Title
Author(s)
Citation
Issue Date
URL
Joyce's "Grace" : A Story of Ingratiation
Yokouchi, Kazuo
Zephyr (1997), 11: 77-92
1997-11-20
https://dx.doi.org/10.14989/87571
Right
Type
Textversion
Departmental Bulletin Paper
publisher
Kyoto University
Joyce's
"Grace"
A Story
of Ingratiation
Kazuo
In the
deals
the
tradition
with
the
archetype
The Divine
but
also
Comedy,
a minor
and
could
produce
seen that
this
the
genre
in
dislocating
genre.
biblical
the
narrative
the
of grace
in short
is designed
a genre
which
the grace
of God.
Given
and
offered
the
not
has become
without
is exceptionally
he
pattern
remarks
even
and
itself,
only
structure
the
so familiar
that
it.
But it is easily
the tradition
like to see how
light
of
it by
a parody
to cast
and
a writer
to culminate
presenting
in
theme
in verse
intends
and
main
narratives
of following
I would
to dislocate
typical
intending
conscious
; perhaps
In the following
by
exists
to numberless
of grace
narrative
man
has
pattern
"Grace"
there
accounts
subject
ingredient
a story
Joyce
literature
of a fallen
in some
prose,
Yokouchi
of Western
salvation
:
of the
Joyce's
story
on his device
fiction.
1
It
again
last
attracts
in "Grace,"
but
one
in
a special
attention
that
the
of the
first-planned
the
last
published
form
the
religious
of Dubliners,
—77—
fourteen
more
theme
emerges
stories
and
distinctly
the
than
in the earliest
piece "The Sisters," the other of the two focused mainly
on the Catholic
This
background
is partly
religious
the
reason
tale, parable,
conventional
reading
with his brother
that
dominates
that
"Grace"
allegory
has
lives
been
or something
is to be attributed
often
Some critics
intertextual
references
Jonathan
have
been
even
such as the doctrine
of Job (Gates).
and The Pilgrim's
Under all of these parallel
that "Grace" is a tale of the salvation
God, a story
built upon
free and unmerited
sinners
and the bestowing
11.a). This
intentionally
of blessings"
follows the tradition
offering
a religious
parable
towards
the concept
is of a complex
fictitious
counterpart,
right
no serious,
sort.
(The Critical
Dedalus,
is logical and coherent"
coherent"
system
mentioned
as far as Joyce
— 78 —
But it is to be
straight
audience.
Writings
refer
aim of
His attitude
169), and makes
his
to it as "an absurdity
V. 2468 —9). "Grace" is a
the Catholic
above, who are ready
of
He talks about Catholicism
(A Portrait
of ideas which
in the salvation
indeed
for the Catholic
Stephen
Bunyan's
(The Oxford English Dictionary
he does so with
absurdity"
(Baker),
"grace," that is "The
satire on the title word itself, which is constituent
critics
for other
lies an assumption
of stories of grace.
noticed
as "the coherent
that
readings
concept
is partly
equally
which
to look
(Moseley), and The Book
of God as manifested
assumption
a
of a fallen man by the grace of
the theological
favour
with
to The Divine
of the holy trinity
Progress
a
has given
Swift's A Tale of a Tub (Kauver ; Boyle), John
Grace Abounding
Sense
Such
pattern
This in-joke
induced
as a
who shared
had a parallel
Joyce 225).
seen
of the sort.
cause to those who liked to point out correspondences
Comedy.
of Dubliners.
to the author
an in-joke that the story
The Divine Comedy (Stanislaus
the
of the "logical and
Church
holds.
to find a Catholic
Those
concept
of
grace
dominating
piece
of Dubliners,
in which
the
story,
miss
however,
we may
always
recognize
the
The point is paralysis
main characters
(230).
of bringing
in spite of him.
is stupefied
on his audience
: "I bar the candle....
(715 -7). Here is presented
recognize
mere business
proposition.
sation
would
reveal
Jesuits
cater
for the
Kernan
declares
Father
Purdon
Mr Power
says
is
into awareness
of
"an effect" (716)
business"
the speaker nor the
fraud and a
of the preceding
leads
to that
Mr M'Coy
a feeling for them
the reconciliation
in Section
is remarkable
is a pompous
reading
classes,"
is Father
in
creates
neither
conver-
view.
