Nazi Germany: Recreating the Role of the German Woman and the Family Structure
Shannon N Peterman
European History after 1789
June 2013
2
Introduction
Women’s roles in Nazi Germany were not thought to be inferior, just different than that
of men1. The Nazis believed women and men had distinct roles to play in society, men should
operate in the public sphere and women in the private; each sphere relying on the other to
function properly2. However, the perversion in this thought comes from the Nazi Regime’s strict
delegation what may and may not be done with one’s own life, and the division of people as
‘worthless’ verses ‘valuable.’ This division was part of the push for breeding the ‘master race’
and it led to peculiar laws encouraging marriage, reproduction or sterilization, and defining a
woman’s purpose in life as ultimately serving the Fatherland; however, women did not always
stand for the change that was being implemented in their lives.
Defining the German Woman
Since women outweighed men in Germany after WWI Nazis could not ignore their
potential political or social power. Prior to Nazi control, during the Weimer Republic, politics
were democratized and women were enfranchised, some even held positions in the Reichstag.3
Although, it did show promise this period was still far from holding equal rights for women.
When Hitler came to power he pushed a policy of separate spheres for men and women. Women
were to be mothers and wives, the only ‘approved’ jobs for a woman outside the home were ones
where she could use her maternal skills, such as, teaching or welfare services.4 Realizing the
approval of the Aryan women was important to continue his plans Hitler made a point of
expressing the importance of motherhood and the family unit in German society.
1
Stephenson, Jill. Women in Nazi Germany. (Harlow: Longman, 2001), p 16
Ibid
3
Ipid, p 17
4
Noakes and Pridham, Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 269
2
3
The Nazi party developed women’s organizations of which the umbrella organization for
all of these societies was the Deutsches Frauenwerk5, although this was not headed by women,
in fact the overseer was the Reich Minister of People's Education and of Propaganda. The
placement of the women’s organizations under that of Education and Propaganda makes a
profound statement of the actual goal of the Nazis for these organizations – indoctrination. In the
document The Organization, Tasks, and Duties of the National Socialist Womanhood written by
Dr. Krummacher, the Reich Leader of the NSF in 1933, he stated blatantly “The main task of the
NS Womanhood is and remains the National Socialist indoctrination of the German woman. The
National Socialist indoctrination embraces practically all spheres of female life and will shape
these according with the national Socialist attitudes towards the state and duty.”6
The National Socialist Womanhood, or NSF as mentioned above, was in short the
women’s wing of the Nazi party. It provided classes for women and young girls in homeeconomics in effort to help Germany become self-sufficient; they also held drives for the
collection of scrap metal in order to aid the war effort. Another organization was that of Mother
and Child, filed under Nazi welfare organization. This organization provided, according to
Noakes and Pridham, “job placement for unemployed husbands, education grants, home help,
and holidays for mothers in need.”7 The underlying tone in all of the organizations set in place
for women by the Nazis was that of serving the Fatherland, and the most profound way of doing
such was bearing his children.
The Basic Principles and Organizational Guidelines of the National Socialist
Womanhood exemplify the deep rooted level at which women were being attacked. After women
5
Noakes and Pridham, p 258
Dr. Krummacher, The Organization, Tasks, and Duties of the National Socialist Womanhood, January 11, 1933, in
Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 268. No. 337.
7
Noakes and Prindham, p 258
6
4
had earned relatively equal rights to that of a man, the Nazi party would have them believe this
was against God. Number three of the basic principles stated,
We regret, however, the false paths of the democratic-liberal-international
women’s movement because it has not found new paths for the female soul rooted
in GOD and his nation, but, on the basis of maintaining the ability to compete
with men, had raised temporary expedients to the level of basic demands and has
thereby created a womanhood which has lost its deepest sources of female
strength and which has not understood its female task in the German crisis.8
The meaning that can be extrapolated through this passage is that women, in yearning for equal
rights with men, have lost sight of God’s plan. Thus, to the primarily Christian nation, this could
be detrimental to a woman’s view of her purpose in life, how many women took this to heart is
uncertain, but it can be stated that not all women were on board proven by their resistance.
