Programming
Languages
Montasir Mohammed
Ayaa Adil Khalid
Introduction
 *What
is a language?
 *What is a programming language?
 *What is the difference between
computer languages and normal
languages?
 *Keywords, Syntax and Semantics.
Programming languages
evolution:
1GL or
firstgeneration
language
was (and
still
is) machine
language (which in
convention
al
computers
is a string
of 0s and
1s).
2GL or
secondgenerati
on
language
is assemble
r
(someti
mes
called
"assembl
y")
language
. ADD,
SUB
..
..
3GL or
thirdgeneration
language is
a "highlevel"
programmi
ng
language,
such as PL/I
, C, orJava.
(Compilers)
.
4GL or
fourthgeneration
language is
designed to
be closer to
natural
language .
SQL
statements
: select
from --where
5GL or
fifthgeneratio
n uses a
visual or
graphical
developm
ent
interface
Programming domains
•• Using
Using the
the computer
computer as
as a
a
large
calculator
large calculator
•• Fortran
Fortran and
and friends,
friends, some
some
Algol,
APL
Algol, APL
•• Using
Using the
the computer
computer for
for
symbol
symbol manipulation
manipulation
•• Mathematical
Mathematical
•• Data
Data processing
processing and
and
business
procedures
business procedures
•• Cobol,
Cobol, some
some PL/1,
PL/1, RPG,
RPG,
spreadsheets
spreadsheets
•• Building
Building operating
operating systems
systems
and
utilities
and utilities
•• C,
C, PL/S,
PL/S, ESPOL,
ESPOL, Bliss,
Bliss, some
some
Algol
and
derivitaves
Algol and derivitaves
Scientific
applications
Business
applications
Systems
programming
Programming domains
• Parallel and distributed
systems
• Ada, CSP, Modula, DP,
Mentat/Legion
Parallel
programmin
g
• Uses symbolic rather than
numeric computations
• Lists as main data
structure
• Flexibility (code = data)
• Lisp in 1959, Prolog in the
1970s
• A list of commands to be
executed
• UNIX shell programming,
awk, tcl, Perl
Artificial
intelligence
Scripting
languages
Programming
domains
• Languages designed to
facilitate teaching
• Pascal, BASIC, Logo
•
•
•
Other than the above…
Simulation
Specialized equipment
control
• String processing
• Visual languages
Education
Special
purpose
How to learn a new programming
language
*New to programming:
-First learn about algorithms (pseudo code).
-Fetch ,Decode, Execute cycle.
-Have a look at the keywords, syntax and semantics.
-Practice.

*Already a programmer:
-Have a look at the keywords, syntax and semantics.
-Explore the language library.

How to be a good programmer or be
a better programmer
*Language
keywords
and
syntax.
*Language
semantics.
*Practice
(write
more
programs
).
*Revers
code if
needed.
Which programming language
should I learn first?
What do you know about
Ruby?
Ruby

Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed
and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz
" Matsumoto in Japan.

Yukihiro said: “I really wanted a genuine object-oriented,
easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find
one. So I decided to make it.”
Top paid programming
languages:
Printf(“
Thank you ”);
System.out.print(“ Thank you ”);
cout<<“Thank you”;
echo “Thank you”;
Puts” Thank you”;
---(Ruby)