"The
(463), and
on the part
of the Irish
The object of
Purdon who is to direct the retreat
is giving
adds, "He won't
—79—
Mr Cunningham
the retreat
Mr
for that very reason.
and commercialism.
III of the story.
on
is betrayed
I bar the magic lantern
it necessarily
priests with the petits bourgeoisies
gives a sermon
synecdoche
Careful
upper
absurdity
But what
it, that the retreat
his having
criticism
side-
of his convalescence
before coming
a view, though
that
Joyce does not overlook
has been
leads the conversation
Church, whose
Only Mr Kernan's
would
Mr
Mr M'Coy, and Mr Power, with
Mr Cunningham
and the Catholic
(482), to which
The
him back to faith, plan to take him to the
the absurdity.
that
a perspective
and is fond of "giving
At the bedside
present
Kernan
have
Every
the case with Dubliners.
years
that everyone
his severest
to
story.
Catholic who, however,
Mr Cunningham,
the course of discussion
hearers
us
as is usually
in the first place.
the Jesuits
requires
of the
satire.
for twenty
at Catholicism"
three of his friends,
retreat
tone
as a converted
away from the church
the intention
satirical
of "Grace" are all finally revealed to be paralyzed.
Kernan is introduced
thrusts
the
and
tells Mr
"for business
men"
be too hard on us, Tom"
(483). His sermon
magic lantern
is exactly
of such a sort as one may well call "the
business." Interpreting
that it is "a text for business
narrative
reports
businessmen
a passage
from Luke, he affirms
men and professional
his declaration
men" (784). The
of his purpose : "He came to speak to
and he would speak to them in a businesslike
6). As the sermon goes on, Father Purdon compares
"spiritual
accountant"
who is to make sure if one's
spiritual
life, is accurately
discrepancies
Howard
business
correctly
about
a faith
proposition"
that
if there
are some
says, "`Grace' has a dark undercurrent
which
has
but just surrounded
structure
become
a social
is far from being
and
a
by absurdity
without
blessed with "grace"
recognizing
it.
While the
on the surface aims at a story of the salvation
fallen man, "Grace" does not reach what it is aimed
tale frustrates
league
of
(89).
The fact is that Mr Kernan
narrative
adding
himself to a
accounts
, his
one can rectify all of them "with God's grace" (812). As
Lachtman
complaint
tallied,
way" (795 -
itself on the way and is replaced
of a
at. The religious
by a satire of religion.
2
As Father
spiritual
Purdon
and the financial
other,
in the
world
life is compared
any
effects
from
upon
a second
Dictionary
and
coexist,
of "Grace."
his audience,
angle.
defines
to reconcile,
sometimes
relations.
gives
John
meaning
tries
Wise
to
"grace"
the
sermon,
This
Jackson
in Sense
— 80 —
and
of the
14.b.
the
with each
one's
analogy,
us a perspective
title
in a sense,
corresponding
In his perverted
to his financial
a different
attribute
English
embodies,
spiritual
if not having
to see the
Bernard
story.
as "Favour
story
McGinley
The
Oxford
shown
by
granting
a delay
an obligation,
Jackson
"spiritual
in the
or
performance
immunity
of an action,
from
and
McGinley
grace" (156) .
penalty
distinguish
In fact, it is financially
or the discharge
during
this
a specified
"financial
true, too, that
why Mr Kernan had the trouble
pub because Mr Kernan
money
tells
matters
are concerned.
hesitantly,
began
money to workmen
Liffey
Loan
Catholic
jewish
clients
code" he embraces
not afford what
is well
exaction
financial
of his intimate
has granted
him
"many
and
informed,
according
lent
many
to "the
Mr Kernan
could
in the trouble
caused a physical
injury.
Mr
grace and fell out of "grace." But it
the case with him ; he seems rather
grace with some
who
financier"
(315 —6). Probably
or unfortunately,
was not granted
is not always
of a
he was in his debt and was involved
which, intentionally
Kernan
from Mr Harford's
in the lavatory
(311-3), and now he is in the
As Mr Cunningham
suffer
it is
whose name Mr Kernan
his life as "an obscure
interest"
Though
to talk about it, no doubt
Mr Harford,
"at usurious
Bank.
ethical
himself is reluctant
from
is "'ery 'uch
o'liged" (93) to others, as he says with an injured tongue.
not made explicit
period."
grace"
Mr Kernan
of
friends.
small
but
to enjoy
One of them
opportune
financial
is Mr Power,
loans,"
as Mrs
Kernan
remembers
(158-9).
