THE FEASIBILITY AND BENEFITS OF RECLAIMING
A MAN-MADE LAKE:
A CASE STIJUY
OF LAKE PARADISE, MATTOON, ILLINOIS
Glenn E. S t o u t
Richard Buhr
Susan R. Deo
Water Resources Center
U n i v e r s i t y o f I 1 1in o i s a t Urbana-Champai gn
Michael 3. Barcel ona
S t a t e Water Survey D i v i s i o n o f t h e
I 1 lin o i s Department o f Energy and Natural Resources
James Absher
Douglas Musser
I n s t i t u t e f o r Envi ronrr~ental Studies
and Department o f L e i s u r e Studies
U n i v e r s i t y o f I 1 1in o i s a t Urbana-Champai gn
Water Resources Center
U n i v e r s i t y o f I 1 1in o i s a t Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, I L 61801
J u l y 1982
These s t u d i e s were p a r t i a l l y funded by t h e
I l l i n o i s Department o f Energy and N a t u r a l Resources
under I N R 20.145.
Research Report 170
ABSTRACT
Man-made l a k e s i n I l l i n o i s and o t h e r s t a t e s a r e e x p e r i e n c i n g severe
sedimentation problems, which reduce water-storage c a p a c i t i e s and degrade water
qual ity, as we1 1 as 1 i m i t r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s .
I n a p i l o t p r o j e c t a t Lake Paradise, Mattoon, I l l i n o i s , a number o f s t u d i e s
have been conducted on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y and b e n e f i t s o f l a k e reclamation.
I n c l u d e d a r e s t u d i e s on t h e f e a s i b i l ity o f dredging Lake Paradise, on t h e
importance o f r e c r e a t i o n p l a n n i n g t o l a k e reclamation, and on t h e economics o f
l a k e reclamation.
The Lake Paradise s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e sediment o f Lake Paradise can
be dredged t o increase storage c a p a c i t y and improve water qual ity and t h a t t h e
sediment can probably be r e s t o r e d as a s o i l amendment t o t h e surrounding
farmland. The s t u d i e s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t r e c r e a t i o n should be an i m p o r t a n t
c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n p l a n n i n g and t h a t l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n may be
c o s t - e f f i c i e n t compared t o o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s such as c o n s t r u c t i n g a d d i t i o n a l
water-supply r e s e r v o i r s .
I t i s recommended t h a t I l l i n o i s communities t h a t a r e e x p e r i e n c i n g problems
w i t h t h e i r l a k e s due t o sediment suspension and accumulation s h o u l d c o n s i d e r
l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n as one p o s s i b l e element o f a water resources management
program. I n e v a l u a t i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l o f l a k e reclamation, communities should
conduct s t u d i e s t o determine t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f dredging and t h e uses o f t h e
dredged sediments, t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f r e c l a m a t i o n as compared t o o t h e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s , and t h e p e r c e p t i o n s t h a t l o c a l r e s i d e n t s have o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f
reclaiming a lake.
I t i s a l s o recommended t h a t f u r t h e r research s t u d i e s o f t h e economics and
techniques o f dredging and sediment d i s p o s a l be conducted.
Water Resources Center. 1982. THE FEASIBILITY AND BENEFITS OF RECLAIMING A
MAN-MADE LAKE: A CASE STUDY OF LAKE PARADISE, MATTOON, ILLINOIS. Research
Report No. 170. U n i v e r s i t y o f I 11 in o i s a t Urbana-Champaign.
KEY WORDS: A r t i f i c i a l lakes, Dredging, Economic e v a l u a t i o n , Lake management,
Lake reclamation, Lake r e s t o r a t i o n , Lake sediments, Outdoor r e c r e a t i o n ,
R e c r e a t i o n planning, Sediments, Water-based r e c r e a t i o n .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
..................................................... 1
I 1 . Lake Paradise Dredging F e a s i b i l i t y Study ......................... 7
II 1 . Reclarr~ationand Recreation: The Residents' Perspective .......... 15
I
.
IV
.
.
V I.
V
Introduction
A Study o f the Economic B e n e f i t s o f Reclaiming Lake Paradise.
Mattoon
..........................................................
26
.......
33
Additional Programs R e s u l t i n g from the Lake ~ a r a dse
i Study
............... .........
V I I . References .......................................................
General Recommendations and Conclusions
L
36
38
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.
Table 2.
D i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a c e metal s and organochlorine
compounds i n Lake Paradise, 1980............
11
Comparison o f Paradise Lake s u r f i c i a1 sediments w i t h
commercial s o i l amendments and an average t e r r e s t r i a l soil...
14
.................
................
Table 3.
A t t i t u d e s toward water q u a n t i t y and qua1 ity..
Table 4.
Knowledge o f Lake Paradise p r o j e c t and perceptions
o f i t s benefits.
Table 5.
A t t i t u d e s toward r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e area
( p e r c e n t i n agreement).
16
.............................................. 17
......................................
18
...
19
.........................................
Table 6.
Where respondents go f o r water-based r e c r e a t i o n ( p e r c e n t ) .
Table 7.
Present r e c r e a t i o n a l use o f Lake Paradise
( p e r c e n t respondi ng)
20
A c t i v i t i e s w e l l s u i t e d t o t h e Lake Paradise area
(percent i n f a v o r ) .
20
Lake Paradise renewal p r o j e c t i n r e l a t i o n t o
environmental education ( p e r c e n t i n agreement).
..............
21
A t t i t u d e s toward f u n d i n g f o r t h e Lake Paradise
renewal p r o j e c t ( p e r c e n t i n agreement).
......................
22
Estimated c o s t s and b e n e f i t s o f r e s t o r i n g Lake Paradise......
32
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
..........................................
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I. INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF THE LAKE PARADISE STUDY
Approximately 30 percent o f I 11in o i s ' s 84 municipal water supply
r e s e r v o i r s a r e experiencing severe sedimentation problems, w i t h c a p a c i t y
1osses o f 1.0 percent o r more each year, according t o t h e I 1 1inoi s
Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency (IEPA) .*
Furthermore, 56 percent a r e
experienci ng moderate t o severe sedimentation problems, w i t h capaci t y 1osses
o f 0.5 percent o r more each year, and a l l I 11i n o i s municipal r e s e r v o i r s are
f a c i n g some c a p a c i t y losses due t o sedimentation t h a t c o u l d cause supply
problems some time i n t h e f u t u r e .
Eventually, these lakes become wetlands,
and new l a k e s have t o be developed.
Moreover, most o f I l l i n o i s ' s o t h e r lakes and r e s e r v o i r s used f o r
recreation, f l o o d c o n t r o l , e l e c t r i c power generation, and so f o r t h a r e
experiencing s i m i l a r problems.
IEPA's 1978 Assessment and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f
I 1 l i n o i s ' Lakes r e p o r t s t h a t o f 353 I 1 lin o i s lakes, 29 percent were i n "poor
condition," and 68 percent e x h i b i t e d a "high problem p o t e n t i a l . "
Nevertheless, t h e demand f o r h i g h qua1 ity I 11inoi s lakes has increased
because o f expandi ng municipal populations, i n d u s t r y , and energy needs, a1ong
w i t h an increased demand f o r 1ocal water r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s , p a r t i a1 l y
t h e r e s u l t o f increased c o s t s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
Because o f these i n c r e a s i n g problems and demands, i t has become e v i d e n t
t h a t t h e problems o f our lakes must be researched and t h a t methodologies f o r
t h e i r r e s t o r a t i o n and management must be developed.
The Lake Paradise
r e s t o r a t i o n p r o j e c t a t Mattoon, I 1 l i n o i s, has become an i m p o r t a n t p i l o t
*Donna Sefton, IEPA, 1981.
Personal Communication.
2
p r o j e c t i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f problems f a c i n g most o f I l l i n o i s ' s lakes and
in the development o f those needed method01o g i es.
The Lake Paradise s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d here i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e sediment o f
Lake Paradise can be dredged t o increase the storage capacity o f t h e l a k e and
t h a t t h e sediments are h i g h i n n u t r i e n t s .
These f i n d i n g s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e sediment can probably be r e s t o r e d t o the surrounding farmland i n a manner
t h a t w i l l increase the p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e s o i l .
Furthermore, t h e s t u d i e s on
t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l and t h e economics o f reclamation i n d i c a t e t h a t
r e c r e a t i o n may be an important b e n e f i t t o l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n and t h a t l a k e
r e s t o r a t i o n may be c o s t e f f i c i e n t compared t o o t h e r a1 t e r n a t i v e s , such as
purchasing more l a n d f o r a d d i t i o n a l water-supply lakes.
BACKGROUND
Lake Paradi se is a small, 176-acre a r t i f i c i a l impoundment approximately
4 1/2 m i l e s southwest o f Mattoon.
I t was o r i g i n a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1907 t o
supply water t o a r a p i d l y expanding r a i l r o a d industry.
Lake Paradise s i t s a t
t h e head o f t h e L i t t l e Wabash R i v e r basin and has a drainage b a s i n o f some
12,000 acres.
Twice p r i o r t o 1944, t h e l a k e was expanded i n size, achieving
peak t o t a l surface area o f 225 acres.
A f t e r World War 11, Mattoon began t o
a t t r a c t industry, and i t s p o p u l a t i o n grew u n t i l Lake Paradise was unable t o
meet t h e area's water needs, e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g periods o f low r a i n f a l l .
In
1958, Lake Mattoon was constructed 5 m i l e s downstream, w i t h a much g r e a t e r
capacity than Lake Paradise.