In order for the Nazi Regime to place women in roles they desired for them the Nazis
had to eliminate the ability of women to gain certain positions, as well as, establish policies or
stipulations on loans where women could not work, the later will be discussed later. The Nazi
Regime thought the primary place for a woman was making a home for her husband and
children; however, if she did have to work she should be, as mentioned earlier, in positions of
teaching or welfare services. Any position of power was strictly forbid, and Hitler saw to it that
women were totally excluded from the courts of law.9 Hitler’s personal adviser Bormann,
reported to the Reich Ministry of Justice on August 24, 1936,
He [Hitler] has decided that women cannot become either judges or lawyers.
Women trained in law can therefore be employed only in the public service. I
8
Basic Principles and Organizational Guidelines of the National Socalist Womenhood (NS Frauenschaft) Undated c.
1932-33, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 267. No. 336.
9
Noakes and Prindham, p 272
5
particularly request that trouble should be taken to find places, where possible,
for the existing female probationary lawyers.10
This provision speaks to the amount of agency women must have actually possessed, presumably
against the Reich, otherwise why would it have been of such importance to keep women from
entering this particular facet. The exclusion of women from such spheres may well have
contributed to the amount of violence the Nazi Regime committed against humanity.1112
Since many women, at the beginning of the Nazis rise to power, were well educated and
held prominent positions the idea of their way of life going against God or that of separate
spheres for women and men could be appalling. The agency of women during the Nazis reign
can be seen in the official guidelines for the employment of women on October 5, 1933, “A
succession of complaints prompts me to call attention to married female civil servants and
teachers, who according to the Law on the Legal Status of female Civil Servants of 30 May 1932
in the form set out on 30 June 1933…can be discharged only if their economic maintenance
seems permanently secured.”13 This statement shows that women were in fact resisting the
change in their status by registering complaints about their inequitable treatment, so much so that
it mandated official recognition by the Nazi Regime.
Anti-feminism, as can be seen in the previous examples, was a major component of the
ideology of the Nazi Regime, and through his speech to the NSF on September 8, 1934, Hitler
combined the emancipation of women with Jewish ideals, further linking women’s rights with
10
Bormann to Reich Ministry of Justice, August 24, 1936, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham
(Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 272. No. 340.
11
Evans, Richard J. Comrades and Sisters: Feminism, Socialism, and Pacifism in Europe, 1870-1945. (Brighton,
Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987), p 174
12
Gupta, Charu. "Politics of Gender: Women in Nazi Germany." Economic & Political Weekly 26, no. 17 (April 27,
1991), p 45
13
Frick, Guidelines for the Employment of Women Civil Servants and Teachers, October 5, 1933, in Nazism 19191945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 272. No. 339.
6
anti-Nazi ideology, and playing upon the nation’s growing hatred of its Jewish population. Hitler
states “It is not true, as Jewish intellectuals assert, that respect depends on the overlapping of the
spheres of activity of the sexes…Our women’s movement is for us not something which
inscribes on its banner as its programme the fight against men, but something which has its
programme the common fight together with men.”14 With this speech he placed in the minds of
German women the importance of separate spheres for men and women, which ultimately
downgraded women to only taking care of home and hearth.
Encouragement of Marriage
At the base for the encouragement of marriage from the Nazi Regime is the decline in the
country’s birth rate, which I will explain later is clearly also the basis for the encouragement
mass human reproduction. In line with the rest of Europe, Germany suffered from a decline in its
birth rate due to industrialization and a depression in the 1920s, although Germany’s decline was
higher than any other European country save Austria.15 The Nazi concern was with maintaining
and growing as a European power, how could they do that without the man power to back it up?
Therefore rewards were given to couples of ‘good German blood’ who married, intrinsically this
was supposed to represent a means of increasing population, and subsequently also reverse the
unemployment problem Germany faced.
On June 1, 1933 the most original single financial incentive for couples to marry was
introduced in the Civil Law Code in Section 5 – marriage loans.16 Couples could apply for these
interest-free loan of 1000 Reichsmarks if they were both of German nationality; however, this
was only the first stipulation. The law states “…the future wife gives up her job at the latest at
14
Hitler, speech to National Socialist Women’s section (NSF), September 8, 1934, Noakes, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol
2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 255-256. No. 326.