Besides, another
is Mr Fogarty,
a
"modest" (541) grocer in the neighbourhood
, from whom Mrs Kernan
might buy on tick something
injured
husband
210). Mr Fogarty,
to offer to Mr Power
home, as Donald
in addition,
half
points
her
out (Torchiana
enters to inquire after him in the course
of Section
II with
appreciated
the gift all the more since he was aware that there was a
small account
a
Torchiana
who brought
for groceries
pint
of special
unsettled
— 81 —
between
whisky.
"Mr
Kernan
him and Mr Fogarty"
(551-4).
The half-pint
bottle is a gift in a double sense for Mr Kernan.
It means, in the first place, that Mr Fogarty
for what
Mr Kernan
owes him at present,
brought
a half pint of whisky.
Kernan,
though
grace is granted
Now
requires
what
seemed
to
businessmen
information
is a commercial
and decency,
that
he
grace is given to Mr
he is to set right
during
with
religious
theme
economic
life of
Apart from the dual meaning
in setting
economic
In the course of Section
abruptly,
Mr Kernan's
traveller
a
; Joyce's "Grace" presents
is scrupulous
somewhat
about
be concerned
in Dublin.
which lie behind the story.
inserted,
grace
to him.
the title, the author
are
which
him financial
and, in addition,
Here financial
for a small account,
to be reconstructed
middle-class
grants
in
present
which
backgrounds
I, two paragraphs
is
given
important
state in his economic
"of the old school" (120), estimating
and says, "By grace of these two articles
silk hat and a pair of gaiters],
business
methods
businessman
dignity
had spared him
who is beginning
(126 –8).
to fall behind
the times because he holds to the old style of dignity
and decency.
may be safely said that his physical
presented
fall symbolically
[a
pass muster"
only so far as to allow him a little office in Crowe Street..."
Here is a conscientious
life. He
of clothing
... a man [can] always
(123 –4). But the point is, "Modern
of
It
in the
opening scene corresponds
with his economic fall as well as his
"spiritual" fall in the conventional
reading . His economic fall is
emphasized
in contrast
Constabulary
with Mr Power, employee
Office in Dublin
Castle : "The
arc
of the Royal Irish
of his social
rise
intersected the arc of his friend's [Mr Kernan's] decline" (137 –8). Thus
"Grace" is reconstructed on the basis of a fragment of the social scene
in which
one rises and another
falls economically,
— 82 —
as a story
of Mr
Kernan
who
is fallen
out
of favour—grace—with
But, it must be noticed,
Kernan
is not identical
articles
of his dignity
of gaiters
coat
here with the "grace" which he attributes
to
above : 123 -4). Mr Kernan,
too ("In her days of courtship
and
balanced
upon
elegance,
the
indeed
Mr
and decency, for example, a silk hat and a pair
her a not ungallant
frock
times.
the times' "grace" which has forsaken
(see my quotation
Mrs Kernan,
the
figure...
Mr Kernan had seemed
[Mr Kernan]
was dressed
trousers
his other
arm" (189 - 96 ; my italic)), believe
by means
and
of them
the
carried
smartly
lavender
refinement,
and
and perhaps
in a
a silk hat gracefully
attractiveness
the young
to
of those
Mr Kernan
in the
articles ;
won the favour
of,
came into grace with, the young Mrs Kernan, but his "grace" did not
reach
his customers
children
betray
Mr Power
limitation
with
their
This
times,
and their
their
and
either.
gracelessness,
accents
grocer
condition
had
(150 -1).
formerly
Their
by surprising
Here
"grace." In this point Mr Fogarty
"modest"
of his financial
or Mr Harford,
parents'
manners
of Mr Kernan's
contrast.
because
or the
failed
is the
is a good
in business
at that time, and then he changed
his business :
He had
opened
flattered
a small
himself,
housewives
complimented
his
of the
little
description,
may shake
account
though
its value
for his modest
on
manners
district.
He was not without
This
shop
the
would
He bore
Glasnevin
ingratiate
himself
and
culture.
(543 - 8 ; my italic)
as an objective
success
spoke
with
children
the inserted
with
where,
him
with
a certain
a neat
he
the
grace,
enunciation.
clause
("he flattered
statement,
seems
in new business.