I t was f e l t t h a t t h e water supply f o r t h e
Mattoon area was assured u n t i l w e l l i n t o the t w e n t y - f i r s t century.
An estimated 10,000 tons (roughly 5 acre-feet) o f sediment wash i n t o Lake
Paradise each year, which has reduced t h e l a k e ' s surface area by approximately
25 percent and i t s storage c a p a c i t y by approximately 3 1 percent (Bogner 1980).
3
Moreover, suspended sediment necessitates a d d i t i o n a l water treatment t o
s a t i s f y t h e qua1 it y requirements o f t h e c i t y ' s uses.
Furthermore, unabated
r e d u c t i o n o f t h e 1ake' s storage c a p a c i t y through sedimentation c o u l d cause
water shortages f o r Mattoon by the y e a r 2000 (Lake Land College).
HISTORY AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I n 1976 c i t i z e n s organized a group t o promote t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of Lake
Paradise.
I n 1978 they approached t h e Water Resources Center (WRC),
U n i v e r s i t y o f I 1 l i n o i s a t Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), f o r assistance and
guidance on how they m i g h t proceed t o prevent the r a p i d degradation o f
Lake Paradise.
The c e n t e r responded w i t h a r e p o r t on t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n and
r e s t o r a t i o n o f both Lake Paradise and Lake Mattoon s i n c e t h e t o t a l water
resource f o r an area needs t o be assessed r a t h e r than an a r e a ' s i n d i v i d u a l
units.
The c i t i z e n s group became Lake Paradise Regional Renewal, Inc.,
a
n o t - f o r - p r o f it c o r p o r a t i o n .
Over t h e n e x t t h r e e years Lake Paradise Regional Renewal and t h e WRC,
under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f Glenn E. Stout, coordinated several s t u d i e s t o
c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e accumulated sediment and t o eval uate t h e f e a s i b i 1it y o f
dredging Lake Paradise, t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l b e n e f i t s o f 1ake reclamation, and the
economic b e n e f i t s o f reclamation.
Dredging F e a s i b i l i t y Studies
I n 1979 arrangements were made w i t h t h e I l l i n o i s Department o f
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ' s D i v i s i o n o f Water Resources (DWR) t o conduct a s i l t survey o f
Lake Paradise.
Much o f t h e a c t u a l f i e 1 d work was done by t h e I 1 lin o i s S t a t e
Water Survey (ISWS) .*
C r e d i t s a r e due t o Nick Geibel , DWR, and t o Nani Bhowmik
*The I l l i n o i s S t a t e Water Survey, t h e I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, and
t h e I l l i n o i s N a t u r a l H i s t o r y Survey a r e a l l d i v i s i o n s o f t h e I l l i n o i s
Department of Energy and Natural Resources.
4
and W i l l i a m Bogner, ISWS, f o r t h e i r e f f o r t s i n determining t h e l o s s o f storage
capacity and t h e i r a n a l y s i s of t h e sediment p a r t i c l e sizes.
The n u t r i e n t values o f t h e sediments were determined by t h e U I U C
Department o f Agronomy under t h e leadership o f Joe Fehrenbacher.
During t h e
w i n t e r 1979-80 David Gross, I 11in o i s S t a t e Geological Survey ( ISGS) , conducted
a study of d r i l l e d core samples o f sediment t o determine t h e geological h i s t o r y
o f t h e sedimentation and t h e chemistry o f t h e various l e v e l s .
Samples o f these
cores were provided t o t h e I l l i n o i s Natural H i s t o r y Survey and t o Richard
Brugam, Southern I 1 1i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y a t Edwardsvil l e y who, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
determined t h e amounts o f c h l o r i n a t e d organic chemicals and l e a d i n t h e
samples.
I n t h e s p r i n g o f 1980, t h e I l l i n o i s Department o f Energy and Natural
Resources (ENR) granted t h e WRC funds f o r a chemical study o f t h e p o t e n t i a l
impacts o f hydraulic-dredging o f p o r t i o n s o f Lake Paradise, as w e l l as funds
f o r studies on t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l and economic b e n e f i t s o f l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n .
Michael Barcelona, ISWS, coordinated t h e chemical study o f t h e h y d r a u l i c dredging impacts and a l s o wrote a summary r e p o r t on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f dredging
Lake Paradise, which i s included here as Chapter 11.
Recreational B e n e f i t s Study
I n 1979, t h e Water Resources Center and c i t i z e n s i n Mattoon approached
t h e U I U C O f f i c e o f Recreation and Park Resources (ORPR) about a study o f t h e
r e c r e a t i o n a l b e n e f i t s o f l a k e reclamation.
Robert Espeseth o f ORPR assigned
t h e members o f h i s c l a s s on "Recreational Use o f P u b l i c Lands" t o conduct a
study focusing p r i m a r i l y on t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l b e n e f i t s o f l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n i n
t h e Lake Paradi se-Lake Mattoon area, b u t a1 so considering r e c r e a t i o n and
reclamation i n a l a r g e r scope.
The c l a s s ' s r e p o r t "Recreational Study o f t h e
5
Upper L i t t l e Wabash Watershed" was presented t o Lake Paradise Regional
Renewal, Inc.,
and t o t h e c i t i z e n s o f Mattoon.
One o f t h e recommendations o f
t h e r e p o r t was t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y v a l i d a t e d survey o f area r e s i d e n t s should
be conducted t o determine r e c r e a t i o n d e s i r e s and needs.
I n response t o t h i s recommendation and a r e q u e s t by t h e WRC, James Absher
and Douglas Musser, UIUC Department o f L e i s u r e Studies, conducted a survey o f
Mattoon area r e s i d e n t s i n summer 1980 t o determine t h e i r a t t i t u d e s toward t h e
Lake Paradise r e s t o r a t i o n p r o j e c t and i t s r e c r e a t i o n p o t e n t i a l .
funded by ENR and t h e WRC.
The survey was
Absher and Musser concluded from t h e survey t h a t
r e c r e a t i o n i s considered an i m p o r t a n t b e n e f i t o f t h e Lake Paradise p r o j e c t and
t h a t r e c r e a t i o n p l a n n i n g should be an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e e a r l y p l a n n i n g o f a
lake restoration project.
These f i n d i n g s a r e summarized i n Chapter 111.
Economic B e n e f i t s Study
Recognizing t h a t l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n i s an expensive process b u t t h a t t h e r e
a r e many economic b e n e f i t s involved, t h e WRC approached t h e UIUC Department o f
A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics t o conduct a s t u d y o f t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f r e s t o r i n g
Lake Paradise and t o determine t h e common f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d i n l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n
i n general.
Susan Rothrock Deo, a graduate student, conducted t h e study i n
s p r i n g 1980 under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f E a r l Swanson w i t h funds from ENR and WRC.
The f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d i n Chapter I V i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e d economic
b e n e f i t s o f l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n a r e g r e a t and t h a t f u r t h e r research on t h e
economics o f r e s t o r i n g a l a k e should be conducted.
These p r e l i m i nary s t u d i e s suggested t h a t Lake Paradise Regional Renewal
should ask f o r funds from t h e Clean Lakes Program o f t h e U.S.
P r o t e c t i o n Agency f o r a more complete d i a g n o s t i c study.
Enviror~mental
Proposal s were
w r i t t e n b u t they were n o t funded due t o a l a c k o f l o c a l government support,
6
which was needed t o match funds.
These proposals were prepared by Dean Van
Wie o f a l o c a l c o n s u l t i n g f i r m i n Mattoon.
Based upon these f i n d i n g s and t h e e v a l u a t i o n t h a t t h e s i l t i n t h e bottom
o f Lake Paradise was o f a h i g h qua1 it y and contained many n u t r i e n t s , i t was
decided t h a t t h e sediments should be r e s t o r e d t o t h e land.
Lake Paradise
Regional Renewal contacted r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e and t h e
I 11inoi s Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e (IDA) f o r assistance on a demonstration
project.
R a y L e t t , a s s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r , IDA, and J i m Frank, on h i s s t a f f , along
w i t h Senator Max Coffey, were then able t o o b t a i n FY 81 funds i n t h e IDA budget
f o r t h e demonstration p r o j e c t .
Upon r e c e i p t , the funds were t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e
U n i v e r s i t y o f I 11in o i s A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n t o c a r r y o u t t h i s
project.
The f i n a l r e s u l t s o f t h i s phase o f t h e work w i l l be r e p o r t e d
separately since t h e work was done p r i f l i a r i l y by t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment
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a6esn u n u ~ a d ouk sualqodd do3 ~ekauaqody6ky e sacqiyxa pue u o k a ~ p u o 3dood
uk sk 7 k - - s k o u ~111 uk sauawpunoduk ~ e p k j k a d eJO ~ e 3 i d K ask asipeded aye1
8IOAd3S3d 3H1 do
~ A a n l sAII~I~ISWI~
uivnb
d3lvM
3 ~ 1 3 a 3 a a3~1awdwd 3 ~ w i '11
L
9
"out1 i v e " i t s e l f as a r e s e r v o i r ( c a l c u l a t e d t o be Q 2114 A.D.
based on t h e
capacity 1oss r a t e ) , and Lake Mattoon w i 11 1ose capacity more r a p i d l y than
expected.
I n o t h e r words, l o n g before Lake Paradise disappears i n t o wetland-
p r a i r i e , Lake Mattoon w i l l probably e x h i b i t severe sediment-re1 ated problems.
The surface sediment accumulation i s very illu s t r a t i v e o f sediment
t r a n s p o r t dynamics.
F i g u r e 1:
Two trends are o f note.