15
Noakes and Prindham, p 256
16
Noakes and Prindham, p 257
7
the time of the wedding…” and “ the future wife pledges herself not to take up employment so
long as her future husbands receives an income…”17 These terms were meant to open up jobs to
men, and keep women home and able to produce babies.
Later this policy would prove to have negative effects to Germany’s workforce. The
encouragement of women to be housewives and the promotion of motherhood, as I will later
discuss, led to an unexpected decline in workers. The policies and promotions set in place to
prevent women from working so that men could take up their positions resulted in women
staying home when the Nazi Regime needed them to go to work. This can be seen in the Decree
on the Re-employment of Women in Receipt of Marriage Loans on February 5, 1937, it stated, “ I
permit wives who have received a marriage loan to take up employment, provided husbands
have been called up for the Labour Service or for training by the armed forces.”18 The Nazi
ideology of separate spheres for men and women and the importance of a woman in keeping up a
home shifted easily for the Reich, but not as easily for the common person. The Nazi concept of
women was flexible in short because every citizens ultimately owed their service to the state
above all else. However, by the small amount of increase of female workers during the war it can
be seen that this transition in values was not as flexible for the German people.
With such an allure of interest free money the Nazis had to establish a way to ensure that
only couples of ‘good German blood’ were the recipients of these loans. Disqualifications were
set in place as a measure of who was not eligible. This supplementary decree was added to the
Marriage Loans Scheme on June 20, 1933. The stipulations were that both spouses had to be
17
Section 5 of the Law for the reduction of Unemployment Enforcement Decree, June 1, 1933, in Nazism 19191945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 257. No. 327
18
Decree on the Re-employment of Women in Receipt of Marriage Loans, February 5, 1937, in Nazism 1919-1945
Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 270. No. 338.
8
German citizens, both had to “give unfailing support to the national(ist) State,”19 and both had to
be clean of any hereditary mental or physical ailments. With the addition of these conditions to
the approval of marriage loans came the ability of the Nazi party to question reliable people in
the applicant’s life as well as conduct home visits,20 which was conducted through Nazi Regime
Block Wardens.21 These wardens would then write up a letter of approval for a marriage to take
place where they would divulge personal information about the couple and their political
reliability.22
The Nazi view of marriage is encapsulated in the following publication from the Reich’s
domination.
“Marriage is the lasting, life-long union of two genetically healthy persons of the
same race and of different sexes, which has been approved by the national
community…It’s purpose is the maintenance and furtherance of the common
good through harmonious cooperation, the procreation of genetically healthy
children of the same race, and the education of them to become hard-working
national comrades.”23
This statement further proves the Regimes focus on generating a master race who all followed
the same ideology, and were created for the betterment of the state. In 1934 the Ten
Commandments for the Choice of a Spouse were published24, and the focus was on choosing a
19
Supplementary Decree to the Marriage Loans Scheme, June 20, 1933, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes
and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 261. No. 331.
20
Instructions for investigating the political and moral life style of the applicant practice, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol
2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 262. No. 332
21
Noakes and Pridham, Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 262
22
Marriage Loan application approval letter from Neu-Isenburg, October 7, 1938, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed.
Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 262. No. 333.
23
Publications from Nazi Germany, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press,
2000), p 260. No. 330.
24
Advice Centres for the Improvement of Genetic and Racial Health, Ten Commandments for the Choice of a
Spouse, 1934, p 265. No. 335
9
genetically healthy fellow German spouse to have many children with. Although one of the
commandments was to marry for love, the other commandments implied you could only fall in
love with a healthy German of the opposite sex, so was this truly free choice?
Marriage was also ironically promoted through divorce. Previously, before the Nazi rise
to power, divorce could be granted but only if one party assumed guilt. Under the new
regulations marriages could be dissolved if it was ‘morally justified.’25 The new law allowed
couples who wanted a divorce the ability to obtain it, based on the notion that two people who do
not want to be married to one another will not produce babies. The law was meant to allow
divorces so that people could marry someone else and produce children.