— 83 —
road
himself")
to accurately
"A neat enunciation"
supports
the
genuineness
of his
grace,
in
comparison
with
Mr
Kernan's "grace" which does not allow his children to speak without
"obviously low -class accents" (Brown 295)
. A vital difference lies in
that Mr Fogarty
into
favour
grace,
with
by
grace,"
thought
means
while
connecting
the housewives,
of those
Mr Kernan
businessman
the
who
consequently
good
qualities
is not.
The
of business,
would
slow decline
stairs
at the
Torchiana
salesman
and
has been, admitted
into the times'
represented
grocer
as "a certain
may
be successful
in
two graces.
Seen as a story
Kernan's
he would be, and perhaps
not
presents
be reconciled
comes across
pub, which
considers
"Grace"
might
be fatal
his bitten tongue
economically
run, to have his disposition
"[m]odern business method
may come into favour
one thing.
possibly
transitive
verb ingratiate
genuine
is no doubt related
the world of business
as
for a tea
suggests
these two are
: "... his manners
would
(my italic).
that
to come
into grace
The
disposition.
is, in short, the ability
with
Indeed the main cause of
is his lack of genuine
— 84 —
to
of grace, coined from the Latin
oneself with him.
with his inflexible
himself
"grace" so that he
Practically
of the district"
is derivative
bad luck in business
as "a hazard
so that he can adjust
," and to attain
him with the housewives
Mr Kernan's
for his business,
is, in the long
with his customers.
is to ingratiate
Mr
as well as physically
ingratiate
somebody
times.
209). The way
softened
It certainly
the
(Torchiana
Notice part of the above quotation
in and gratia.
with
a quick turn when he falls down
whose chores include tea-tasting"
for him to recover
an old-fashioned
"grace" which
What he wants
of ingratiation.
in
3
There is obviously
stiff neck,"
to borrow
ingratiation,
former
an opposition
dominating
an expression
or between
is represented
the stiff-necked
by Mr Kernan,
more than a metaphor.
from
the story between
the narrative
"a
(441), and
and the ingratiatory.
The
for whom "a stiff neck" means
When he was laid down on the floor after the
fall at the bar, "[h]is collar was unfastened
and his necktie
undone"
(24) so that he might feel better ; but the reader would witness him
"pulling the collar of his filthy frock coat across his neck" (119) in the
car bringing
him home.
Certainly
the collar is one of the items for his
dignity and exactly stands for his stiff-necked way in business. Thus
"a stiff neck" is the word for him . On the other hand, among the
ingratiatory
addition
are
Mr Fogarty
to these two, there
well how to ingratiate
Kernan
"They're
Father
Purdon,
can be included
themselves.
calls "those others
complains,
and
some more
For example,
him
suspects
trouble,
speak
even
in the opening
only
before
that her husband
They
whom
Mrs
are like what
episode of Ulysses, flattering
he borrows
from him.
Rather
of Mr Harford
Mrs Kernan
had been with some of them before he had
but the fact is that he had been with Mr Harford,
of ingratiation.
who know
all right so long as he has money in his pocket to
is to Stephen
like a friend
those
In
he [Mr Kernan] does be with" (161) ; as she
keep him out from his wife and family" (162-3).
Mulligan
as I argued.
his Catholic
bitterly
ill of his "idiot" son
clients
not a man
are ingratiatory.
"as an Irish Jew and an illiterate"
(318 –9), but when
money from him "they remembered
—85—
they
need
They
and
to borrow
his good points" (320). Friendship
as
well
as
financial
relations
among
Dubliners
is
structured
on
ingratiation.
Ingratiation
Purdon
talk...
pervades
even
in
the
tries to appeal to businessmen
in
a commonsense
way,"
ningham
as "not exactly
a sermon"
example
shows,
ingratiating
criticized
itself
the
(491-2).
Dublin
between
the
the church
ingratiatory
and
at the Vatican
The topic has been argued
a lot of times.
of arguments
has
been
Let alone annotators
the
the
Purdon's
to
be
Jesuits
are
like Gifford
however,
which are regarded
is concerned
version
of the events
effects
on
the
because
characters.
But in most cases the
of historical
(107 -8), those
distortions
with
no other
The
by Mr Cunningham,
Council in 1870.
as standard
mainly
is
critics
as
M. Kain (145 -6), and Warren
Beck (291-6), point out Mr Cunningham's
in their studies
stiff-necked
misrepresentation
Robert Martin Adams (177 - 81), Richard
Here,
The
Cun-
and people who go there.
to the front by the event misrepresented
events.
