Q1.
The body controls internal conditions.
(a)
Use words from the box to complete the sentences about water loss from the body.
kidneys
(i)
liver
lungs
skin
Water is lost in sweat via the .................................................
(1)
(ii)
Water is lost in urine via the ...................................................
(1)
(iii)
Water is lost in the breath via the ............................................
(1)
(b)
Students investigated body temperature in the class.
The bar chart shows the results.
Body temperature in °C
(i)
One student used the bar chart to calculate the mean body temperature of the class.
The student calculated the mean body temperature as 37.0 °C.
How did the student use the bar chart to calculate the mean?
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(2)
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(ii)
How many students had a body temperature higher than the mean of 37.0 °C
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(1)
(iii)
Body temperature must be kept within a narrow range.
Why?
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
A person accidentally touches a hot pan.
Her hand automatically moves away from the pan.
The diagram shows the structures involved in this action.
(a)
Describe fully how the structures shown in the diagram bring about this reflex action.
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(6)
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(b)
(i)
The nerve pathway in this reflex action is about 1.5 metres in length. A nerve impulse
travels at 75 m s–1.
Use this information to calculate the time taken for this reflex action to occur.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Time intervals ....................................... s
(2)
(ii)
The actual time interval is longer than the interval you have calculated in part (i).
Suggest an explanation for the difference.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q3.
(a)
The diagram shows how pigs can be cloned.
For each question write the correct letter in the box.
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Which structure, A, B, C or D is:
(i)
an egg cell
(1)
(ii)
a nucleus
(1)
(iii)
an embryo?
(1)
(b)
Walking onion plants grow a bunch of bulblets (tiny bulbs).
The bulblets start to grow and the stalks bend over with the weight of the new growth.
This makes the onion plant seem to walk across the garden.
Producing plants in this way is called asexual reproduction.
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Use words from the box to complete the following sentences.
chromosome
clone
gamete
gene
parent
Asexual reproduction needs only one .............................................. .
Asexual reproduction does not involve production of a ......................................... .
The daughter plant is called a ................................................ .
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
The drawings show a dandelion plant and goosegrass plant.
The drawings are not drawn to the same scale.
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Use the information in the drawings to answer the questions.
(a)
Explain one way in which dandelions are adapted to live in lawns and in fields where
animals feed.
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(2)
(b)
Explain one way in which goosegrass is adapted to live alongside hedges.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q5.
(a)
What is meant by natural selection?
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(1)
Giraffes feed on the leaves of trees and other plants in areas of Africa.
Darwin explained the evolution of the long neck in terms of getting leaves from the tall trees.
Recently, scientists have tried to explain how the long neck of the giraffe might have evolved.
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These are some of the scientists’ observations.
•
Giraffes spend almost all the dry season, when there is not much food, feeding from low
bushes.
•
Only in the wet season do they feed from tall trees when there are plenty of new leaves.
•
Females spend over 50 % of their time feeding with their necks horizontal.
•
Both sexes feed faster and most often with their necks bent.
•
Long giraffe necks are very important in male-to-male combat. Males fight each other with
their long, powerful necks.
(b)
Do the observations support or reject the explanation that the long neck of the giraffe
evolved to get leaves from tall trees?
Draw a ring around your answer. Support / Reject
Explain the reason for your answer.
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(3)
(c)
Use the scientists’ recent observations to give another explanation for the evolution of the
long neck of the male giraffe.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
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Q6.
Evidence shows that the Earth formed from a molten ball of rocks and minerals.
Before 1900 many scientists thought that the Earth’s mountains and continents formed in fixed
positions when the molten ball of rocks and minerals cooled and wrinkled.
(a)
In 1912 Alfred Wegener suggested his hypothesis of continental drift.
The areas of rocks shown on Map 1 contain fossils of the same type of animals.
Today animals in Africa are different from animals in South America.
Map 1
Wegener suggested his
hypthesis that all of the
continents, including Africa and
South America, had been joined
together but then drifted slowly
apart.
(i)
Map 2
In 1920 other scientists stated
that all of the continents were in
fixed positions, including Africa
and South America, and that they
had once been joined together by
a land bridge.
Use the information to suggest two pieces of evidence that may have led Wegener
to propose his hypothesis that continents move.
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(2)
(ii)
Suggest why, in 1920, other scientists thought that Wegener’s hypothesis was
wrong.
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(2)
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(b)
In 1962 scientists produced the theory of plate tectonics.
The theory of plate tectonics supported Wegener’s hypothesis that continents move.
Tectonic plates move a few centimetres a year.
Complete the sentences about what causes the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates.
Deep inside the Earth ........................................ processes release large
amounts of energy. These processes heat up the substances in the Earth’s
........................................ producing convection currents.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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Q7.
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in
landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:
•
could be reused
•
could be recycled by melting and making them into new plastic products
•
could be burned to release energy.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and
negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags
sent to landfill.
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(Total 6 marks)
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Q8.
An advert for crisps claimed that they are healthier because they are cooked in sunflower oil.
(a)
A student found the following information about four oils that are used to make crisps.
Rapeseed oil
Sunflower oil
Olive oil
Corn oil
Saturated fat (%)
6.6
12.0
14.3
14.4
Polyunsaturated fat
(%)
29.3
63.3
8.2
51.3
+5
–18
–12
–15
Melting point (°C)
One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are:
•
low in saturated fat
•
high in polyunsaturated fat.
(i)
Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain your decision by
comparing this oil with other oils from the table that you think are less healthy.
Healthiest oil is .....................................................................................
Explanation ...........................................................................................
