SERVING MAINE`S ENGLISH LEARNERS Teaching Resources

SERVING MAINE’S ENGLISH LEARNERS
Teaching Resources
School Year 2016-2017
Maine DOE English Learners site.
Premises
Websites
Online trainings
Lesson Plans
Curriculum
Publications
Webinars
Teacher suggested materials
Articles and Videos
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2 premises to remember
Resources one click away . . .
Professional Development without traveling
Learn from others
Build on extensive offering from Massachusetts
Teachers around Maine share their favorites
Premises
• Language and literacy instruction for students should be tied to science, social studies and other
content areas, so that students can develop disciplinary understandings and language and literacy skills
simultaneously.
• Educators should take into account the diverse academic skills and educational histories of English
learners when they are choosing curricula and instruction for these students, rather than relying on their
English learner classification alone.
Websites
The National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition (NCELA) Subscribe to NCELA Nexus, visit
http://www.ncela.ed.gov/nexus
www.ncela.ed.gov
Bridging Refugee Youth & Children's Services (BRYCS) Web site at www.brycs.org to sign up for the
BRYCS Bulletin online.
Colorin Colorado a bilingual site for educators and families of English language learners
http://www.colorincolorado.org/
Dave’s ESL Café The Internet’s Meeting place for ESL + EFL teachers + students from around the World!
http://www.eslcafe.com/
Lesson-sharing site for English-language-learner teachers on the horizon. This post highlights a new
website which will serve as a resource bank for ideas for educating ELs and students with limited or
interrupted formal education (SLIFE).
http://www.supportrealteachers.org/strategies-for-english-language-learners.html
Here is a link to a site that is offering free tech related training sessions for educators.
https://sites.google.com/site/correctmenow/hanging-with-ed-ucation
A short primer on comprehensible input at http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/sum.htm
Educator Effectiveness Webinar series https://www.relmidatlantic.org/public-events
U.S. Department of Education Webinar and event archives. The Research Education Laboratory (REL)
Northeast and Islands has created this archives of past event videos and webinars.
Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Online trainings
Educator Effectiveness Webinar series https://www.relmidatlantic.org/public-events
Teaching Channel videos of teachers trying and providing lessons and activities to students
https://www.teachingchannel.org
Link to a site that is offering free tech related training sessions for educators.
https://sites.google.com/site/correctmenow/hanging-with-ed-ucation
"Newcomer 101" class at Tulsa Public Schools' English Language Development Summer Summit. READ
MORE
Engaging ELLs: Teaching to Student Strengths Online Module
This new module is designed for K-12 content educators who would like to gain knowledge to help them
work with English language learner students in their classroom. The online training is also a way for
ESL/ESOL teachers to deepen their familiarity with the WIDA framework and discover new tools. Follow
the link below (login required) to access the new online professional learning module.
Learning Module: Teaching to Student Strengths
This module was developed to (1) provide hands-on, innovative WIDA Professional Development 365
days a year/24 hours a day, (2) leverage students’ interests, strengths, and cultural and linguistic
backgrounds, and (3) support language development and academic success with English Language
Learners. Audiences that would benefit from the content of this module includes individual K-12 content
educators who wish to gain knowledge for working with ELLs in their classroom, ESL teachers, coaches
or district professional development facilitators, and administrators. The module focuses on the five
topics listed below.
Topic 1: Can Do Philosophy
Topic 2: Sociocultural context for Language Use
Topic 3: Language Expectations
Topic 4: Features of Academic Language
Topic 5: The Student Portrait
To view the module go to https://www.wida.us/client/profLearning/
Free tech training sessions https://sites.google.com/site/correctmenow/hanging-with-ed-ucation
Online Professional Learning
WIDA online professional learning is free to its consortium member educators. WIDA’s Online
Professional Learning is designed to provide these engaging learning opportunities anytime, anywhere!
Educators will have opportunities to interact with content and apply to their practice.
Modules:
Taking Action for ELLs: Foundational Concepts - beginning level of awareness of WIDA and/or English
language development
Engaging ELLs: Teaching to Student Strengths - intermediate level of awareness of WIDA and/or English
language development
Please visit the Online Professional Learning website to learn more.