Mr
seems
world.
the decision of papal infallibility
point
by
As Father
in
commercial
Father
"a kind of friendly
is estimated
Church
is not only between
opposition
brought
with
and makes
which
Catholic
of religion.
by Mr M'Coy, too, as "cater for the upper class" (463). But
the problem
The
the
world
of historical
references
on "Grace".
Mr Cunningham's
but that version
vote
on
the
facts
erred
could have
proposal
of papal
infallibility at the Vatican Council was, in Mr Cunnungham's
words,
"the greatest scene in the whole history of the Church" (627 -8). To
insert
a comment
on the historical
to the peak of ultramontanism
liberalism
much
that had emerged
significance
of the decree, it points
at the age of conflict
since the French
the decree itself as its proposer
— 86 —
with the political
Revolution
Pius IX's hard
; it is not so
attitudes
to the
modern
world
Church
of
until
that
the reign
procedure,
proposal
left
adopted
incorrectly
at the
who
John
command
XXIII
which
most
the
that
the
language
Biography
had
left Rome
by the
Luigi
Riccio
of Caiazzo,
Ark,
and
both
of
council
time
them
Encyclopedia
to the decision.
according
are
and
a German
the
between
On the
went over for the decree
to English
absurdity.
and
an
by
his
(Dictionary
fact,
Dollinger
at the council,
; the two opposers
Fitzgerald,
decision
of Little
immediately
probably
"Dowling"
unintentional,
were
Rock,
(New
and MacHale in their reaction
to papal infallibility,
hand,
speaks
the other
change
as if he had
opposer
at once when it was declared,
This immediate
"Dowling,"
to it and left the Church ; though
Mr Cunningham
other
distortion
of attitudes
represents,
so that
in a way, the ingratiatory
they
can enjoy
But what is interesting
his favour,
is obviously
credo
of
. The case
who are subject
and reveals
is Mr Cunningham's
— 87 —
MacHale
and shouted
intended
to form a distinct contrast
to the immovable
"Dowling" which resulted in his departure from the Church
their superior
was
14 : 559 - 63).
in fact he was excommunicated,
of MacHale
the
Dr J. J. I.
is known
attendant
voting
to
Mr Cunningham
who
first
term
significance
in the historical
Edward
accepted
a certain
or "Dowling,"
his aversion
MacHale,
of the
opposers
433 to 2.
Tuam,
But
to him, would not submit
out, "Credo!" (654).
by
of
One of the opposers
left it voluntarily.
original
as "Dolling"
The point of Mr Cunningham's,
lies in the contrast
the
of the final
Italy,
156). After
opposers
and
and
pattern"
of a symbolical
two
12 : 550 -2).
the
of
session
archbishop
of the Irish
(Vidler
decree
is misrepresented
did not attend
Catholic
"the authoritarian
of John
solemn
MacHale,
of National
unchanged
Rome,
supposes
Dollinger,
Irish
during
had
finally
left
comment
to
their
and
its effect
on others.
submitted
the moment the Pope spoke" (656 –7), Mr Cunningham
an example
of genuine
indifferent
faith
to "Dowling."
Cunningham's
minds
Saying,
irony
showed
the faith
he had.
in the case of MacHale
Others
are also subject
He
finds
and is rather
to his view : "Mr
words had built up the vast image of the Church in the
of his hearers"
associated,
"That
(660 –1).
The
adjective
vast here
may
for Joyce, with such as vain, vacant, and even vaunted.
lies in that everyone
present
regards
the ingratiatory
be
The
MacHale
as a bearer of genuine faith.
MacHale's
ing
faith
or, in a word,
ingratiating
gratiam,
shout "Credo!" reveals cunningly,
oneself
original
with
believing
the
New Testament
is identical
Church.
of the English
however,
with
In fact
or leads
to
phrase
in
a Latin
word ingratiation,
the act of coming
that declar-
can signify
in the
into grace with God, entering
the
state in which one may hope God's glory, coming to have faith in God,
and
even
believers,
being
imply
coming
to be connected
what is to be established
justified
with
the
as the Catholic
by faith, we have peace with
institution
of
Church : "Therefore
God through
our Lord
Jesus Christ : By whom also we have access by faith into this grace (in
gratiam
istam) wherein
God" (Rom.
we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of
5 : 1-2) (The Holy Bible; Nouum
Testamentum
Latine).