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(2)
(ii)
These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen.
A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil healthier.
Is this student’s claim correct?
Explain your answer.
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(2)
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(b)
A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand. The olive oil and
water do not separate.
The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and water is
produced by the addition of egg yolk.
Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able to produce a
stable mixture of olive oil and water.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q9.
In 1939 a scientist opened the valve on a new cylinder of tetrafluoroethene gas. No gas
came out.
He cut the cylinder open and found that the gas had changed into a white solid. This solid was
an addition polymer.
(a)
Give the name of the addition polymer that formed inside the cylinder.
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(1)
Page 12 of 24
(b)
The structure of this polymer can be represented by the diagram below.
Draw the structure of the monomer, tetrafluoroethene, from which it is formed.
(2)
(c)
Describe how this addition polymer forms from monomers.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
There was little or no nitrogen in Earth’s early atmosphere, but a gaseous compound of
nitrogen was present in small amounts.
(a)
Name this gaseous compound.
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(1)
Page 13 of 24
(b)
In 1892, Lord Rayleigh compared nitrogen from the air with very pure nitrogen obtained
from nitrogen compounds. The density of the nitrogen was:
nitrogen from the air = 1.2572 grams per litre
nitrogen from nitrogen compounds = 1.2511 grams per litre.
Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay proved that atmospheric nitrogen was not pure but
contained five other gases, which together made up about 1 % of the Earth’s atmosphere.
The gases were argon (0.94 %) and traces of helium, neon, krypton and xenon.
The five gases are similar in that they show no chemical reactions but have different
physical properties, eg density, melting point, boiling point.
(i)
Suggest one reason why scientists did not find these five gases in the atmosphere
at an earlier date.
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(1)
(ii)
Give one way of separating the five gases from each other.
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(1)
(iii)
From the information given in the question, which prediction can be safely made?
Tick ( ) one box.
Nitrogen makes up about 78 % of the atmosphere.
Argon has a density greater than the density of nitrogen.
Neon, krypton and xenon have a density lower than the
density of nitrogen.
Nitrogen from nitrogen compounds must contain a very
light gas such as hydrogen.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 14 of 24
Q11.
The pie charts show the relative proportions of electricity generated in Japan from different
energy sources in 1975 and 2005.
(a)
Describe and suggest a reason for two differences in the energy sources used in 2005
compared with 1975.
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(b)
Mining for coal often releases large amounts of methane gas. Methane is both explosive
and a greenhouse gas. At the Sihe coal mine in China the methane is diverted to a gas
burning power station where it is used to generate electricity.
(i)
A newspaper reported a scientist as saying:
If the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere doubles,
the average temperature of the Earth will increase by up to 5 °C over
the next 100 years.
What has been stated in the newspaper?
Draw a ring a round your answer.
a fact
a guess
a prediction
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
Page 15 of 24
(ii)
Explain an environmental advantage of taking the methane gas from coal mines and
using it to generate electricity.
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(2)
(c)
The average person in Britain uses 1930 kWh of electricity each year. Many people in the
world’s poorest countries do not have access to electricity.
Giving examples, explain why electricity is essential for both improving public health and
for modern communications.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 16 of 24
Q12.
(a) Some power stations must be built in special places.
The drawings show the sites of four different types of power station.
Draw one line from each power station to its energy source.
(4)
Page 17 of 24
(b)
The block diagram shows the important parts of a coal burning power station.
Coal is burned to heat water
Steam
drives a
turbine.
in a ........................................
to produce steam.
Turbine turns a
..........................
Use words from the box to complete the block diagram.
boiler
condenser
furnace
generator
(2)
(c)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following sentence.
If fewer coal burning power stations are used to generate electricity the amount of
decrease.
carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere will
not change.
increase.
(1)
(d)
Some types of power station generate electricity by burning a biofuel.
Give one example of a biofuel.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 18 of 24
Q13.
(a) The diagram shows a tray of marbles being shaken from side to side. As this
happens some of the marbles jump out of the tray.
Explain how the tray of marbles is acting as a model for the evaporation of a liquid.
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(2)
(b)
Before giving an injection, a nurse dabs some alcohol onto the patient’s arm. This makes
the patient’s skin feel cold.
Explain what happens to make the patient’s skin feel cold.
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(2)
(c)
The graph shows that the molecules in a liquid do not all have the same speed.
Page 19 of 24
Use the information in the graph to explain why a liquid cools down when it evaporates.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)
Q14.
The diagram shows what happens to each 100 joules of energy from crude oil when it is
used as petrol in a car.
The widths of the arrows show exactly how much energy is transferred in each particular way.
(a)
Complete the diagram by adding the correct energy value alongside each arrow.
(2)
Page 20 of 24
(b)
Calculate how efficient the car engine is at transferring the energy from petrol into useful
movement.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q15.
The picture shows one type of solar water heater. Water from the tank is slowly pumped
through copper pipes inside the solar panel where the water is heated by energy from the Sun.
(a)
Each day the average European family uses 100 kg of hot water.
To kill bacteria, the water going into the tank at 20 °C must be heated to 60 °C.
Calculate the energy needed to increase the temperature of 100 kg of water by 40 °C.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Energy transferred = ....................................... J
(2)
Page 21 of 24
(b)
The bar chart shows how the amount of solar energy transferred to the water heater varies
throughout the year.
How many months each year will there not be enough solar energy to provide the hot
water used by an average European family?
..................................................... months
(1)
Page 22 of 24
(c)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
The water in the tank could be heated by using an electric immersion heater.
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat the water rather
than using an electric immersion heater.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)
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