WIDA Educator Resources team develops a variety of resources to support educators who serve
language learners in PreKindergarten through 12th grade accessible at any-time at
https://www.wida.us/professionaldev/educatorresources/
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Lesson plans
Lesson Plans and Activities
Students from non-English speaking backgrounds are the fastest-growing segment of the K-12 student
population in the U.S. There is overwhelming evidence that English learners benefit greatly from
instructional activities that incorporate interaction and cooperative learning. This allows English learners
to develop their language proficiency and apply their academic language knowledge in a meaningful and
practical manner.
CAL continues to expand its online library of free lesson plans and activities with our newest resources
focused on cooperative learning in the PreK-12 classroom.
 Activity: Opinion Continuum and Jigsaw Reading
 Lesson Plan: 9-12 ESL/ELA
 Lesson Plan: Kindergarten Basic Things
Visit our lesson plans and activities section to view or download.
Lesson-sharing site for English-language-learner teachers on the horizon. This post highlights a new
website which will serve as a resource bank for ideas for educating ELs and students with limited or
interrupted formal education (SLIFE).
The idioms in this collection are arranged in two ways. Select the arrangement that will help you most:
a complete list of all idioms currently in the collection; alphabetical lists of meanings and examples;
GRAMMAR LESSONS
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar.html
Find more lessons at: http://www.eslcafe.com/students/
Teaching Channel videos of teachers trying and providing lessons and activities to students
https://www.teachingchannel.org
Recording for the webinar on Lesson Development for English Learners in Content Area Settings: Key
Considerations
In this webinar, Dr. Sarah Catherine K. Moore, Program Director at the Center for Applied Linguistics,
outlines factors for content area teachers to consider as they design and deliver lessons for mainstream
classrooms that include English Learner (EL) students.
 Explore what the research says about meeting the language and content learning needs of EL
students
 Learn what content area teachers should consider as they adapt lessons for EL students
 Find out what district leaders, principals, instructional coaches, and professional development
providers need to know to best support teachers in meeting the needs of EL students
https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLVHqsnePfULp0c78CNETg532CSUELJV_2&v=qwR5Rd0ZD-4
Improve your English by using movements Voice of America
If you are like most students, you probably sit still while learning a new language. However, sitting still
may not always be the best way to learn. English learners can improve their language skills through
movement, says Tamara Jones. She works at the English Language Center at Howard Community College
in Maryland. Jones notes that English learners can improve their pronunciation by studying with
something really simple: a rubber band. READ MORE
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Curriculum
Massachusetts has released a new comprehensive ESL curriculum resource.
For the past year, a statewide Planning Committee representing 70% of ELs in the state has been
meeting to develop ESL Model Curriculum Units (MCUs).
The ESL MCUs are organized around WIDA’s Key Uses of Academic Language and the Massachusetts
Curriculum Frameworks (Common Core with a MA touch).
The ESL MCUs are focused on systematic, explicit, and sustained language development within the
context of key academic practices and standards.
The curriculum design framework offers prioritization strategies and a Collaboration Tool that supports
teachers in operationalizing WIDA standards in their particular contexts.
Each ESL MCU connects to key linguistic demands from an existing content area MCU (ELA, Math, Social
Studies, Science), but the primary purpose of these ESL units is that of focused and dedicated language
study.
They encourage a contingent pedagogy, and the simultaneous development of language, analytical
practices, and concepts embedded in academic standards
The Next Generation ESL Curriculum Resource Guide has been uploaded to the OELAAA Curriculum &
Instruction page. It contains information about the development and use of the units, including tools,
processes, templates, protocols, and “focus topics” in EL education.
Twelve ESL Model Curriculum Units (MCUs) will be uploaded to the Model Curriculum webpage. (You
need to register, but you are granted free access right away.)
The first ESL unit to be released to the public is "Access to Clean Water" (Grade-band 6-8, Language of
Social Studies & Social and Instructional Language, English language proficiency levels 1-2. The unit can
be adapted to other proficiency levels.)
Subsequent ESL units will be released.
A facebook group: "Curriculum & Multilingual Learners."