The process of coming into grace is to be termed, as it were, for Joyce,
in-grati-ation,
concept
which
is easily
ingratiation.
contrast
between
overlapped
Corruption
the
stiff-necked
of the
and
faith
"Dowling"
undermined
is hinted
and
the
by the
at in the
ingratiatory
MacHale.
The
story,
opposition
in which
may
Mr Kernan
affect
our
reading
is persuaded
— 88 —
of the
main
to join his friends
event
of the
in going
to
make
a retreat.
expression,
It is exactly
that
on his stance
happens
with
of in-grati-ation
himself
is no room
"con
version,"
any
if this
cannot
help
with
his
to convert
little
nervously"
more
religious
term
finally
in our
and
coined
him
into
Mr Kernan
"a good
himself
agreeable
: "—I don't
mind,
holy
in the
his
to
converin it
and
said
him
to
as it is, he
getting
into
Mr Kernan,
smile testifies
There
urge
In the situation
of
pious
the proposal.
of
here.
one
is too involved
in answering
is allowed
concept
and psychological
motivation
(688). The nervous
spiritual
(683 –4) is achieved
when
any
making
friends
personal
Catholic"
detached
for
supernatural
by the
led by Mr Cunningham
to make
just
the
plot
Roman
in-grati-ation,
; and as far as the focus is concentrated
his friends,
Mr Power's
God-fearing
sation
there
is replaced
ingratiation.
and
Mr Kernan's
favour
smiling
his involuntary
a
submis-
sion to ingratiation.
Stiff-neckedness
Kernan's
former
not
mind
yields
only
in
latter
the
The
design
in the
retreat
and
himself
Kernan
silent.
but,
the
when
of
is told.
the competition
scene
time
The
understanding
it.
describes
proposal
that
— 89 —
conveyed
very
spiritual
one
in the
suspects
a
in making
a
against
away
his oscillation
some
Just
Mr Kernan
of being
the
"Grace"
reflected
his friends
he is afraid
until
structure
the story
in Mr
determining
He is still bigoted
The narrative
mind
competition
against
confidence.
his
also
other
scene
join
friends'
was
same
each
he should
but
to
the
that
The
but
the
church,
Mr
at
end.
to illustrate
with
conversation
in which
is from
proposal
cautions
in the
language
passage
compete
of the
stance
will be enough
style.
ingratiation
course
Kernan's
affects
example
the
to the
Mr
sometimes
and
the
from
his
:
little
meaning
agencies
were
about
to concern
to his
themselves
dignity
to show
on his behalf,
a stiff
neck.
conversation
for a long
while
enmity,
his friends
discussed
while
Mr Kernan's
time.
focused
while
instead
confirmation
he keeps
quiet.
against
the
In the
At
an
air of calm
they are turned
by the conjunctive
and prolonged
mind and reports
his
the
stance.
is partly
But notice
the
affected
by a
fiction.
Both of
fail to end up shortly,
but, which
windingly.
is followed
The first sentence
but
by
says
for him—but—he
tells himself to show a stiff neck as in duty bound
in order to defend
dignity.
The
proposal
description
has little meaning
his
Mr Cunningham's
at the same
is
as is often the case with Joyce's
around
in the
the narrative
sight
that the language
in the quotation
phrase,
first
bigoted
the two long sentences
that
part
(438 – 44)
interim
self-conscious
just Mr Kernan's
thought,
an inserted
no
with
the Jesuits.
proposal.
syntax ; it suggests
character's
listened,
it
which must be going on among others
into Mr Kernan's
seems to emphasize
awkward
He took
he owed
silence points to the silence in the narrative
Part of the conversation
is omitted
but
he thought
second
conversation—but—he
listens
one
says
that
he
to the discussion
is
away
from
the
all the while until at
last he breaks his silence and puts in a word in defense of the Jesuits,
"I haven't such a bad opinion of the Jesuits" (445)
. Practically
the
narrative
represents
Mr Kernan's
oscillation
neck, on the one hand,
being
from
but, on the other
being
the conversation
gradually
inclined
indifferent
to turn
here
at which
one may be turned
hand,
and away
he is aware
Scrupulous
of his
reading
will
spots as the conjunctive
but
around
— 90 —
He keeps a stiff
to the proposal
around.
reveal that "Grace" is full of such turning
in mind.
(con-verted).