Encouragement of Reproduction
In keeping with the theme of the Nazi’s view of a woman’s place in society, producing
babies was at the top of their list, as long as they were healthy German babies. If there was a
question of the physical or mental health of people to reproduce their sterilization could be
mandated by the state medical officer.26 The push for marriage, as discussed earlier, alone was
not enough to promote the dramatic elevation in population the Nazis desired to grow their
empire, primarily because marriage did not always result in children. If a marriage did produce
children it was not always enough to grow the population. If a couple only had two children the
population would stagnate at the same level. In order to promote massive reproduction the Nazi
Regime would promote incentives for couples to have at least three children but preferably more,
and when that proved to not be enough they would implement ‘breeding camps’ and house
unmarried mothers in special maternity homes under the Lebensborn scheme.27
25
Noakes and Prindham, p 274
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, July 14, 1933, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes
and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 334. No. 334.
27
Gupta, "Politics of Gender: Women in Nazi Germany," p 41
26
10
One order on the Nazis list of upping reproduction was establishing a population policy,
which called for unconventional means of reproduction. In Himmler’s decree on October 28,
1939 to the entire SS and Police he shows the states desperate want for the reproduction of ‘good
German blood’ at any measure by declaring,
Beyond the limits of bourgeois laws and conventions, which are perhaps
necessary in other circumstances, it can be a noble task for German women and
girls of good blood to become even outside marriage, not light-heartedly but out
of a deep moral seriousness, mothers of the children of soldiers going to war.28
However, this was not taken well publically; people were not prepared to abandon their
conservative social values in order to populate Germany. When Himmler became aware of this
problem he addressed the people again on January 30, 1940, essentially stating that illegitimate
children exist and will always exist29 and to this the Nazi Regime will take full advantage.
Publications during the time of the Nazi Regime reflect similar views using the act of sex
as a means to aid the Fatherland, and eerily reflect the same Fatherland as the real parent of said
offspring. One publication entitled the function of sex states, “Sexual activity serves the purpose
of procreation for the maintenance of the life of the nation and not the enjoyment of the
individual.”30 Another one titled parenthood states, “The rights of parents over the bringing-up
of their children…have become a duty undertaken at the behest of the nation and under the
supervision of the state and involving unlimited responsibility.”31 These two publications
28
Himmler’s Secret Directive to all members for the SS and the Police on the Care of all Legitimate and Illegitimate
Children of “Good Blood,” October 28, 1939, in “German History in Documents and Images,” Vol 7. Nazi Germany,
1933-1945
29
Himmler’s Response to Complaints regarding his “Procreation Decree, ” January 30, 1940, in “German History in
Documents and Images,” Vol 7. Nazi Germany, 1933-1945
30
Publications from Nazi Germany, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press,
2000), p 260. No. 330.
31
Ibid, p 261. No. 330.
11
encapsulate the view the Nazis had for the German family and its place as the literal breeding
ground for good German citizens, the ideal of loving mothers, fathers, and children was second
to producing enough Germans for the empire to sustain itself and grow.
The anti-abortion campaign played a large role in the actual growth of the population
after 1932. The availability of contraceptives and abortions give women the right to decide what
happens to their own body. The Nazi Regime did not want potential mothers, or ‘breeders,’ to
have access to such things that would prevent them from producing children. On May 26, 1933
two laws were introduced that prohibited the availability of abortion clinics, as well as outlawing
contraceptives.32 There was a gradual rise in the birth rate after 1933,33 from 971,174 live births
to 1,198,350 in 1934.34 There is some limited evidence that shows the rise in births after 1932
nearly equaled the decline in abortions.35 It is reasonable to assume the loss of women’s rights to
their own bodies did produce the effect the Nazi Regime desired.
The Nazi Regime realized that with merely the permission and governmental push to
have children outside of marriage, the incentive to marry, and contraceptives and abortions
banned it was still not enough to convince people to have more children. They decided that
women needed to feel compelled to have children; they needed to feel their self-worth depended
upon their ability to produce and raise the supreme Aryan race. The theme of childbirth as an
analogue to battle became a popular notion in the Nazi ideology36 in effort to show the
importance of motherhood to the greater good.