From: Kray, Fernanda (ESE) [mailto:[email protected]]
As the EL PD & Curriculum Coordinator, I often get requests for a central place where educators can
exchange files and ideas around curriculum for multilingual learners.
I am experimenting with ways to extend PD conversations, and I'm interested in informal, professional
learning communities that have the potential to be self-sustaining and engaging.
Unfortunately, we do not have the bandwidth to create a fully structured and moderated website just
for this purpose, so I have been considering alternatives. As I don't have a ton of time and needed to
come up with something quick for a particular group, I started a facebook group: "Curriculum &
Multilingual Learners."
The platform is already accessible and familiar, so there should not be a learning curve or additional log
ins for most people.
Here’s the group’s description:
This group was formed as a place to exchange ideas in design and delivery of curriculum for multilingual
learners (ESL, ELD, EAL, etc.). It is open to any educator interested in this topic.
The goal is to have an easily accessible, common, and open space for educators to:
• Share ideas around curriculum for multilingual learners (ESL, ELD, EAL, etc.)
• Pose problems of practice as well as possible solutions
• Teams can share units and PD plans they are creating through the ESL MCU FacT trainings or other PD
opportunities
• Share important readings
• Documents can be uploaded to the group
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
I started this group 9/29 and in one day it had 73 members. If you are interested, I invite you to join the
conversation or lurk in the shadows, as it pleases you. This was just posted a little while ago by the
director MATSOL (the MA TESOL subsection), so I thought of inviting you:
“Here's what I am wondering, seeing some cross-state participation: what does ESL look like in your
state? What about ESL curriculum within a standards-based landscape? It would be interesting to hear
given the Next Generation ESL Project initiative in MA to clarify the definition of the focus of ESL
instruction. Also interesting to be linked to any existing models!”
Please feel free to pass this on or invite anyone else who may be interested in curriculum for
multilingual learners.
Fernanda Kray
EL Professional Development & Curriculum Coordinator
Center for Instructional Support
Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education/OELAAA
75 Pleasant St. Malden, MA 02148
Phone: (781) 338-3546 / Fax: (781) 383-3393
Email: [email protected]
Follow ESE on Twitter @MASchoolsK12
If you would like to be added to my communications list, please send an email to [email protected]
with the subject line “subscribe.”
Publications
Two publications recently released by CCSSO that are related to services for English learners. One of
them is CCSSO Accessibility Manual: How to Select, Administer, and Evaluate Use of Accessibility
Supports for Instruction and Assessment of All Students. This manual presents accessibility
considerations for teams working with students with disabilities, English learners, and English learners
with disabilities.
The other document is English Language Learners with Disabilities: A Call for Additional Research and
Policy Guidelines. This paper provides a brief review of relevant research related to ELLs with disabilities
and recommendations for additional policy and/or research.
Special Report: Teaching America's English-Language Learners
Teaching English-Language Learners: What Does the Research Tell Us?
English-Language-Learner Statistics
Building ELLs' Literacy Early Is Crucial
Home-School Connections Help ELLs and Their Parents
Webinars
The WIDA Academic Language of Content Area Webinar Series is available to view in the WIDA
Download Library under State/District Webinars > Maine Webinars. They are broken up by content area.
https://www.wida.us/downloadLibrary.aspx
Bridging Refugee Youth and Children's Services (BRYCS) Webinars [email protected]
If you missed any of BRYCS webinars, go to webinar archive page! Education, child welfare, family
strengthening, youth development, health and mental health topics are available!
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Muslim Refugee Youth: Stories & Strategies Addressing Discrimination & Bullying
Webinar Recording & Slides
Click here to access a recording of the webinar and here for 1 pager on the results of ICC's Survey of the
Impact of Bullying on Muslim Students.
RtI² for ELLs Webinar
This interactive webinar presentation addresses considerations for the solution-seeking process to
better understand ELLs' academic language development, as this will serve as a context for collecting
and interpreting the data they use to make instructional and programmatic decisions within an RtI²
process. Viewers will learn how WIDA tools and resources can be used within an RtI² framework through
viewing real examples from school districts across the consortium.
https://www.wida.us/professionalDev/educatorResources/rti2.aspx
Teacher suggested materials
Teaching Resources suggested by 2016 Maine teachers:
Please note that the following submissions are as received. Not every submission provided appropriate
ACCESS levels, grades or ISBN #s.