Conversion
occurs
on
The
over
the
reader
a stiff
Joyce
level
The point
of ingratiation,
to their
most
remarkable
grace
dislocates
iiAll citations
witnesses
in Mr Kernan
sides
yield
too.
of "Grace"
neck
takes
side.
of syntax,
with
after
all.
ingratiation,
Mr Kernan's
which
in fact
superior
and
feature
of "Grace"
and
turns
from Dubliners
that
the
relief
the
is interpreted
mentality
as a satire
into a story
not mean
he takes
in a state
and A Portrait
of ingratiation
But this does
conversion
reveals
find
dominance
nor
is that
itself
the
that
opposite
in terms
of Dubliners
of grace.
is that
who
Thus
the
the
story
of
of ingratiation.
of the Artist as a Young Man are
from the Gabler editions, and the line numbers
are put in parentheses
after the
citation.
Works
Adams,
Robert
Ulysses.
Baker,
Martin.
Surface
NY : OUP,
Joseph
E.
"The
and
Cited
Symbol:
The
Consistency
of James
Joyce's
1962.
Trinity
in Joyce's
(1965) : 299 —303.
Beck, Warren.
Joyce's Dubliners:
`Grace.—
Substance,
James
Joyce
Vision, and Art.
Quarterly
2
Durham : Duke
UP, 1969.
Boyle,
Robert,
S. J.
"Swiftian
Allegory
and Dantean
Parody
James Joyce Quarterly 7 (1969) : 11—21.
Brown, Terence. Notes. Dubliners. By James Joyce.
Books,
The
Harmondsworth
`Grace.—
: Penguin
1992.
Catholic
Palatine
Dictionary
in Joyce's
University
: Jack
of National
Heraty
of
America.
& Associates,
Biography.
Ed.
New
Catholic
1967.
Sidney
Encyclopedia.
Vol. 14.
17 vols.
Lee.
Vol. 12. NY : The
Macmillan
Company, 1909. 22 vols.
Gates, Robert A. "Tom Kernan and Job." James Joyce Quarterly 19 (1982) : 275 —
287.
Gifford,
Don.
Joyce Annotated.
2nd ed.
Berkeley
— 91 —
: U of California
P, 1982.
The
Holy
Bible.
King
James
Version.
NY : Meridian,
Jackson,
John Wyse, and Bernard
McGinley.
Edition.
By James Joyce. NY : St Martin's
Joyce,
James.
Ellmann.
.
Dubliners.
Eds.
Joyce,
Walter
Richard
Hart.
Kauver,
Gabler
and
Mason
and
Walter
Richard
Hettche.
NY :
of the Artist
as a Young
NY : Vintage
My Brother's
Man.
Eds.
International,
Keeper.
Ed.
Hans
Walter
Gabler
London
: Faber
1993.
Richard
Ellmann.
1958.
M.
"Grace."
London
Elaine
Walter
-----
Ellsworth
An Illustrated
1993. -----
Hettche.
Stanislaus.
and Faber,
Kain,
Hans
International,
. A Portrait
and
Notes.
Dubliners:
Griffin, 1993.
The Critical
Writings.
Eds.
NY : The Viking Press, 1964.
Vintage
1974.
: Faber
M.
James
Joyce's
and Faber,
"Swift's
Clothing
Dubliners:
Critical
Essays.
Ed.
Clive
1969.
Philosophy
in A Tale of a Tub and Joyce's
'Grace ."' James Joyce Quarterly 5 (1968) : 162 – 165.
Lachtman, Howard. "The Magic-Lantern Business : James Joyce's Ecclesiastical
Satire in Dubliners." James Joyce Quarterly 7 (1970) : 82 – 92.
Moseley, Virginia.
"The 'Coincidence' of 'Contraries'
in 'Grace."' James Joyce
Quarterly
Nouum
6 (1968) : 3 – 21.
Testamentum
Wordsworth
The Oxford
English
Torchiana,
Donald
Unwin,
Vidler,
Alec
Latine.
Trans.
and Henricus
Iulianus
Dictionary.
2nd ed.
T.
Backgrounds
Saint
Hieronymus.
White.
Oxford
Oxford
: OUP,
for Joyce's
Eds.
: CIarendon,
Iohannes
1911.
1989.
Dubliners.
Boston
: Allen
&
History
of
1986.
R.
the Church
The
Church
in an Age of Revolution.
5. Harmondsworth
: Penguin
— 92 —
Books,
The
1990.
Penguin