receiving an electric shock when an appliance becomes faulty?
A. Graphite
B. Plastics
C. Glass
D. Woolen cloth
Q26. Which of the following combinations about the type of material is not correct?
Type of material
Source of material
Plastics
Crude oil
A.
Metals
Earth’s crust
B.
Glass
Clay and non-metals
C.
Fibres
Plants
D.
Q27. The table below shows the information of a material P.
Melting point
Boiling point
800 °C
150 °C
Material P is at room temperature initially. What would most likely take place when
it is placed in a beaker of boiling water?
A. Material P changes from a solid to a liquid.
B. Material P undergoes sublimation.
C. Material P changes from a liquid to a gas.
D. Material P changes from a gas to a liquid.
Q28. A solid Q is heated until a temperature of 80 °C is reached. At that
temperature, solid Q starts to melt. The temperature is constant throughout the
melting of solid Q. Which of the following statements is correct about solid Q?
A. It has a boiling point of 80 °C.
B. It is a pure substance.
C. It has a high density.
D. It does not conduct electricity.
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Test
Q1. Which of the following statements is not true for all matter?
A. The condensation of a matter releases heat to the surroundings.
B. When a matter melts, heat energy is taken in from the surroundings.
C. A matter exists as a liquid if its melting point is higher than the room
temperature.
D. Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space.
Q2. Which of the following best explains the meaning of matter?
A. It is a term to describe the non-living things that have mass and volume.
B. It is a term to describe things that have no mass.
C. It is a term to describe things that occupy space but contain no mass.
D. It is a term to describe the living things and non-living things which have mass
and occupy space.
Q3. Which of the following examples is not a matter?
A. Air
B. Light
C. Sand
D. Water vapour
Q4. A student recorded a few measurements as follows:
10.22 cm
21 cm
54.0 cm
14.322 cm
Which measurement is most likely made from a measuring tape?
A. 10.22 cm
B. 21 cm
C. 54.0 cm
D. 14.322 cm
Q5. Which of the substances would sink if they are dropped into water?
(The density of water is 1000 kg/m3)
Object
Mass (kg)
Volume (m3)
5
0.002
A
2
4
B
0.4
0.2
C
10
0.5
D
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Q6. Which of the following is not true about density?
A. Each substance has a fixed density.
B. The density of a substance will change if it is heated.
C. The density is a measure of the volume of a substance.
D. When two substances dissolve and mix well together, the mixture has a new
value of density.
Q7. A student carries out an experiment to determine the density of an irregularshaped stone. The following results are obtained:
If the mass of the stone is 0.03 kg, what is the density of the stone?
A. 1.9 g/cm3 B. 0.91 g/cm3
C. 0.81 g/cm3
D. 2.2 g/cm3
Q8. Determine the volume of the following measurements.
(a)
cm3
(b)
cm3
60
50
50
49
40
48
Volume = _____49 cm3_______
Volume = ______49.2 cm3______
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Q9 When vernier calipers is closed.
0
cm
1
When the outside jaws holds an object.
2
5
6
7
5
5
zero error = ___+ 0.04 cm__
observed reading = ___5.90 cm_____
corrected reading = ___5.86 cm____
Q10 When vernier calipers is closed.
cm
0
1
When the outside jaws holds an object.
2
3
5
4
5
zero error = ___‒ 0.06 cm__
observed reading = ___3.59 cm____
corrected reading = ___3.65 cm___
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5