No Grade levels provided for The Longman dictionaries - which describe the 'meanings' not just the
definitions.
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/pdfs/ELT-Dictionaries.pdf
Learning A-Z series materials - online subscription. https://www.learninga-z.com/
Flowcabulary, online subscription https://www.flocabulary.com/
Ready to Write series by Karen Blanchard and Christine Root (ISBN-10: 0131363344)
Series for varying or all grades or levels Debbie Short (et al)'s materials (National Geographic)
Reach for grades k-5, especially the newcomer resources for grades 3-5
Edge for grades 9-12 - many levels of each of these are available
Inside series is the middle levels
ACCESS levels 3-5, Grades 7-12, Grammar Practice Worksheets available in PDF form online, Free
http://farmacia.unich.it/farmacologia/didattica/inglese/worksheets.pdf
Language series Remedia Publications - all levels (even high school) http://www.rempub.com/
NewsELA is great for current events articles that can be modified to access various Lexile levels, and it
sometimes has Spanish translations.
ReadWorks has a variety of articles at different reading levels as well.
Scholastic Scope has high interest articles and fiction stories as well as accompanying videos and
worksheets on their website.
These are all tied into the mainstream curricula so are excellent for supporting students with what they
are learning in middle school.
preK – elementary
Kate Kinsella publications for focused, targeted instruction with levels 3-5: 3D (Houghton Mifflin)
http://drkatekinsella.com/publications/
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
middle, junior and high school
BrainPop and BrainPop Espagnol for middle and high school students. It is great for accessing content
and language and it includes some helpful supplemental worksheets, articles, and quizzes.
Practice Makes Perfect: Basic English McGraw Hill - junior high, high school
ISBN-13: 978-0071807371 / ISBN-10: 0071807373
101 Clear Grammar Tests Michigan Press - junior high, high school
http://www.press.umich.edu/91591/101_clear_grammar_tests
Practice makes Perfect: Idiomatic English McGraw Hill- high school
ISBN-13: 978-0071807357 or ISBN-10: 0071807357
Language Skill Book Steck- Vaughn - junior high, high school
(may no longer be published) ISBN-13: 978-0739856680 / ISBN-10: 0739856685
English Grammar Drills McGraw Hill
ISBN-10: 0071598111
- high school
ISBN-13: 978-0071598118
Starfall (Elementary) http://www.starfall.com/
Unite for Literacy (preschool, elementary) http://www.uniteforliteracy.com/
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/ for 3-6 kids. The photos can't be beat. Been using it for Grade 3
Habitats of the World. You can set up a free account.
Pearson Longman Skill Sharpener series.ISBN-13: 978-0131929920 or ISBN-10: 0131929925
Academic Language Functions toolkit download at:
https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com/courses/1080113/files/31344925
Shared with all teachers across the grade levels, K-12. It is well received.
ACCESS Levels 1-2, High School Level Newcomer ESL Students, Conversational English and the
foundations of grammar:
American Headway, Starter and Level 1, Oxford University Press
Textbook and Student Practice Book
ACCESS Levels 1-2, Elementary Grades, Newcomer ESL Students, Vocabulary Development, Bilingual
Support. Reading A-Z, Concept Books in English, Spanish, French - Leveled Library
ACCESS levels 3-4, Grades 2-5, Skills Support for students who struggle with grammar
Grammar Practice Book, Florida Treasures, Macmillan/McGraw Hill
Textbook available in PDF form online, Free
https://www.mhschool.com/reading/treasure_workbooks/national/g3/grammar_pb.pdf
ACCESS levels 3-5, Upper Middle School - High School, Social Studies and US History
About the USA, Elaine Kirn - Textbook available in PDF form online, Free
https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/about_the_usa.pdf
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Articles and Video
Ensuring high quality education for English learners This video shows a panel discussion on providing ELs
with quality instruction in the context of Every Student Succeeds Act.
The English Learner Tool Kit has 10 chapters and contains an overview, sample tools, and resources.