The f i r s t i s c l e a r l y e v i d e n t from
wetlands are gradually accumulating a t t h e head o f the lake, as
mm), w h i l e t h e
i n d i c a t e d by shaded areas w i t h 70-80 percent s i l t s (0.05-0.002
remainder clays (<0.002 m) are c a r r i e d f a r t h e r i n t o t h e lake, e s p e c i a l l y during
f l o o d o r h i g h f l o w periods (such as t h e years 1953, 1966 and 1979, corresponding t o surveys o f t h e area).
These accumulations i n t h e upper p a r t o f t h e
l a k e are very l i a b l e t o resuspension.
P a r t i c l e s i z e s o r t i n g (gradations o f
p a r t i c l e s i z e w i t h distance downstream) i s n o t expected t o be very w e l l
developed, although t h i s i s shown t o a degree by t h e a v a i l a b l e surface p a r t i c l e
s i z e measurements (Gross and C a h i l l 1980 and Fehrenbacher 1980).
The second t r e n d i s t h e gradual increase i n t o t a l sediment accumulation
from t h e headwaters toward t h e areas o f t h e dam.
These n e t accumulations are
derived from t h e d i f f e r e n c e in the o r i g i n a l bottom topography t o t h a t measured
d u r i n g 1979 (Bogner 1980 and Barcelona 1980).
The average sediment column
h e i g h t s are noted f o r each segment o f t h e l a k e i n F i g u r e 2.
Particle size
d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n downstream surface sediments show a decrease i n t h e s i l t sizes
t o $50 percent, c l a y s again making up t h e remainder (Fehrenbacher 1980).
This
data shows t h e e f f e c t o f s o r t i n g , i n t h a t smaller p a r t i c l e s ( c l a y s ) accumulate
downstream though the process i s n o t as dramatic as might be expected.
This
e f f e c t i s probably a f u n c t i o n o f the shallow nature o f t h e l a k e making i t
e a s i e r f o r resuspension t o take place by wind and boat t r a f f i c .
The
consequence o f smaller p a r t i c l e s i z e s being transported f a r t h e r downstream i s
ft.
3 ft.
R 14
6 ft.
8.5 f t .
9 ft.
12 ft.
PARADISE LAKE
COLES COUNTY,
ILLINOIS
R1
SCALE OF FEET
Figure 2.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
I
I
I-
I
I
Lake Paradise: n e t sediment accumulations i n s p e c i f i c segments
(rnodi f ied from Bogller 1980)
11
t h a t elements t h a t are bound t o p a r t i c l e s by surface e f f e c t s a r e concentrated
due t o t h e f a c t t h a t smaller p a r t i c l e s have l a r g e r surface area t o weight
ratios.
The e f f e c t i s c l e a r l y shown i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t r a c e metals and
organochlorine compounds i n t h e l a k e ' s surface sediments (IEPA 1980, Gross and
C a h i l l 1980, and Barcelona 1980). These data are shown i n Table 1 u s i n g t h e
-
t h r e e d i v i s i o n s o f the l a k e used by t h e IEPA:
reach 3 i n c l u d e s t h e upper arms
(Bogner segments 8-91; 2, t h e middle portion; and 1, t h e deep area between the
o r i g i n a l and 01 d dams.
Table 1.
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t r a c e metals and organochlorine compounds i n
Lake Paradi se, 1980.
Parameter (mg/kg dry weight)
Reach
3
Cu
0.031
0.004
Cd Pb
19 1
20
24
40
40
-- --
Ln
Cr
As
84
93
94
19 4.3
22 4.6
87 8.6
Hg
Reference
0.26
0.17
0.10
(IEPA 1980)
(Gross and C a h i l l
1980)
2
1
0.051
0.032
23
30 110
26 1 40 110
30 1.8 45
27 7.4
28 7.6
0.10
0.14
0.031
0.044
28 1
29
30 8.0
30 8.6
0.08
0.12
Increase downstream?
Yes
40 120
40 120
-- --
Yes
Yes L i k e l y
--
(IEPA 1980)
(Barcel ona 1980)
12
O f t h e t r a c e elements o f i n t e r e s t :
increase downstream.
Cu, Zn, and C r show a tendency t o
These r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e upper reach o f t h e l a k e
c o n t a i n s r a t h e r unpol l u t e d s u r f i c i a l sediment.
Gross and C a h i l l (1980) p o i n t e d
t h i s o u t i n comparing t h e i r r e s u l t s t o those from o t h e r l a k e s i n t h e Midwest.
The preceding r e s u l t s have shown t h a t t h e l a k e i s l o s i n g i t s sediment t r a p
e f f i c i e n c y and w i l l probably n o t p r o t e c t Lake Mattoon very f a r i n t o t h e f u t u r e .
The sediments i n t h e upper reach a r e among t h e l e a s t " p o l l u t e d " i n t h e l a k e and
dredging w i l l probably be most e f f e c t i v e and environmentally sound i n t h i s area.
The data on sediment accumulation r a t e s i n t h i s area come from v a r i o u s sources
(Bogner 1980, Gross and C a h i l l 1980, and Brugam 1980).
value must be made c a r e f u l l y .
The choice o f t h e "best"
The head waters o f a l a k e vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n
v e l o c i t y and sediment l o a d w i t h time, y e t any n e t sedimentation r a t e must be
a r r i v e d a t by assuming a uniform r a t e .
w i t h Lake Paradise.
A u n i f o r m r a t e i s c e r t a i n l y n o t t h e case
From topographic (Bogner 1980) and p a r t i c l e s i z e (Gross and
Cahil 1 1980, and Fehrenbacher 1980) considerations, t h e n e t sedimentation r a t e
i s about 1.9-2.5
~ m - ~ r - ( l ~ i1n ~ h - ~ r - l ) . Due t o t h e v a r i a t i o n i n f l o w and
d e p o s i t i o n dynamics, t h e d a t i n g method (Brugam 1980), w i t h i t s 1 i m i t i n g
assumptions, i s probably n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o a core i n t h e upper reaches o f t h e
lake.
Dredging by h y d r a u l i c means would thus remove approxiniately 50 cm o f t h e
sediment, o r t h a t which has accumulated i n t h e l a s t 20-40 years.
SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY:
SUITABILITY AS A SOIL AMENDMENT
The sediment i n t h e upper reaches i s p h y s i c a l l y t h e b e s t t o remove.
It i s
low i n c l a y c o n t e n t ( f o r e f f i c i e n t dewatering), i s g e n e r a l l y nonpoll uted, i s
1ocated i n shallow water, and i t s removal would most l i k e l y p r o l o n g t h e
c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e l a k e t o p r o t e c t Lake Mattoon.
Chemical c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e
sediment composition w i l l l a r g e l y d i c t a t e t h e u l t i m a t e d i s p o s i t i o n o f t h e
13
sediment, i.e. disposal o r use as a s o i l arnemdn~ent. From t h e p o i n t o f view of
t r a c e m e t a l l i c elements and organochl o r i n e compounds, t h e sediment i s most
s i m i l a r t o a s o i l w i t h a good balance o f t r a c e n u t r i e n t elements, as w e l l as
n i t r o g e n and phosphorous.
The f a t e and m o b i l i t y o f t h e r r ~ e t a l l i celements o r
p e s t i c i d e residues i s dependent on marly f a c t o r s :
chemical species present.
pH, o x i d a t i o n s t a t e , and the
These questions can only be answered a f t e r a c a r e f u l
s i telsedimerlt i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
However, a cornpari son o f t h e Lake Paradise
sediment from t h e upper reaches w i t h commerci a1 s o i 1 amendments (dehydrated
sewage sludge and cow manure), as we1 1 as an average s o i l , c o n f i r m t h e
s u i t a b i l i t y o f l a n d a p p l i c a t i o r l as a disposal p r a c t i c e .
Table 2 l i s t s t h e
chemical corrlposi t i o n o f t h e above s o l ids.
CONCLUSIONS
Careful i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e data i n the t a b l e shows t h a t t h e Lake Paradise
sediment compares most favorably w i t h a t e r r e s t i a l average s o i l and cow manure
(a1though more area s p e c i f i c data may be a v a i l a b l e ) .
It i s c l e a r t h a t the
sediment i s much cleaner than t h e commercial s o i l amendments.
The g r e a t e s t
concern i n the use o f sewage sludge as a s o i l amendment i s t h e absorption o f Cd
and Zn by the c u l t i v a r (CAST 1980).
The most comprehensive study t o date on
t h i s s u b j e c t notes t h a t absorption i s a f u n c t i o n o f s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and t h a t
i n d i v i d u a l c u l t i v a r s show wide v a r i a t i o n i n r e s u l t s (CAST 1980).
S o i l pH has
been i d e n t i f i e d as the most c r i t i c a l f a c t o r i n p l a n t absorption o f these
metals.
(Refer t o T.D.
Hinesly, U I U C Agronomy Department, a member o f the CAST
task group, f o r f u r t h e r comment.)
Barcelona believes t h a t i f t h e sediment i s
w e l l warked i n t o the s o i l as Fehrenbacher suggests, t h e s o i l pi4 can be k e p t
above 6.
(Gross & C a h i l l
1980 1
n s v a i l able
2,250.00
*
**
a s Arochlor 1242
a s Arochlor 1254
t P e s t i c i d e Laboratory, I1 l i n o i s Natural History Survey.
t t Agway, Inc. ( F u r r 1976)
Pb
Mn
H9
Fe
Cr
Cu
Cd
As
Phosphorous
Nitrogen
PCB (Polychlorinated
Biphenyls)
Dieldrin
Lake Paradi se
Sediment
(Hite 1980)
1980.
