Mycotoxins in French cereals:
progress on knowledge and risk
management
Benoît MELEARD
INTERCEREALES
ARVALIS – Institut du végétal
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Intercéréales:
Inter-branch Association of french cereal sector
• A private association recognised by the public
authorities composed by professionnal organisations of
production, collection, trading and first processing (13
members)
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• Contribute to develop the cereals sector :
 Research and development (ARVALIS)
 Information of the public
 Promotion of French cereals in international
markets
 Facilitate inter-branch dialogue, including food
and feed safety
Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Plan
• Recent works on :
• DON
• HT2/T2
• ergot and alcaloïds
• new toxins
• Conclusions
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Despite progress, the risk
still remains
European maximal limits for
cereals intended for human
consumption :
ML = 1250 µg/kg
% of surfaces
About DON
DON survey 2003-2012- Distribution of classes in wheat
% >1250µg/kg
1250µg/kg>%>750µg/kg
%< 750µg/kg
140 samples/ year
µg/kg – LC/MSMS
From ARVALIS-Institut du végétal and FranceAgriMer
More investigation looks essential to manage Fusarium graminearum
and DON content
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Progress occurs: different tools at
different stages for different users
Decision for treatment against
(wheat)
About DON
Farmers
Fusarium graminearum
Management of residues, choice of
variety by farmers
Farmers
Before sowing
Fusarium graminearum epidemiology cycle , Trail 2009
Gourdain, 2012
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Progress occurs: a grid taking into
account climatic data since 2011
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From field surveys 2001-2011, ARVALIS-Institut du végétal
Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Progress occurs: different tools at
different stages for different users
Prediction of the risk at the
Decision for treatment against
(wheat)
cooperative scale
About DON
Farmers
Cooperatives
Fusarium graminearum
Management of residues, choice of
variety by farmers
Farmers
Before sowing
Fusarium graminearum epidemiology cycle , Trail 2009
Gourdain, 2012
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Progress occurs: improvment of french
cultivars susceptibility to DON accumulation
Wheat varieties are better characterized for their susceptibility to DON accumulation
during registration.
The part of varieties of low susceptibility is increasing and the part of varieties of
high susceptibility is decreasing at registration.
registration
About DON
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
(2011)
NR
Low
7 susceptibility
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
High
2.5 susceptibility
From ARVALIS, post-registration trials
100%
Low
susceptibility
field
80%
60%
40%
20%
High
susceptibility
0%
2006
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Gourdain, 2011
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
From FranceAgriMer Surveys
Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
The impact at the field
scale is still limited
Progress occurs: tools are available for
the whole chain in France to help in
managing the annual risk
About DON
Prediction of the annual risk by the model from 2012
Gourdain, 2012
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Progress occur : a european approach to
share and validate a new model to predict
FHB production and development
About DON
An epidemiologic model to
predict the G. zeae ascospore
infection expected for 2014
Sources :
- HGCA
- Bioforsk
- “Code of Good Agricultural Practices”
Reyneri et al., 2007
- Rossi, com pers
- Musa et al., 2007
- Gourdain et al., 2011
- National guideline, Sweden crop 2009
- MTT
- Knowledge center of agriculture, European
extension group meeting, 2010
Gourdain, 2011
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
T-2 and HT-2 monitoring still goes on
T-2 and HT-2 (µg/kg)
About T-2 and HT-2
Average results T-2 and HT-2
according to cereal species (2006-2011)
From ARVALIS and FranceAgriMer surveys (3500 data from 2006 to 2011)
Oat >>> other cereals
And wide distributed
