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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7
III/2 – Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT
Inovace výuky na GSN prostřednictvím ICT
CZ.1.07/1.5.00/34.0940
Mgr. Rudolf Dostálek
Od Napoleona k jaru národů (evropské a české dějiny 1. poloviny
19. století)
Revolutions in European countries 1848-1849
VY_32_INOVACE_DE.4.13
11.11.2013
Žáci středních škol
Charles Albert, marshall Radetzky, Victor Emanuel II
Tato prezentace slouží k výkladu učiva tématu: Revoluce v
evropských zemích 1848-1849 (v anglickém jazyce)
REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPIAN
COUNTRIES 1848-1849
WHEN AND WHY
• from ……… 1848 to July 1849
• desire for l…………… governments
• elimination of reactionary Austrian control
• ………………… – call for unifying the Italians in
one national state
WHO AGAINST WHO
• AGAINST:
• foreign dynasties (Habsburgs, Bourbons)
• Austrian control
 LED BY?
 liberal intellectuals
 nationalistic agitators
 king of Piedmont-Sardinia Charles Albert (the
only Italian dynasty)
BEGINNING
• started in January in the Kingdom of the Two
………………………
• king Ferdinand II of Bourbon forced to issue
the constitution
FIGHT FOR UNIFICATION
• in March uprising in ……. and …….. against
Austrian supremacy
• republics with provisional government
• Charles Albert declared war on …………..
• became head of struggle for unification
UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT
• In July Italians defeated in battle of Custoza
(by Field Marshal ……………….)
• republican coups in Rome and Tuscany
• March 1849 Charles Albert renewed the war
• defeated in battle of ………………….
• Charles Albert resigned and was replaced with
his son ……………………… II
• failure of the attempt to get rid of foreign
supremacy and unify the state
REVOLUTION IN FRANCE
WHEN AND WHY
 23-24th February 1848
 general dissatisfaction with the civil monarchy
of …………………………
 calling for electoral reform (suffrage for the
masses)
 need of improvement of living and working
conditions of factory workers
WHO AGAINST WHO
 Pretext: banning of one of opposing meetings
(banquets)
 AGAINST:
 the king Louis Phillip and his government
 LED BY:
 the middle class and the working class
DOWN WITH MONARCHY
•
•
•
•
King fled to England
France proclaimed ……………………………
announced elections based on:
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
NEW GOVERNMENT
 provisional revolutionary government
 enactment of NATIONAL WORKSHOPS
 guaranteed the unemployed the right to
work
 Due to pressure of radicals led by Louis Blanc
JUNE UPRISING
 23rd June -26th June
 in new elected parliament and government –
majority of the Party of Order (conservative
classes, fearing of radicals)
 disappointment of working classes with
development of the regime
JUNE UPRISING
•
•
•
•
•
•
AGAINST:
newly established government
PRETEXT:
closing of the National Workshops (21st June)
LED BY:
Parisian radical leaders (170 000 people on
barricades)
RESULT OF UPRISING
 bloodily suppressed by the army and
………………….. (real class struggle)
 insuperable gap between workers and petty
bourgeoisie
 fatal for Second Republic
NEW REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTION
• new constitution worked by National
Constituent Assembly
• head of state: president (voted for 4 years)
• equipped with strong executive powers
• system of government similar to the U.S.
• Louis Napoleon elected president (Party of
Order)
REVOLUTIONS IN GERMAN
STATES
WHEN AND WHY
 March 1848, May 1848 (Dresden) to 1849
 REASON(S)?
 call for the bill of rights (political freedom, no
censorship)
 unification of all the German speaking people
in one state (nationalism)
 improvenments of working and living
conditions of workers
WHO AGAINST WHO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AGAINST:
local autocratic sovereigns
conservative aristocracy
LED BY:
democratic liberals
republicans
working class radicals
INITIAL SUCCESS
•
•
•
•
hated ministers forced to resign
freedom of press
right to establish civil guards
18th March – armed riots in Berlin rose into
uprising (250 victims)
• victory of the insurgents
PRUSSIAN PROMISES
• Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised
to:
• summon National Constituent Assembly
• issue the constitution
• strive to unify Germany
GERMAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• uprising in Dresden, Saxony (although in had
been ruled as a constitutional monarchy since
1830)
• Constituent German National Assembly was
elected and gathered in the St. Paul's Church
in Frankfurt am Main on 18th May
ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES
•
•
•
•
•
•
government officials
judges
lawyer
teachers manufacturers
physicians
landowners
2 CONCEPTIONS OF UNIFICATION
• greater German solution: unification including
Austria
• smaller German solution: unification excluding
Austria
• disputes about type of state: hereditary or
electoral monarchy or republic, federation or
union
ASSEMBLY CONCLUSIONS
• the conception of smaller Germany won
• the crown of a new federative state offered to
the Prussian king Frederick William IV
ROYAL REFUSAL
• he refused to accept it (not from hands of rebels)
• failure to unify Germany by parliamentary way
• uprisings of radical democrats in some German
states – suppressed by the Prussian army
• 1850 – German Confederacy restored,
competition between Prussia and Austria went
on
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• Materiál je určen pro bezplatné používání pro
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