Average
Soi 1
(Lantzy 19/91
Commerci a1 Soi 1
Amendments ( F u r r 1976)
Cow Manurett
Vertigreen
Mil organi t e
(Agway, Inc.)
(Chicago, IL
(Milwaukee, WI
sludge)
sludge)
Compari son of Paradi se Lake s u r f i c i a1 sediments w i t h commerci a1 soi 1 amendments and an average t e r r e s t r i a l soi 1
Chemical Parameter
(mg/kg dry weight)
Table 2.
BACKGROUND
I n t h e f a l l o f 1979, Lake Paradise Regional Renewal, Inc.,
commissioned
t h e O f f i c e o f Recreation and Park Resources a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i r l o i s t o
conduct a r e c r e a t i o n p o t e n t i a l study o f t h e Lake Paradise area.
One o f t h e
f i n d i n g s o f the study was t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y v a l i d a t e d survey o f area
r e s i d e n t s should be conducted t o determine r e c r e a t i o n wants and needs.
As p a r t
o f an o v e r a l l i n v e s t i g a t i o n by t h e WRC, t h e U I U C Departrrlent o f L e i s u r e Studies
i n t h e summer o f 1980 conducted a survey o f area r e s i d e n t s t o determine t h e i r
a t t i t u d e s toward t h e Lake Paradise p r o j e c t .
A surnmary of t h a t survey follows,
focusing p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e r o l e s r e c r e a t i o n and r e c r e a t i o n p l a n n i n g p l a y i n
reclamation p r o j e c t b e n e f i t analysis.
METHODOLOGY
A m a i l a t t i t u d e q u e s t i o n n a i r e was sent t o household u n i t s i n t h e general
v i c i n i t y o f Lake Paradi se.
The p o p u l a t i o n o f Coles County i s approximately
42,000 (1970 r e v i s e d census) w i t h 21,000 l i v i n g i n Mattoon.
was 600, and was s t r a t i f i e d i n t o t h r e e s t r a t a .
The sample s i z e
S t r a t a 1 represents urban
dwel l e r s o f Mattoon i t s e l f ; S t r a t a 2 represents s t r i c t l y r u r a l dwel l e r s near
Lake Paradise; and S t r a t a 3 c o n s i s t s o f those r e s i d e n t s who l i v e immediately
w i t h i n t h e l a k e area.
O v e r a l l response r a t e was 54 percent.
RESULTS
Tab1e 3 i11u s t r a t e s general a t t i t u d e s i n t h e community concerning water
q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y .
The p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e importance o f water i s n e a r l y
*This s e c t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l l y a r e p r i n t of a paper "Reclamation and Recreation:
The Resident's Perspective" by James Absher and Douglas Musser, U I U C Department
o f L e i s u r e Studies, o r i g i n a l l y p r i n t e d i n Proceedings ----o f a Round Table on
Reclaiming and Managi ng -Lakes i n I 1 1in o i s, 1981.
16
u n i v e r s a l (99 percent o v e r a l l ) .
I t can be seen t h a t g e n e r a l l y i t i s f e l t t h a t
t h e present water supply and water q u a l i t y are adequate.
expressed s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h these aspects.
From 80 t o 94 p e r c e r ~ t
A1 so, o v e r a l l water qual it y has n o t
decreased rr~uch i n t h e minds of t h e users ( 4 1 percent o v e r a l l agreement).
This
bears f u r t h e r analysis, as t h e r e a r e several sources o f water i n t h e study area.
Table 3.
A t t i t u d e s toward water q u a n t i t y and qual it y ( p e r c e n t i n agree~nent)
Statement
Overall
Urban
Rural
Lake
Water qual ity and q u a n t i t y are
important i n my community
99
99
100
93
I am s a t i s f i e d w i t h the q u a l i t y
o f water I p r e s e n t l y r e c e i v e
80
80
81
87
I am s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e q u a n t i t y
o f water I p r e s e n t l y r e c e i v e
94
94
89
87
Water q u a l i t y i n t h i s community
has decreased i n t h e p a s t 10 years
41
40
58*
44
Present water supplies w i l l be
adequate f o r the next 10 years
76
76
78
76
*63% o f respondents i n t h i s s t r a t a g e t water from p r i v a t e w e l l s .
Urban = Mattoon r e s i d e n t s
Rural = Rural Coles County r e s i d e n t s
Lake = Lake Paradise r e s i d e n t s
I n t e r e s t i n g t o note i s t h e somewhat i n c o n s i s t e n t response o f the r u r a l
s t r a t a on t h e question o f water q u a l i t y decrease over t h e l a s t t e n years.
This
may be due t o the f a c t t h a t about 63 percent o f t h i s s t r a t a g e t water from
p r i v a t e we1 1s.
However, o v e r a l l t h e responses here are a t variance w i t h what
we are to1 d by the water experts, i.e.,
r e g i o n have been decreasing.
education e f f o r t .
t h a t water qual ity and q u a n t i t y i n the
T h i s would suggest the need f o r an i n t e n s i f i e d
Table 4 addresses previous knowledge o f the p r o j e c t and perception of i t s
benefits.
What we see here i s a f a i r l y strong statement o f support f o r t h e
p r o j e c t as w e l l as a c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
campaign by Lake Paradise Regional Renewal, Inc.
About 73 percent have heard
o f the p r o j e c t and even more people, 80 percent, support t h e reclamation o f the
lake.
Table 4.
Knowledge o f Lake Paradise p r o j e c t and perceptions o f i t s b e n e f i t s
O v e r a l l Response
Have you heard about the Lake Paradise
renewal p r o j e c t i n Mattoon, I l l i n o i s ?
73 (percent "yes")
I am i n favor o f the t a k e Paradise
renewal p r o j e c t .
80 (percent i n agreement)
Factors Which May Be A f f e c t e d by
t h e Lake Paradise P r o j e c t
O v e r a l l Response
(percent who f e e l i t e m w i l l improve)
Recreation opportunity
Water supply
Real e s t a t e valLes
Community p r i d e
Water q u a l i t y
Quality o f l i f e
R e t a i l business
Education opportunity
T r a f f i c volume
Vandal ism
Next i n the t a b l e are a s e r i e s o f p o t e n t i a l impacts, o r b e n e f i t areas,
t h a t may be l i n k e d t o t h e p r o j e c t .
The residents were asked t o respond i f
they thought t h a t t h a t i t e m would improve i f the l a k e was reclaimed.
receives support w e l l above a l l others:
One i t e m
r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s (94 percent).
A second group f a l l s between roughly 81 and 87 percent.
Thus, t h e p r i n c i p a l
b e n e f i t s t o be gained are perceived t o be r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t y f i r s t , then
18
increased r e a l e s t a t e values, i n c r e a s e d water qual ity and q u a n t i t y , and
community p r i d e and qual ity o f l i f e .
Education o p p o r t u n i t y (57 p e r c e n t ) i s n o t
perceived t o be as l a r g e a b e n e f i t as was thought, b u t i t s t i l l g e t s a
statement o f support.
O v e r a l l , i t appears t h a t r e c r e a t i o n i s p e r c e i v e d as t h e
major b e n e f i t o f t h i s project.
There Mere no d i f f e r e n c e s across s t r a t a t o
these questions.
Table 5 shows a t t i t u d e s toward p r e s e n t r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e
region.
Here Me can perhaps i n f e r why t h e r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e seen as
an i m p o r t a n t b e n e f i t from t h e l a k e reclamation.
Once a g a i n t h e r e a r e no s t r o n g
s t r a t a d i f f e r e n c e s , so o n l y one o v e r a l l response i s r e p o r t e d .
Only 34 p e r c e n t
f e e l t h a t t h e " l o c a l government i s doing a f i n e j o b o f p r o v i d i n g r e c r e a t i o n
opportunities.
" S i m i l a r l y , o n l y 42 p e r c e n t f e e l t h a t t h e r e a r e adequate
r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s nearby.
On t h e o t h e r hand, n e a r l y everyone (94
p e r c e n t ) f e l t t h a t b e t t e r r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e welcome.
We see a
s t r o n g statement about t h e inadequacy o f p r e s e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n
and t h e d e s i r e f o r b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s now and i n t h e f u t u r e .
Table 5.
A t t i t u d e s toward r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e area ( p e r c e n t
i n agreement)
Statement
The l o c a l government i s doing a f i n e
job o f providing recreation opportunities
i n t h e Mattoon area.
There i s adequate r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s
f o r me and rry f a m i l y i n Mattoon.
P r e s e n t r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n my
community w i l l be inadequate i n t h e f u t u r e .
I woul d we1 come b e t t e r r e c r e a t i o n
o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n my community.
O v e r a l l Zesponse
19
Table 6 shows where most o f t h e respondents go f o r w a t e r - r e l a t e d
recreation.
Lake S h e l b y v i l l e , a l a r g e Corps o f Engineers p r o j e c t about 15
m i l e s from Lake Paradise, p r o v i d e s a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l use.
There a r e s t r o n g d i f f e r e n c e s among s t r a t a , w i t h t h e h e a v i e s t use o f Lake
Shel b y v i l l e coming from t h e Mattoon c i t y r e s i d e n t s .
S u r p r i s i n g l y , Lake
Paradise, even i n i t s p r e s e n t s t a t e , i s s e r v i n g as a r e c r e a t i o n s i t e f o r a
l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e area r e s i d e n t s .
Note e s p e c i a l l y t h e r e l a t i v e l y heavy
use t h i s small l o c a l r e s e r v o i r r e c e i v e s from r u r a l and nearby r e s i d e n t s
v i s - a - v i s t h e other, l a r g e r nearby r e s e r v o i r s .