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Factors impacting T-2 and HT-2 level : a
first approach for barley, rye and oat
About T-2 and HT-2
From ARVALIS surveys (195 data 2012)
location
13%
Explained by the
model
27%
unexplained
73%
Previous crop Cereals>other
7%
crops
species
7%
Oat>Barley=Rye
Other climatic and pedologic factors, soil
preparation, varietal susceptibility,…
Orlando, 2013
Oat is significantly more susceptible
Cereals as previous crop is more risky
Climate has a major impact
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Updated T-2 and HT-2 risk assessment
grid on spring barley
About T-2 and HT-2
From A , low risk to E, high risk
Orlando, 2012
Factor levels has been updated :
- date of sowing (***)
- previous crop (***)
- variety (**)
- management of residues (*)
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
T-2 and HT-2 (µg/kg)
About T-2 and HT-2
Keep in mind that correlations between
Fusarium-toxins can occur
Exclusion between T-2 + HT-2 and DON contents
in small grain cereals
DON
(µg/kg)
From Arvalis and FranceAgriMer surveys (3000 data from 2006 to 2011)
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Ergot in cereals has to be further
investigated
About ergot and alcaloids
Distribution of ergot sclerotia according to cereal species
(2012)
99% 97%
100%
94%
93%90%
90%
BLE
DURwheat
Durum
N=67
AVOINE
Oat
N=34
80%
ORGE
Barley
N=135
70%
BLE
TENDRE
Common
Wheat
N=103
TRITICALE
Triticale
N=69
SEIGLE
Rye
N=26
60%
50%
50%
40%
30%
23%
9%
6%
4%
1%3%
20%
10%
0%
<0.1
15%
1% 1%
0.1-0.3
0.3-0.5
ergot (g/kg)
From ARVALIS – Institut du végétal field surveys
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
All species are concerned
more or less
12%
1%
>0.5
An ambitious and collaborative research
program to understand and help in managing
the ergot and alcaloids risk
About ergot and alcaloids
A 3 year program
2011-2014
OBJECTIVIZE
Field surveys
(ergot sclerotia
and alcaloid
content)
UNDERSTAND
and ANTICIPATE
TREAT
Fungus spread,
Effect of soil tillage,
Effect of seed teatment,
Seed ability to germination,
Effect of process in feed and
food
Effect of cleaning
systems,
Improvment of
equipment
setting
ARVALIS
MEASURE
Development of new method to quantify alcaloids and lab performances assessment
brewers
IFBM
millers
breeders
ANMF
Saaten Union
crop protection
Syngenta
INRA
scientists
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Manage
the risk in
the chain
First monitoring on « new toxins »
ARVALIS – Institut du végétal, from
FranceAgriMer field surveys
Situation in 2012
maïs
maize
80%
71%
n=51
30%
60%
% échantillons
% échantillons
70%
50%
40%
30%
16%
20%
12%
Blé tendre
27%
23%
25%
20%
n=130
13%
15%
10%
2%
5%
2%
10%
2%
1%
0%
0%
<50
50-100
100-200
200-300
>300
beauvericine (µg/kg)
Somme des enniatines A, A1, B, B1 (µg/kg)
maïs
maize
61%
60%
30%
n=51
40%
30%
20%
23%
25%
50%
16%
Durum
Blé dur wheat
29%
16%
8%
% échantillons
70%
% échantillons
About new toxins
Common
wheat
33%
35%
20%
15%
n=48
15%
15%
10%
13%
4%
5%
10%
2%
0%
0%
<50
50-100
100-200
200-300
>300
Moniliformine (µg/kg)
Somme des enniatines A, A1, B, B1 (µg/kg)
Beauvericin
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Moniliformin
Enniatins
Alternaria
toxins
Common wheat
Durum wheat
Triticale
Barley
Maize
Sorgho
Monitoring is required on
several species/toxin pairs
Low monitoring required: the mycotoxin is not
detected in the crop
Monitoring required: the mycotoxin is detcetd in
the crop at low level
High monitoring required: the mycotoxin is
detected in the crop at significant level
Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Conclusions
• Progress have been made in the knowledge of each
Fusarium-toxin and we now have decision making tools
• But even when mechanism are well-known, the risk can
remain as we can see for DON in wheat some years
• Oat is very concerned by T-2 and HT-2 toxins production
• Ergot/alcaloids production and development has to be
further investigated to manage the risk
• About new toxins first monitoring approach reveals that
several species/toxin pairs have to be followed-up
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013
Thank you for your attention
[email protected]
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Mycotoxin Forum - September 6th 2013