32
Gupta, "Politics of Gender: Women in Nazi Germany," p 41
Ibid
34
Population Statistics 1929-1939, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter Press,
2000), p 259. No. 329
35
Gupta, "Politics of Gender: Women in Nazi Germany," p 41
36
Rupp, Leila J. "Mother of the "Volk": The Image of Women in Nazi Ideology." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture
and Society, p 363
33
12
The Regime launched massive propaganda campaigns to raise the status of mothers and
housewives in order to enhance their own perception of their role.37 One such piece of
propaganda, by the Reichsstatthalter of Hessen on April 15, 1935 was a push for school
curriculum to “remind young people of their debt of gratitude to their mothers with dignified
celebrations.”38 This type of feel good propaganda was also seen in the adoption of Mother’s
Day, after the American tradition, and the introduction of the Mother’s Cross in May 1939 after
the French tradition. The crosses were given in three different metals each representing the
number of children the mother had borne,39 gold was for eight, silver was for six, bronze was for
four.40 Of course, these were only for mothers of full German children, and children in the Hitler
Youth program were required to salute mothers wearing the crosses.
As previously discussed marriage was encouraged through more lenient divorce laws,
this leniency bled over into promoting reproduction as well. Alimony was customary in divorces
since married women were in general not supposed to work they had limited ways of providing
for themselves once they were divorced. This notion would change as women began to be
encouraged toward the end of the war to take up positions outside the home; however, the real
driving force behind the new law was to give men the ability to take care of his new mate and
produce more children for Germany. The law states, “The claim to maintenance appropriate to
the life situation of the partners cannot be realized in many cases because the partner on whom
the responsibility for payment lies has other claims to satisfy apart from his obligations to his
37
Noakes and Prindham, p 258
Reichsstatthalter of Hessen school circular, April 15, 1935, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham
(Exeter: Exeter Press, 2000), p 258. No. 328.
39
Gupta, "Politics of Gender: Women in Nazi Germany," p 41
40
Noakes and Prindham, p 258
38
13
divorced partner…”41 The justification for the law revealed that respect for women’s roles
ceased where their alimony stood in the way of enabling husbands to start a new family where he
could produce more children for the Reich.42
Four years after the first attempts to persuade the German people to reproduce in mass
quantity the same issue was still on the table, replenishing the population that was lost in the war.
In a note by Head of Party Chancellery Martin Bormann, on January 29, 1944, the Nazi Regime
was still trying to convince the people to let go of their social mores for the greater good. He
states “We shall undoubtedly win the war militarily but lose it in national terms if we do not
decisively transform all our previous views and attitudes…”43 In effect we can deduce that if the
same issues of reproduction were still a concern and the measures taken to promote reproduction
did not affect the population as the Nazi Regime had desired.
Conclusion
The Nazi Regime is known worldwide for the horrendous evils it unleashed upon Jews
and other minorities; however, lesser known, mostly due to the incomparability to the
aforementioned evils, are the ways in which the Nazis treated their own people. New ideologies
of separate spheres for men and women resulted in many women losing their jobs, newly
graduated women had little hope of using their education and girls could not aspire to gain much
of an education outside of home-economics. German women who were deemed well-suited for
procreation were treated as cattle. Married women were given incentives to stay home and
produce as many babies as possible; single women were asked to abandon their values and
produce children from affairs for the greater good. As the building of a master race became the
41
Supreme Court ruling on new alimony law, in Nazism 1919-1945 Vol 2, ed. Noakes and Prindham (Exeter: Exeter
Press, 2000), p 275. No. 342
42
Noakes and Prindham, p 275
43
Martin’s Bormann’s Note on “Safeguarding the Future of the German People,” January 29, 1944, in “German
History in Documents and Images,” Vol 7. Nazi Germany, 1933-1945
14
main function of German women they were reduced to breeding machines and repressed by the
extreme patriarchal structure of the fascist Nazi Regime.
15
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