C l e a r l y , Lake Paradise s t i l l
has much t o o f f e r and renewal i s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o enhance i t s r o l e even more.
Table 6.
Where respondents go f o r water-based r e c r e a t i o n ( p e r c e n t )
Area
Overall
Urban
Rural
Lake
Lake Paradi se
13
10
25
68
Lake Mattoon
19
19
22
5
Lake She1 b y v i l l e
37
40
20
17
0 t h e r Areas
Table 7 l e n d s credence t o t h e data from Table 6.
respondents s t i l l u t i l i z e Lake Paradise.
Over 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e
It should be noted t h a t r e c r e a t i o n
a c t i v i t i e s o t h e r than those which a r e n e c e s s a r i l y water-dependent e x i s t a t Lake
Paradise, i.e.,
p i c n i c k i n g , h i k i n g , playground use, e t c .
By and l a r g e t h e
g r e a t e s t reasons f o r n o t v i s i t i n g Lake Paradise a r e f a c t o r s which would be
g r e a t l y improved, i f renewal were t o occur.
Poor f i s h i n g , poor f a c i l i t i e s ,
water depth, and water q u a l i t y a r e mentioned and c o u l d be e a s i l y improved as
p a r t o f t h e renewal.
20
Table 7.
Present r e c r e a t i o n a l use o f Lake Paradi se ( p e r c e n t respondi ng)
I tem
O v e r a l l Response
Still visit
No l o n g e r v i s i t
Reasons f o r no l o n g e r v i s i t i n g : *
B e t t e r r e c r e a t i o n elsewhere
Poor f i s h i n g
L o s t i n t e r e s t i n Lake Paradise
Poor f a c i 1 it i e s
Too shallow
Poor water qua1 ity
Too expensi ve
*Mu1 t i p l e responses a r e p o s s i b l e .
The data i n Table 8 address a s i m i l a r t o p i c :
t h o u g h t t o be a p p r o p r i a t e f o r Lake Paradise.
recreation a c t i v i t i e s
Note t h a t n e a r l y unarlirr~ous ( 9 1 t o
100 p e r c e n t ) support i s expressed f o r t h e popular outdoor r e c r e a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s
such as f i s h i n g , p i c n i c k i n g , h i k i n g , s a i l i n g , and swimming.
Table 8.
A lower level o f
A c t i v i t i e s we1 1 s u i t e d t o t h e Lake Paradise area ( p e r c e n t i n f a v o r )
Item
Fishing
Picnicking
Nature Study
Hiking
Biking
Campi ng
Boating, nonpower
Sailing
Jogging
Swimming
Go1 f
Power b o a t i n g
Skeet/trap shooting
Percent
support i s g i v e n t o g o l f (72 p e r c e n t ) , power b o a t i n g (48 p e r c e n t ) , and skeet/
t r a p s h o o t i n g (51 p e r c e n t ) .
I n general, t h e r e s i d e n t s appear t o p r e f e r
a c t i v i t i e s w i t h a more nature-involvement o r n a t u r e - a p p r e c i a t i o n t y p e o f a
theme, r a t h e r than more mechanized o r developed forms.
Table 9 seems t o i n d i c a t e a need w i t h i n t h e community f o r i n c r e a s e d and
improved environmental education.
Again t h e r e i s a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n voiced w i t h
t h e r o l e o f t h e p u b l i c school system (48 p e r c e n t ) and a s t r o n g statement o f
support f o r environmental t r a i 1 s and programs a t Lake Paradise ( 90 p e r c e n t ) .
The i m p o r t a n t f a c t i s t h a t according t o t h e r e c r e a t i o n study done p r e v i o u s l y
( O f f i c e o f Recreation and Park Resources 1979), Lake Paradise has a s t r o n g
.
p o t e n t i a l f o r meeting t h a t need.
Table 9.
Lake Paradise renewal p r o j e c t i n r e l a t i o n t o environmental
education ( p e r c e n t i n agreement)
Item
O v e r a l l Response
P r e s e n t l y , t h e pub1 i c school system
i s doing a f i n e j o b o f e d u c a t i n g t h e
y o u t h o f o u r community about t h e
environment.
I would f a v o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f
in t e r p r e t i v e t r a i l s, environmental
programs, and n a t u r e study areas
a t Lake Paradise.
I f environmental programs were
e s t a b l i s h e d a t Lake Paradise, I
would make use o f them.
Table 10 addresses t h e s t i c k y q u e s t i o n o f f u n d l n g f o r t h e p r o j e c t and
s p e c i f i c aspects o f it.
Support i s n o t extremely strong, r a n g i n g f r o m 57
p e r c e n t t o 67 p e r c e n t depending on what aspect o f f u n d i n g i s considered.
There
i s support across t h e board f o r h e l p i n g fund t h e p r o j e c t , and t h e r e a r e a v a r i e t y
of methods t h a t c o u l d be used t o do it. The s t r o n g e s t l e v e l o f s u p p o r t i s
22
expressed f o r a combination o f t a x e s and l o c a l b u s i n e s s / i n d u s t r y involvement
( 6 7 p e r c e n t o v e r a l l 1.
Also, t h e r e i s general support f o r t h e use o f v o l u n t e e r
tirne as p a r t o f t h e renewal e f f o r t .
There a r e a l s o obvious s i d e b e n e f i t s from
t h i s l a t t e r approach i n terms o f community p r i d e and s t a b i l i t y .
O f note i s t h e
weaker statement o f support from t h e r u r a l r e s i d e n t s .
Table 10.
A t t i t u d e s toward f u n d i n g f o r t h e i a k e Paradise renewal p r o j e c t
( p e r c e n t i n agreement)
p
Item
Rura
La e
I am w i l l i n g t o he1 p fund
t h e c o s t o f renewal o f Lake
Paradi se.
65
67
46
65
I would support a bond i s s u e
designed t o h e l p pay f o r i n creased r e c r e a t i o n opport u n i t y i n my community.
I would support a small i n crease i n my taxes t o improve
r e c r e a t i o n i n my cornmuni ty
i f I know t h a t l o c a l business
and i n d u s t r y would a1 so h e l p
pay t h e costs.
I would be w i l l i n g t o h e l p
fund erlvi ronrnental programs
e i t h e r by bond issues, i n creased taxes, o r c o n t r i b u tions.
I ' m i n f a v o r o f donating my
t i m e and experience on a
volunteer basis t o help
improve r e c r e a t i o n i n my
comnuni ty
.
CONCLUSIONS
O v e r a l l , i t appears t h a t t h e p r o j e c t i s f a v o r a b l e and would be w e l l
r e c e i v e d i n t h e Mattoon area.
The i s s u e s t h a t a r e i m p o r t a n t t o Lake Paradise
23
Regional Renewal, Inc.,
( i .e.,
w a t e r qual ity and q u a n t i t y , awareness and
support f o r t h e p r o j e c t , r e c r e a t i o n p o t e n t i a l , and t h e p r o j e c t ' s r e l a t i o n t o
Further,
area education) a r e a l s o of importance t o t h e community as a whole.
t h e community sees p o s i t i v e b e n e f i t s from many aspects o f t h e p r o j e c t ,
However, many questions remain t o be answered and
p a r t i c u l a r l y recreation.
anomalies e x i s t i n t h e data, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e areas o f how w a t e r q u a l i t y and
q u a n t i t y and education r e l a t e t o t h e p r o j e c t .
Absher and Musser's d a t a s u p p o r t t h e i d e a t h a t r e d u c i n g b e n e f i t e s t i m a t i o n
t o a do1 l a r f i g u r e , w h i l e important, does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r a c e o u t a1 1 t h e
important social benefits.
They f e e l t h a t an a n a l y s i s w i l l f u r t h e r
s u b s t a n t i a t e t h i s i d e a and p r o v i d e c l u e s as t o how t o gauge and i n c o r p o r a t e
q u a l i t a t i v e as w e l l as q u a n t i t a t i v e aspects o f b e n e f i t e s t i m a t i o n .
Most research i n t o l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n has been d e c i d e d l y t e c h n i c a l .
This
emphasis i s e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r i a t e and necessary, y e t most t e c h n i c a l
p r e s e n t a t i o n s acknowledge t h e need f o r g r e a t e r understanding o f t h e s o c i a l and
economic impacts when any p a r t i c u l a r technology i s chosen o r a p p l i e d .
In
p a r t i c u l a r , r e c r e a t i o n i s w i d e l y considered t o be an i m p o r t a n t aspect o f water
resource management b u t i s q u i t e o f t e n g r o s s l y simp1 i f i e d as p a r t o f t h e t o t a l
cost/benefit analysis.
i s seen as a b e n e f i t .
P a r t o f t h e problem here i s t h e way i n which r e c r e a t i o n
Absher and Musser see r e c r e a t i o n research, p a r t i c u l a r l y
on r e c r e a t i o n planning, as a d i a g n o s t i c t o o l as w e l l as a means f o r amp1 i f y i n g
and enhancing o t h e r s o c i a l aspects o f resource p l a n n i n g t h a t a r e d i f f i c u l t t o
.
q u a n t i f y , i e.,
qual ity o f 1 ife, community p r i d e , and e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y
Two examples w i l l h e l p t o ill u s t r a t e .
Paradise Regional Renewal, Inc.,
.
From t h e beginning, t h e Lake
has f e l t a go1 f course would be a welcome
r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t y and planned f o r one as p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t .