Download the entire English Learner Tool Kit (PDF, 8MB)
Teaching English language learners: What does the research tell us? This article provides information on
what current research shows concerning the education of ELs. The authors cover both legal
requirements and practice.
Home-school connections help ELLs and their parents. This report highlights how some schools are
creating welcoming environments for ELs and their families and the benefits of those connections.
Duke University program targets English language learners
Language Magazine
A new program titled Developing Consultation and Collaboration Skills aims to improve how English
language learners are taught in the classroom. DCCS acknowledges that the model for ELL's as of late
has been to pull children out of their classrooms for additional English language instruction. The flaw of
this model, however, is that these children miss out on the class that they are pulled out of and would
otherwise be in. READ MORE
New teaching strategies are designed to help English learners succeed
EdSource
"Turn and talk to your partner," Judith Franco told her 4th grade students, after prompting them to
think of specific plants and animals that help each other survive. This is not an ordinary 4th grade
science lesson. Franco's classroom is a key part of a push in two California districts to use new
instructional strategies to promote greater academic success among students not yet proficient in
English. In Franco's class at Rowell Elementary in Fresno, Vanessa Arenas and Daniel Delgado, both 10,
then turned to each other and talked about how fruit bats help plants to reproduce through pollination.
Their classmates joined in with their own examples while Franco wrote them down on a whiteboard in
front of the class. READ MORE
The White House announced “Bright Spots” for welcoming and expanding opportunities for linguistic
integration and education at end of June. The announcement identified a list of resources including the
introduction of the U.S. Department of Education’s Newcomer Toolkit designed to help schools support
immigrants, refugees, and their families with a successful integration process. This toolkit provides
information, resources and examples of effective practices that educators can use to support
newcomers in our schools and communities. We are pleased to share this tool with you. You can access
the full document here: www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oela/new-comer-toolkit/ncomertoolkit.pdf
Former English learner spearheads new system for tracking students EdSource
When Pedro Martinez arrived at La Joya Middle School in Visalia, Liz Serrato knew she had to reach him.
"I want to challenge you," she told him when he said he preferred learning with other Spanish-speaking
students. She urged him to take up the trumpet, which helped him meet new classmates. Martinez
came from Michoacán, Mexico — the same part of Mexico where Serrato spent her childhood. Feeling a
connection to him because of their shared Mexican heritage, Serrato knew all too well what he and
other English learners face. She was 15 when she came to the United States. Now she’s on a mission to
help spread her methods for teaching English learners and closely monitoring their progress throughout
the Visalia Unified School District. READ MORE
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Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Tools for school
Language Magazine
A bumper crop of resources to help make the new academic year a success. Amazon Inspire is a free
service for searching for, discovering and distributing digital educational resources which aims to
provide educators — regardless of funding or location — a platform to upload and share free digital
teaching resources. The company is inviting educators to shape the evolution of this innovative service
to best serve teachers as part of Amazon's support of the U.S. Department of Education's #GoOpen
initiative. "To truly transform learning in our schools and ensure educational equity for all students —
regardless of grade level or zip code — it is crucial that we put high-quality, open educational resources
at teachers’ fingertips," said Joseph South, director of the Office of Technology at the U.S. Department
of Education. READ MORE
Teachers learn strategies to help English learners, as 80 languages span TPS student population
Tulsa World
A pair of educators gave their pupils a taste of their own medicine. Tetyana Roger and Lauren McMahon
made introductions and gave class directions in only Russian and Mandarin, respectively. Their pupils
happened to be school teachers, and it was a mere 15 minutes before someone broke down. "One
teacher said, 'I'm exhausted!'" said Shelbie Ray, one of the teachers in Roger and McMahon's
"Newcomer 101" class at Tulsa Public Schools' English Language Development Summer Summit. READ
MORE
Navigating a sea of words: An assessment of academic conversation By: David Irwin
The use of structured academic conversation in the classroom is becoming more sophisticated.
However, many teachers are either still unsure about how to assess the quality of the conversations.
