Section 3 Workbook (units 7, 8 & 9)
Name: _______________
Nervous System: C11. Analyze the transmission of nerve impulses
1. Identify the 3 main parts of the neuron (dendrite, cell body, axon).
2. Complete the table.
Name of
Structure
Function
dendrite
cell body
axon
3. Identify the 3 types of neurons as well as X & Y in the diagram.
X
Y
4.
Differentiate among sensory, motor, and interneuron by completing the table.
Name of
Neuron
Diagram
Location
Function
Draw a motor neuron
Motor
neuron
5.
Identify the parts of the reflex arc in the diagram and explain what a reflex is.
6. What is a dorsal-root ganglion?
7. Relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction, with reference to
myelin sheath, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, and saltatory transmission / conduction.
Action Potential
8. Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms:
resting and action potential
refractory period
sodium-potassium
pump
depolarization and repolarization
sodium and potassium gates
axoplasm
polarity
9. What is the sodium-potassium pump? In what phase of the action potential is it active?
10. What is diffusion?
11. What is an oscilloscope?
12. What is an action potential?
13. What are sodium gates? When do the sodium gates open?
14. What are potassium gates? When do the potassium gates open?
15. Nerve impulse – Action potential
Range of mV
Resting
potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
period
Charge
inside the
neuron
Charge
outside the
neuron
Describe Na+ and K+ concentrations
or movement
16. On the following nerve impulse label:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Threshold
Resting potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Action potential
f)
g)
h)
i)
Refractory period
When sodium ions move inside
When potassium ions move outside
When Na+/K+ pump in action
17. During the refractory period, why are the sodium and potassium gates unable to open for a brief
amount of time?
18. Put the following statements in proper order.
______ Membrane is depolarized
______ Potassium gates open
______ Sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential
______ Sodium is inside neuron, potassium is outside
______ Sodium is outside neuron, potassium is inside
______ Sodium gates open
19. Explain what is happening in the following diagrams
Explanation:
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Synaptic Transmission:
20. What is a synapse?
21. Explain the concepts of threshold, ‘all or none’ response, inhibitory and excitatory
neurotransmitters, and summation as they relate to synaptic transmission.
22. Label these major components of a synapse: presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane,
synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicle, axon bulb, neurotransmitter, calcium ions and contractile proteins
23. What is a neurotransmitter?
24. Number the following events for synaptic transmission in the correct order
____ An action potential is stimulated at the postsynaptic membrane and impulse travels down dendrite
____ An enzyme cleaves the neurotransmitter substance and clears out the synaptic cleft
____ Impulse reaches synapse from the axon
____ Impulse stimulates synaptic vesicles to move to presynaptic membrane
____ Neurotransmitter substance diffuses across the cleft
____ Neurotransmitter substance fits into receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
____ Synaptic vesicles dump neurotransmitter substance into synaptic cleft
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25. What is exocytosis? Where does it occur in synaptic transmission?
26. A) Name the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
B) Name the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine/noradrenalin
27. If the neurotransmitter is not broken down by an enzyme, what happens to it?
28. Why is a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft for only a short period of time?
29. Why would the axon bulb have mitochondria?
30. How does the design of a synapse ensure nerve impulses travel in one direction?
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9
C12.
Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the divisions of the nervous system
31. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and describe their function(s)?
32. What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?
33. What is the job of the central nervous system?
34. What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
35. Complete the chart to compare the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
Body Function
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
“fight or flight”
relaxed state
heart rate
breathing rate
pupil size
digestion
neurotransmitter
overall response
36. What is the source gland for adrenalin? Explain its role in the “fight or flight” response.
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The Brain
37. What are ventricles?
38. What is the function of the midbrain?
39. Complete the table and identify the parts on the diagram.
Parts of the Brain
Structure
Function
medulla oblongata
cerebrum
thalamus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
gland
posterior pituitary
gland
corpus callosum
meninges
40. Label:
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41. Explain how the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control
centre.
42. Label the lobes of the cerebral cortex
Urinary System
C13. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the urinary system.
42. Draw lines to identify the following structures on the diagram and complete the table.
Urinary System
Structure
Function
Kidney
ureter
urethra
urinary bladder
Adrenal Gland
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43. Explain the urinary reflex (urination and the nervous system)
44. Urinary tract infections:
a) Define:
b) Symptoms
c) Where do urinary tract infections occur?
d) Causes of these infections?
e) Treatment?
f) Tips to prevent infection are:
45. Label the structures on the diagram and complete the table.
The Kidney
Structure
Function
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
Renal artery and
Vein
ureter
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46. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the nephron.
The Nephron
Structure
Function
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary network
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
loop of Henle
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
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47. Label the following diagram where indicated. Shade in the nephron & colour the
blood vessels.
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48. List the pathway of a red blood cell from the aorta to the inferior vena cava through the
nephron.
49. Describe how these processes contribute to the formation of urine.
a) pressure filtration
b) selective reabsorption
c) tubular excretion
d) Describe the reabsorption of water in the nephron.
50. Describe the components of urine.
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51. In each box, names the process that occurs to produce urine and label all the indicated
structures
52. Describe how the kidneys maintain blood pH.
53. Compare urea and glucose content of blood in the renal artery with that of the renal vein and
explain the differences.
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54. Identify the source gland(s) for antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
55. Describe how the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, ADH, and the nephron
achieve homeostasis of water levels in the blood.
Male Reproductive System:
C14. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the male
reproductive system.
56. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the male reproductive system.
The Male Reproductive System
Structure
Function
testes
seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells
scrotum
epididymis
Vas deferens
prostate gland
Cowper’s glands
seminal vesicles
penis
urethra
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57. Label the structures in the diagram.
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58. Label the parts of the testis.
59. Where do sperm mature and get the ability to swim?
_____________________________________
60. Where does spermatogenesis occur?
________________________________________________
61. Describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral
opening.
62. List the components of seminal fluid and describe the functions of each component.
63. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of a sperm cell.
A Sperm Cell
Structure
Function
flagellum
midpiece
head
acrosome
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64. Complete the following table in reference to the MALE reproductive system.
LH
FSH
Testosterone
Where is the
hormone produced?
What is the function
of the hormone?
How is the hormone
controlled?
65. Describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the hypothalamus, anterior
pituitary gland, and testes.
Female Reproductive System
C15. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the female reproductive
system.
66. Label.
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67. Complete the table.
The Female Reproductive System
Structure
Function
ovaries
oviducts
uterus
endometrium
cervix
vagina
follicles
corpus luteum
68. Describe the functions of estrogen.
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69. What is ovulation?
70. Where are cilia found in the female reproductive system and what is their function?
71. Complete the following diagram:
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Use the following diagram to assist you in answering the next 3 questions.
72. Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference to the follicular phase (days 113), ovulation (day 14), and the luteal phase (days 15-28) including the hormones involved.
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73. Describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to menstruation (days 15), the proliferative phase (days 6-13), and the secretory phase (days 15-28) including the
hormones involved.
74. Describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.
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75. Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including production of
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the corpus luteum increased production of
progesterone by the corpus luteum.
76. Describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin.
77. Label the following:
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78. Label:
79. What do birth control pills do?
80. What is menopause?
END
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