The survey
i n d i c a t e s , however, t h a t o f t h e p o s s i b l e r e c r e a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s t h a t a r e
24
s u i t a b l e t o t h e Lake Paradise area, g o l f r a t e s r e l a t i v e l y low i n terms o f i t s
desirability.
Other a c t i v i t i e s were favored c o n s i s t e n t l y much more.
Some o f
these were n o t expressly p a r t o f t h e o r i g i n a l renewal proposal.
On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e Upper L i t t l e Wabash R i v e r Basin study ( O f f i c e o f
Recreation and Park Resources 1979) recognized t h a t one o f t h e s t r o n g p o t e n t i a l
uses o f t h e Lake Paradise area was as an environmental i n t e r p r e t i v e
c e n t e r / l iv i ng 1aboratory, mostly because o f t h e various stages o f primary and
secondary succession i t illu s t r a t e s .
Furthermore, t h e present a t t i t u d e survey
shows s t r o n g community support f o r t h i s type o f usage.
Yet, i f planning f o r
t h i s use i s n o t incorporated i n t o t h e t e c h n i c a l plans f o r t h e p h y s i c a l
reclamation o f t h e l a k e by whatever means, i t s u t i l i t y as a wetlands l i v i n g
1aboratory may we1 1 be 1it e r a l l y dredged away.
Good r e c r e a t i o n planning r e q u i r e s a concerted e f f o r t t o gauge p u b l i c
awareness and knowledge about a p r o j e c t , i t s impacts, and a1 t e r n a t i v e s .
This
a l l o w s f o r p u b l i c i n p u t i n t o i m p o r t a n t p r o j e c t s which i n t u r n e l i c i t s added
support f o r t h e given p r o j e c t .
While increased r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t y i s
i t s e l f a b e n e f i t ( o f t e n q u a n t i f i e d ) , planning and p r e p a r i n g f o r i t can a c t
synergical l y w i t h o t h e r b e n e f i t s t h a t , w h i l e d i f f i c u l t t o q u a n t i f y , a r e
s u b s t a n t i a l i n terms o f r e a l p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t e f f e c t s and p u b l i c support f o r
the project i t s e l f .
The preceding data tend t o bear t h i s out.
B r i e f l y stated, r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s are almost u n i v e r s a l l y perceived
as p o s i t i v e b e n e f i t s o f t h e Lake Paradise renewal p r o j e c t .
I t has been argued
t h a t i n o r d e r t o maximize t h e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t s o f r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s
planning, t h i s planning should appear e a r l y i n t h e conceptual stages o f t h e
project.
The advantages o f t h i s a r e two-fold.
F i r s t , t h e b e n e f i t s o f the
r e c r e a t i o n elements themselves w i l l be maximized by t a i l o r i n g them t o t h e
p a r t i c u l a r c l i e n t s t o be served.
Second, t h e process by which t h e r e c r e a t i o n
25
aspects a r e considered and implemented can have valuable e f f e c t s on o t h e r
areas, notably p r o j e c t support and i n t a n g i b l e s o c i a l impacts such as q u a l i t y o f
l i f e o r community pride.
Thus, r e c r e a t i o n b e n e f i t s a n a l y s i s as p a r t o f t h e
l a k e reclamation process can be pre-economic and p r e - i n s t i t u t i o n a l .
Once t h e
s p e c i f i c r o l e t h a t r e c r e a t i o n can p l a y i s ascertained, more p r e c i s e economic
b e n e f i t s can be a t t r i b u t e d t o p a r t i c u l a r r e c r e a t i o n a l aspects, and i n t h e
process sounder i n s t i t u t i o n a l and s o c i a l arrangements may emerge.
T h i s r o l e o f r e c r e a t i o n i n planning i s l i t t l e understood y e t p o t e n t i a l l y
broad i n i t s u t i l i t y n o t o n l y t o water resource planning b u t t o a l l n a t u r a l
resource planning and management as w e l l .
26
IV.
A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RECLAIMING
LAKE PARADISE, MATTOON*
The economics o f a l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n program a r e i m p o r t a n t t o e v e r y
community c o n s i d e r i n g such a p r o j e c t .
The c o s t s and b e n e f i t s o f r e l e v a n t
a l t e r n a t i v e s must be c a r e f u l l y weighed b e f o r e t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e can
be made.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e has n o t been e x t e n s i v e research on t h e economics
o f 1ake reclamation, e s p e c i a l l y r e g a r d i ng dredging.
A1 though d e f i n i t e val ues
f o r a l l p o s s i b l e c o s t s and b e n e f i t s cannot be e s t a b l i s h e d , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t
each community be aware o f a l l t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n o r d e r t o make a more
a c c u r a t e assessment o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s a v a i l a b l e .
Over t h e p a s t several y e a r s
researchers have been i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e a c t u a l values t h a t m i g h t be placed on
such a p r o j e c t .
D u r i n g 1979-1980 a study was undertaken t o b e g i n q u a n t i f y i n g
some o f these c o s t s and b e n e f i t s f o r a l a k e dredging and watershed management
program a t Lake Paradise.
The f o l l o w i n g e s t i m a t e s are based on 1979 values.
These values w i l l o b v i o u s l y v a r y g r e a t l y w i t h i n f l a t i o n , e n e r g y - p r i c e f l uctuat i o n s , and l a n d p r i c e s .
These f i g u r e s a r e a l s o based on an expected p r o j e c t
l i f e o f 40 y e a r s .
Lake Paradise c u r r e n t l y covers approximately 176 acres and i s t h e main
source o f w a t e r f o r t h e c i t y o f Mattoon.
y a r d removed,**
A t a l o c a l r a t e o f $1.75 p e r c u b i c
t a k i n g t h r e e f e e t o f sediment from t h e e n t i r e l a k e bed would c o s t
approximately $1.5 m i 11 i o n .
T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e removal o f 822,000 c u b i c y a r d s
*This s e c t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l l y a r e p r i n t of a paper, "A Case Study o f t h e Economic
B e n e f i t s of Reclaiming a Lake: Lake Paradise, Mattoon," by Susan Rothrock Deo,
Water Resources Center, UIUC, o r i g i n a l l y p r i n t e d i n Proceedings ---o f a Round Table
on Reclaiming and Managing -Lakes i n I l l i n o i s , 1981.
**This r a t e was documented by v a r i o u s dredging programs i n t h e 1970s, such as
t h e o p e r a t i o n s a t Lake C a r l i n v i l l e , Macoupin County, and a t t h e c i t y o f Oakland,
Coles County.
27
o f sediment f o r a t o t a l o f $1.44 m i l l i o n , w i t h the c o s t o f handling and d r y i n g
t h e sediment b r i n g i n g t h e t o t a l t o about $1.5 m i l l i o n .
The c o s t o f an
e f f i c i e n t watershed management program i s q u i t e s i t e - s p e c i f i c and y e t t o be
determined f o r Lake Paradise.
I t must e v e n t u a l l y be i n c l u d e d on t h e c o s t s i d e
f o r accuracy, however.
WATER SUPPLY
One o f the p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s o f t h i s p r o j e c t i s t h e improvement i n water
supply.
F i r s t o f a1 1, t h e r e i s an increase i n storage capacity.
Currently,
d u r i n g dry periods t h e water supply i n Lake Paradise i s i n s u f f i c i e n t , and
s u b s t a n t i a l amounts o f water must be pumped from t h e l a r g e r Lake Mattoon, which
i s f a r t h e r downstream.
The reclamation o f some o f t h e storage capacity i n Lake
Paradise would save t h e c i t y a t l e a s t $5,500 per y e a r i n pumping costs.
This i s
t h e c o s t o f b r i n g i n g an a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e m i l l i o n gallons ( c u r r e n t d a i l y usage
i n Mattoon) from Lake Mattoon t o Lake Paradi se 55 days a y e a r (number days
pumping saved by r e s t o r i n g t h i s capacity t o t h e l a k e ) .
T h i s f i g u r e would
probably be higher, considering t h a t w i t h o u t dredging t h e number o f days o f
pumping would increase as more storage capacity i s l o s t over t h e next 40 years.
WATER TREATMENT
Another b e n e f i t i s a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e water treatment necessary as a
consequence o f t h e improvements i n water qua1 ity.
Since t h e water treatment
f i l t e r s would n o t need t o be cleaned as f r e q u e n t l y w i t h t h e lower l e v e l s o f
suspended sediment t h i s c o u l d save both time and energy.
Also, t h e requirement
f o r potassium permanganate, which i s used t o c o n t r o l t a s t e and odor problems,
would be reduced.
A t a c o s t o f $700 per month, t h i s chemical i s c u r r e n t l y
28
b e i n g used f o r about f i v e months of t h e y e a r by t h e Mattoon water department.
Assuming t h e improvement i n water q u a l i t y would reduce t h e need f o r t h e chemical
t o only t h r e e months, $1,400 c o u l d be saved each year.
T h i s cost-savings would
a1 so probably be h i g h e r because t h e l a k e ' s water qual ity, w i t h o u t dredging,
would c o n t i n u e t o d i m i n i s h over t h e n e x t 40 years.
RECREATION
Recreational b e n e f i t s have been shown t o be t h e most i m p o r t a n t o f water
qual it y improvements i n many s i t u a t i o n s .
Research i s p r e s e n t l y underway t h a t
may r e s u l t i n more accurate values f o r t h e b e n e f i t s o f present and p o t e n t i a l
r e c r e a t i o n a t Lake Paradise.
The improvement i n water qual ity i s more l i k e l y
t o r e s u l t i n an improvement i n t h e qual it y o f r e c r e a t i o n a t Lake Paradise than
i n a s u b s t a n t i a l increase i n v i s i t s t o t h e s i t e .
sizeable, however.