How do we know the students are talking about germane content, addressing the questions presented,
and using the academic language skills targeted for that lesson? As with any lesson, we need assessment
to know whether re-teaching is required, or if we can move on to new skills and content. READ MORE
Duke University program targets English language learners
Language Magazine
A new program titled Developing Consultation and Collaboration Skills aims to improve how English
language learners are taught in the classroom. DCCS acknowledges that the model for ELL's as of late
has been to pull children out of their classrooms for additional English language instruction. The flaw of
this model, however, is that these children miss out on the class that they are pulled out of and would
otherwise be in. READ MORE
New teaching strategies are designed to help English learners succeed EdSource
"Turn and talk to your partner," Judith Franco told her 4th grade students, after prompting them to
think of specific plants and animals that help each other survive. This is not an ordinary 4th grade
science lesson. Franco's classroom is a key part of a push in two California districts to use new
instructional strategies to promote greater academic success among students not yet proficient in
English. In Franco's class at Rowell Elementary in Fresno, Vanessa Arenas and Daniel Delgado, both 10,
then turned to each other and talked about how fruit bats help plants to reproduce through pollination.
Their classmates joined in with their own examples while Franco wrote them down on a whiteboard in
front of the class. READ MORE
Teachers learn strategies to help English learners, as 80 languages span TPS student population Tulsa World
A pair of educators gave their pupils a taste of their own medicine. Tetyana Roger and Lauren McMahon
made introductions and gave class directions in only Russian and Mandarin, respectively. Their pupils
happened to be school teachers, and it was a mere 15 minutes before someone broke down. "One
teacher said, 'I'm exhausted!'" said Shelbie Ray, one of the teachers in Roger and McMahon's
9
Serving Maine’s English Learners
Teaching Resources School Year 2016-2017
Using teacher inquiry to support English language learners Education Week
Jade Talbot, a high school teacher at Castlemont High School in Oakland, Calif., engages in collaborative
inquiry with her colleagues to receive feedback on creating an effective warm-up routine for her English
language learners. READ MORE
Creativity key to closing gap for English language learners The Columbus Telegram
Imagine walking into a classroom and not understanding a word anyone is saying. For the children of
immigrants, it's a common experience. But for English language learners who enter that classroom in
kindergarten or first grade, English is fairly easy to pick up. "The curriculum is a close match to what an
ELL student has to learn," said Terri Schuster, ELL program coordinator with the Nebraska Department of
Education. "The academic curriculum is the same — learning numbers, how to read, their letters. ... It's
not a huge task to have ELLs in kindergarten." The challenge is when an ELL student enters a district in
middle or high school. READ MORE
What's the best way to master English?
Philadelphia Public School Notebook
School districts around the country use many different methods and models for helping English learners
master the language. Students are pulled out of classrooms where children whose first language is
English also learn, and teachers are pushed into these classrooms. Early-exit programs transition English
learners quickly to English-only instruction. Late-exit programs teach in a student's home language for a
longer period. In dual-language programs, students learn in two languages at once, and some programs
are English-only. READ MORE
Math is about numbers, so it's easier for English learners, right?
By: Erick Herrmann
Mathematics is regarded as one of the core content areas that all students are expected to master as
they progress through school. Mathematics instruction, however, has changed in the past several years.
Some might mistakenly think math is easier than other subject areas for English learners as it is about
numbers and computation. However, math is a language-rich, complex subject area that necessitates
language analysis skills in addition to computational skills. READ MORE
Focus on the 4 basic language skills: Receptive
By: Sheilamary Koch
Why do some English learners struggle with reading and listening? How can we support them in
navigating these receptive language skills? Let's take a closer look at these two basic language skills.
Having strong receptive skills provides a solid base for achieving success in the productive skills. Verbal
fluency and writing ability are more tangible for learners and teachers alike. On the other hand, reading
and listening involve a great deal of internal mental processing by the student. READ MORE
Helping English learners improve reading comprehension using Google circles KQED
English language learners need more than just conversation and writing skills to be successful. American
English, like any dialect, contains many nuances, idioms and humor that are confusing to students who
are taking courses in their second language. Many of my ELL students are either taking English courses
while living abroad or are preparing for entrance exams so they can attend school in the U.S. Their
various exams and assignments require them to know American English from the inside out. READ
MORE
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