The y e a r l y b e n e f i t can be
I f a value o f $3.00 i s placed on each v i s i t t o Lake
Paradise and t h e t o t a l y e a r l y v i s i t s a r e estimated t o be 100,000,
f o r example,
a 10 percent increase i n value as a r e s u l t o f water q u a l i t y improvements would
amount t o a d d i t i o n a l b e n e f i t s o f $30,000 p e r year.
Estimates from o t h e r
s t u d i e s show t o t a l r e c r e a t i o n a l b e n e f i t s f o r a s i m i l a r l a k e t o be around
$50,000 per year, w h i l e t h e b e n e f i t s from improving water q u a l i t y on another
l a k e have been suggested t o be about $35,000 p e r year.
SEDIMENT USE
Perhaps t h e most f r e q u e n t l y over1 ooked b e n e f i t i s t h e sediment it s e l f.
Recent experiences w i t h i n I l l i n o i s have shown t h e sediment u s e f u l f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and f o r p r i v a t e uses.
F i n d i n g s o f t h e Lake Paradise sediment analyses
show t h i s sediment t o have good a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s , f a v o r a b l e n u t r i e n t
29
l e v e l s , and low l e v e l s o f p e s t i c i d e s and heavy metals.
Y i e l d i n g 411,400 c u b i c
y a r d s when dry ( t h e bottom sediment i s about 50 percent water by volume), t h e
sediment c o u l d cover 255 acres i f spread u n i f o r m l y one f o o t deep.
It i s
p o s s i b l e t h a t savings i n f e r t i l i z e r c o u l d amount t o $10 p e r acre, t o t a l i n g
$2,500 p e r y e a r f o r a t l e a s t f i v e years.
,
( A f t e r being drained, t h e disposal
s i t e i n one I 1 l i n o i s community has been farmed f o r a t l e a s t seven years, w i t h
no a d d i t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r . )
topsoil.
Another p o s s i b i l i t y i s s e l l i n g t h e sediment as
I f a l l o f i t were s o l d a t t h e conservative value o f $1 p e r cubic
yard, t h e t o t a l one-time b e n e f i t would be $411,400.
(Top s o i l , however, i s
o f t e n s o l d f o r $2 t o $3 p e r c u b i c yard.)
SEDIMENT TRAP EFFICIENCY
Two o t h e r p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s t h a t m i g h t be measured r e l a t e t o t h e
l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e l i f e o f Lake Mattoon and t h e advantages o f having a l a r g e
and c e r t a i n water supply.
Improving t h e sediment t r a p e f f i c i e n c y o f Lake
Paradise and e s t a b l i s h i n g a p p r o p r i a t e management o f t h e watershed i s l i k e l y t o
extend t h e e f f e c t i v e l i f e o f Lake Mattoon s i n c e t h e upper t h i r d o f t h e Lake
Mattoon watershed i s t h e watershed o f Lake Paradise.
WATER SALES
Water shortage i s a r e g i o n a l problem i n t h e Mattoon area.
With t h c
insurance o f an enlarged and we1 1-managed water supply, t h e c i t y o f Mattoon
c o u l d generate income by s e l l i n g some o f t h e i r excess water t o o t h e r
communities o r i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e region.
The monetary b e n e f i t o f t h i s depends
upon t h e supply o f , and demand f o r , t h e water.
C u r r e n t l y , t h e C l e a r Water
S e r v i c e Corporation, which s u p p l i e s groundwater t o a p o r t i o n o f r u r a l Coles
30
County residents, i s o p e r a t i n g a t capacity.
To expand s e r v i c e t o t h e r e s t o f
Coles County, l a k e water w i l l be needed.
PROPERTY VALUES
Sometimes t h e b e n e f i t s o f improved water q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y can be
expressed i n the form o f increases i n adjacent property values.
Since t h e c i t y
owns t h e l a n d around Lake Paradise, an increase i n p r o p e r t y values w i l l n o t be
as noticeable, although t h e c i t y c o u l d conceivably increase t h e y e a r l y r e n t f o r
t h e l o t s on t h e lake.
The values o f t h e privately-owned cottages on t h e leased
l a n d may r i s e somewhat, thereby i n c r e a s i n g t a x income.
However, i f r e c r e a t i o n
b e n e f i t s a r e t o be included, t h i s may be double-counting s i n c e b e n e f i t s t o
r e c r e a t i o n o f t e n are manifested i n t h e form o f increased p r o p e r t y values.
ALTERNATIVES
No economic a n a l y s i s would be complete w i t h o u t a comparison o f t h e c o s t s
and b e n e f i t s o f t h e various a1t e r n a t i v e s being considered.
F o r example, one
a l t e r n a t i v e t o r e c l a i m i n g Lak\e Paradise i s t o b u i l d a new r e s e r v o i r .
The S o i l
Conservation Service estimates c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s t o be $150 t o $300 p e r acre
f o o t o f storage* t o b u i l d a r e s e r v o i r o f t h e same c a p a c i t y t h a t t h e dredging
a1 t e r n a t i v e would r e s t o r e t o t h e l a k e (510 acre f e e t ) .
$76,500 and $153,000,
as road r e l o c a t i o n .
considerably.
the total.
T h i s would c o s t between
n o t i n c l u d i n g expenses f o r l a n d o r special services such
Buying j u s t 100 acres, however, c o u l d r a i s e t h i s expense
I f t h e l a n d averaged $2,000 p e r acre, t h i s would add $200,000 t o
Also, t h e n e x t nearest s i t e f o r a r e s e r v o i r i s about 30 m i l e s
*Personal Communication.
.
31
downstream from Lake Mattoon, which would make t h e c o s t s o f pumping q u i t e high.
I n o r d e r t o make an a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n , a l l t h e b e n e f i t s must be compared as
F o r instance, i f b u i l d i n g a new r e s e r v o i r , t h e c i t y would probably make
we1 1.
i t l a r g e r t h a n r e q u i r e d t o r e p l a c e t h e amount o f storage l o s t i n Lake Paradl se.
W i t h economies o f s i z e t h e c o s t p e r u n i t volume i s l i k e l y t o be l e s s f o r a
l a r g e r lake, and therefore,
i t i s necessary t o compare t h e b e n e f i t s as w e l l as
t h e c o s t s i n o r d e r t o determine t h e most economic a l t e r n a t i v e .
There a r e a l s o b e n e f i t s t h a t may be o f c o n s i d e r a b l e importance b u t a r e
v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o q u a n t i f y and beyond t h e scope o f t h i s study.
Some o f these
a r e t h e improved a e s t h e t i c s o f t h e area, long-term maintenance o f s o i l q u a l i t y ,
p r e s e r v a t i o n o f v a l u a b l e farmland i n production, and enhancement o f t h e
community f o r new, as w e l l as present, r e s i d e n t s and businesses.
SUMMARY
Table 11 summarizes t h e approximate c o s t s and b e n e f i t s , b o t h q u a n t i f i e d
and u n q u a n t i f i e d .
The c o s t s have been annualized f o r ease o f comparison s i n c e
most o f t h e b e n e f i t s a r e on a y e a r l y basis.
An annualized c o s t f i g u r e was
o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e c a p i t a l recovery t a b l e f o r 7.5 p e r c e n t i n t e r e s t (Water
Resources Council standard) and a 40-year p e r i o d ( p o s s i b l e l i f e o f t h e
project).
Even though some o f t h e l a r g e r values expected f o r b e n e f i t s a r e
s t i l l p r e l i m i nary and u n c e r t a i n (especi a1 l y r e g a r d i n g r e c r e a t i o n ) , t h e
e s t i m a t e d b e n e f i t s a r e s i z e a b l e , and f u r t h e r research on t h e economics o f
r e s t o r i n g t h i s l a k e i s warranted.
These promising r e s u l t s from t h e Lake
Paradise study i n d i c a t e t h a t combining r e s t o r a t i o n and management techniques
lnay be an answer t o t h e problems o f some o f I l l i n o i s ' r e s e r v o i r s .
Table 11.
Estimated costs and b e n e f i t s of r e s t o r i n g Lake Paradise
COSTS
Reclamation o f 510 acre f e e t (166 m i l l i o n g a l l o n s )
through dredging
$1.5 m i l l i o n (payments on l o a n
a t 7.5 percent i n t e r e s t f o r 40 y e a r s )
-
$119,10O/year
Watershed Management
?
BENEFITS
Water Supply
reduced purnpi ng
reduced water treatment
filtering
a d d i t i o n o f chemical s
Recreation
Sediment
s o l d as t o p s o i l (one payment)
or
spread on farmland ( a t l e a s t 5-year b e n e f i t )
Extended L i f e o f Lake Mattoon
Inc rease in Commur ~tyi Income
s a l e o f water
a t t r a c t new r e s i d e n t s and i n d u s t r y
increase 1ake property val ues
D i f f i c u l t t o Quantify
a e s t h e t i c er~hancernent
increase in communi ty income
increase ir~ community p r i d e
mai n t a i n i ng s o i 1 qua1 it y
m a i n t a i n i n g c u r r e n t farm acreage
COST OF AN ALTERNATIVE
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a 510 a c r e - f o o t lake,
purchase o f 100 acres o f l a n d
Pumping t o C i t y
*not a y e a r l y value; over whole 1if e o f p r o j e c t (40 y e a r s )
?
33
V.
ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS RESULTING FROM THE LAKE PARADISE STUDY
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Several educational programs have r e s u l t e d , i n p a r t , from t h e id e n t i f i c a t i o n of problems and needs a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e Lake Paradise s t u d i e s .
Two conferences--sponsored by t h e WRC, ENR, and IEPA--were h e l d i n 1980 t o
assess t h e s t a t e o f knowledge on t h e management o f I l l i n o i s man-made l a k e s :
on
February 19, s i x t y people p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a one-day program on " R e s t o r i n g
Man-Made Lakes i n 111 in o i s,
"
and on October 10-11, e i gh t y - n i ne peopl e attended
a round t a b l e on "Reclaiming and Managing Lakes i n 11 1i n o i s . "
Speakers from
governmental agencies, u n i v e r s i t i e s , and c o n s u l t i n g f i r m s gave p r e s e n t a t i o n s
a t each conference on a wide v a r i e t y o f t o p i c s , i n c l u d i n g t h e problems o f s o i l
e r o s i o n and e u t r o p h i c a t i o n , t h e laws and b e n e f i t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a k e
r e c l a m a t i o n and management, and t h e governmental programs t h a t a f f e c t those
activities.
The proceedings o f these conferences were p u b l i s h e d by t h e WRC as S p e c i a l
Report 11 and Special Report 12.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e conference proceedings, t h e WRC has prepared an
i n t r o d u c t o r y manual on t h e management o f I 1 l i n o i s man-made l a k e s t h a t should be
p u b l i s h e d i n 1982.
I t p r o v i d e s an overview o f such t o p i c s as watershed
management, i n - l a k e r e s t o r a t i o n techniques, uses o f l a k e sediment, and t h e
economics o f 1ake r e s t o r a t i o n .
NEW GRANTS AND RESEARCH
As a r e s u l t o f t h e s t u d i e s summarized i n t h i s r e p o r t , two o t h e r major
g r a n t s have been obtained t o f u r t h e r t h e research on l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n a t Lake
Paradise.
I
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tE
By October 1981, t h e p r e l irninary r e s u l t s o f t h e sediment-dewatering
p r o j e c t were very promising.
f a s t e r than expected.
Dewatering o f t h e wet sediment occurred much
Furtl-~ermore, i n October 1981, h a r v e s t s o f t h e corn grown
on t h e dry-dredged sediment r e s u l t e d i n a 29-bushel increase on t h e p l o t s w i t h
an 18-inch sediment a p p l i c a t i o n as compared t o c o n t r o l p l o t s w i t h no
application.
I n August o f 1981, a second g r a n t of $25,000 was obtained from t h e John D.
and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation f o r use t o demonstrate t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f
s p r a y - i r r i g a t i n g l a k e bottom sediment d i r e c t l y onto a g r i c u l t u r a l land.
The
i n i t i a l demonstration i n August i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e technique was possible.
These two p r o j e c t s on t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f l a k e bed sediment t o a g r i c u l t u r a l
l a n d a l s o l e d t o a "Workshop on Dredged M a t e r i a l s , Dewatering and Reuse," which
was h e l d a t Lake Land College, Mattoon, on September 16, 1981.
Fifty-three
people attended from around I l l i n o i s and a l s o from M i s s i s s i p p i , Tennessee,
Missouri, and Iowa.
36
VI
.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The e f f i c i e n t management o f o u r resources r e q u i r e s t h e comprehensive
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e uses, costs, and b e n e f i t s o f t h e resource; o f a l t e r n a t i v e
resources; and o f t h e u s e r s ' p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e value o f t h e resource as w e l l
as t h e i r a b i l i t y t o pay f o r t h e resource.
As a case study, t h e Lake Paradise p r o j e c t suggests t h a t t h e r e may be
many instances i n I l l i n o i s where t h e r e c l a m a t i o n o f a l a k e may be a valuable
and e f f i c i e n t management s t r a t e g y i f t h e reclamation p r o j e c t i s i n t e g r a t e d w i t h
a watershed management program.
The Lake Paradise case study a l s o p r o v i d e s one
model f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l o f r e s t o r i n g these lakes.
The Lake Paradise s t u d i e s on dredging f e a s i b i l i t y suggest t h a t dredging
can be an e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s a f e element o f a l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n program.
In light
o f r e c e n t I E P A s t u d i e s o f t h e sediments o f 111i n o i s lakes, i t appears t h a t t h e
sediments o f most I l l i n o i s l a k e s l o c a t e d i n a g r i c u l t u r a l watersheds can be
s a f e l y dredged and r e s t o r e d as s o i l amendments t o a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n t h e near
v i c i n i t y o f t h e lakes.
Absher and Musser's study o f t h e r e s i d e n t s ' perceptions o f t h e Lake
Paradise p r o j e c t i n d i c a t e s t h a t r e c r e a t i o n shoul d be an i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n
o f l a k e r e c l a m a t i o n planning.
T h i s study a l s o suggests t h a t c i t i z e n s appear t o
be ready t o support l o c a l r e c l a m a t i o n programs because o f t h e numerous b e n e f i t s
t o t h e i r communities.
A1 though t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f r e c l a i m i n g a l a k e a r e very d i f f i c u l t t o
q u a n t i f y , Deo's study o f t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f r e c l a i m i n g Lake Paradise
suggests t h a t dredging, i n many instances, may be a c o s t - e f f i c i e n t means f o r
r e s t o r i n g t h e c a p a c i t y o f a community's water supply and f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e
w a t e r q u a l i t y o f t h e supply.
T h i s e f f i c i e n c y i s dependent upon many f a c t o r s ,
however, such as t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y and c o s t o f l a n d t h a t m i g h t be used f o r t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new r e s e r v o i r .
37
Based upon t h e r e s u l t s o f these s t u d i e s o f Lake Paradise, i t i s
recommended t h a t communities i n I 11i n o i s t h a t a r e experiencing problems w i t h
t h e i r l a k e s due t o sediment suspension and accumulation should consider l a k e
reclamation as one p o s s i b l e element o f a water resources management program.
I n e v a l u a t i n g the p o t e n t i a l o f l a k e reclamation, c~mmunit i e s should conduct
s t u d i e s t o determine t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f dredging and t h e uses o f t h e dredged
sediments, t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f reclamation as compared t o o t h e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s , and t h e perceptions t h a t l o c a l r e s i d e n t s have o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f
r e c l a i m i n g a lake.
I t i s a l s o recommended t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s o f t h e economics o f l a k e
reclamation and o f e f f i c i e n t means o f dredging and sediment disposal be
conducted a t Lake Paradise t o p r o v i d e the c i t i z e n s o f I 1 lin o i s w i t h more
complete i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e economics and techniques o f r e c l a i m i n g t h e i r lakes.
VII.
REFERENCES
.;
Absher, J
and Musser, D. 1981. Reclamation and Recreation: The R e s i d e n t ' s
Perspective. Proceedings o f-a Round Table on Reclaiming and Managing
Lakes i n I 1 1 i n o i s . Urbana, I L : U n i v e r s i t y T f I 1 lin o i s Water Resources
=rand
I 11i n o i s I n s t i t u t e o f N a t u r a l Resources.
Barcelona, M.J.; Chiang, H.S.;
Wet-Dredging Operations
Water Survey.
Barcelona, M.J
Overview.
.
-
and H e f f e l f i n g e r , S.R.,
1980. Lake Paradise
F e a s i b i l i t y Study. Urbana, I L : I l l i n o i s S t a t e
1981. Paradise Lake Dredging F e a s i b i 1 ity Study:
Urbana, I L : I 1 linois S t a t e Water Survey.
An Annotated
Bogner, W.C.
1980. Sediment Survey o f Paradise Lake, Mattoon, I 1 1 in o i s.
Urbana, I L : I l l i n o i s S t a t e ~ a t e 7 s u r v e y .
1982. Sedimentation Surveys o f Paradise Lake and Lake Mattoon,
Bogner, W.C.
Mattoon, I l l i n o i s . Champaign, I L : I l E n o i s ~ t a t e W a t e r S u FD i v i s i o n
111 in o i s Department o f Energy and N a t u r a l Resources.
Brugam, R.B.
1980. Lead-210 A n a l y s i s o f a Sediment Core from Paradise Lake,
Coles Co., I 11 inois. E d w a r d s v i I l e ~ I ~ :D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o l o g i c a l
Sciences, Southern I 11 i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y .
CAST Report No. 83, E f f e c t s o f Sewage Sludge on t h e Cadmium and Z i n c Content
News frorr~CAST 7 (November 1980) :80-82.
o f Crops. --Deo, S.R.
1981. A Case Study o f t h e Economic B e n e f i t s o f Reclaiming a Lake:
Lake Paradise, Mattoon. Proceedings o f a Round Table on Reclaiming and
Managing Lakes i n I 11 i n o i s . Urbana,
m r s i t y o f 1 1 1in o i s Wat?
R e s o u r c e s C e n t e r a n d I 11in o i s I n s t i t u t e o f N a t u r a l Resources.
r:-
Fehrenbacher, J .B. 1980. P a r t i c l e S i z e and N u t r i e n t Analyses o f Lake Paradise
Sediment from Core LP-1. Memo o f May 1, 1980.
F u r r , A.K.; Lawrence, A.W.; Tong, S.S.C.;
Grandolfo, M.C.;
Hofstader, R.A,;
Bache, C.A.; Gutenmann, W.H.;
and L i s k , D.J.
1976. M u l t i e l e m e n t and
C h l o r i n a t e d Hydrocarbon A n a l y s i s o f M u r ~ i cpi a l Sewage S l udges o f American
Cities. Envir. Sci. -and Tech. 10:683-687.
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