2015 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering (22th)
October 19-22, 2015
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Prediction of Location of Worldwide Cloud Cities at the Global Scale
ZHANG Hao-zhe1，ZHAO Zhi-qing1，MA Tao2，FANG Hui3，JIANG Jian3，YI Qi-sen2
1 School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R.China
2 School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R.China
3 Urban Planning and Design Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R.China
Abstract: In recent years, as the demand for big data
storage and computing services blossoms, the cloud
computing industry starts flourishing. The rapid
development of Cloud Computing Industry is expected to
impulse the emerging of Cloud Cities, a kind of new
cities featured with cloud computing industry. Could
Cities could be generalized as a model integrating the
Cloud Computing Industry with human habitat. In the
context of information society, the appearance and
location of cloud computing industry and cloud cities
affect reconstruction of pattern of worldwide economic
and political activity. This article, through analysis of the
characteristics of the cloud industry, summarizes the key
indicators affecting location of worldwide cloud cities.
Based on the relative public data resources, this research
maps potential location of cloud cities at the scale of the
globe.
Keywords: cloud city, cloud computing service,
location, distribution, data center
1 Introduction
In recent years, with the rapid development of IT
Industry and the rise in demand for big data processing
service, a number of large-scale data processing services
companies (for example: Google, IBM, etc.) have
emerged, which gave birth to the vigorous development
of the Cloud Industry. Like other industries, the cloud
industry infrastructure operation, maintenance requires a
certain support from people logistics. That allows a class
of city-settlements - Cloud City - characterized by cloud
industry to appear. Cloud Cities are supposed to provide
worldwide users with cloud computing services based on
modern internet, satellite communications technologies.
Massive cloud data processing center will become an
important symbol of such cities.
Because the location and layout of the cloud
infrastructure industry are subject to certain conditions,
therefore, the pattern of the location choice of cloud
cities will present certain regularity features. The
distribution mode of cloud cities will have a profound
impact on global political, economic, cultural and even
regional security. This paper, in a global perspective,
focuses on those key factors that affect cloud urban
978-1-4673-6513-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
layout, and predicts the location of cloud cities
worldwide.
2 Cloud industry and cloud city
2.1 Cloud industry
Cloud Industry refers to a series of industry in
general, where cloud computing services industry is the
core, including: cloud computing services, cloud
computing equipment manufacturing, infrastructure
services, and so on.[19,24] Cloud computing services are
realized in the form of three services: Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS), Platform as a Services (PaaS), and
Software as a Service (SaaS) . [2,32,33] IaaS refers to the
service providing data center, storage and other hardware
and software resources. PaaS means the services
providing working platform for users operating, or
developing new applications. SaaS refers to the services
allowing users to install applications in service providers’
data center, and to use the needed softwares from the
network (Fig.1).
Fig.1 Model of cloud industry components
Source: MIIT and telecommunications research institute, 2012
2.2 Cloud city
The Cloud City is a type of cities where cloud
industry is the main features of industrial development.
Like many other types of cities labeled with such as
industry, tourism etc., the Cloud City provides cloud
computing services worldwide. Thus the Cloud City is a
kind of functional entity transforming Cloud Computing
technique into the one of the key supportive condition of
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people habitat.
The basic model of the Cloud City could be
summarized as the combination of urban entity and
Cloud Industry (Fig.2). The Cloud Industry becomes the
emerging leading industries in the cloud cities. Data
processing industry clusters will appear at large in cloud
cities, and become a new driving force of economic and
social development.
Fig.2 Model of cloud cities
Source: Drawn by Jian Jiang.
There have been a number of cloud infrastructure
industry base all over the world, they can be regarded as
the prototype of the future cloud cities (Fig.3). They
include: the cloud base in Silicon Valley Industrial Park,
North Carolina Triangle Science Park (RTP), New York
government cloud base; large-scale cloud computing
centers in Ireland; Saxony - Anhalt and Munich cloud
computing demonstration area, Germany; the advanced
data centers in southern France; Tokyo cloud
infrastructure centers, Osaka data center clusters in Japan
and so on. It illustrates the emergence of the prototype of
cloud cities illustrates the trend of the Cloud Industry
becoming leading industry around the world.
3 Key conditions of cloud cities appearance
Cloud cities appear together with the Cloud
Industry (especially cloud computing industry) in
symbiosis, so their distribution is affected by location
tends of cloud computing industry. The appearance of
cloud cities will be sensitive to the following conditions:
climate, energy, communication, and security.
3.1 Climate
The appearance of cloud cities are highly sensitive
to the regional climate condition. Large-scale cloud
computing requires constant temperature and humidity of
the working environment. The power consumption in
servers rooms in operation could be more than
$ 3,000/m2. 30%-40% of energy is used for cooling the
equipment and server room [19]. Taking advantage of
lower local weather temperature for natural cooling
could save a lot of energy, and reduce operation costs
significantly. Therefore, cloud industries, for energy and
costs saving, will be more inclined to locate in the
high-latitude areas, which will most likely become the
next gathering areas of cloud cities.
3.2 Energy
Super capability of data processing can greatly
enhance resource utilization, while inevitably results in
problems of high energy consumption [5,3,12]. Energy
consumption of cloud computing industry is very huge. A
45,000 Kw data center equipped with 100,000 servers
annually consumes power more than 400 million Kwh.
Such a huge demand for power greatly challenges those
areas with energy shortage. Even if transmitting power
from neighbor areas, 10 percent loss in long-distance
Thus,
power distribution must be considered [19].
sufficient energy will be important factors for cloud
cities layout in the future.
3.3 Communication
Data processing services for local or the globe is an
important economic pillar of cloud cities. Relying on
highly developed internet and satellite communications
technologies, service commission, operation and
outcomes delivery can completely break through the
restrictions of space [4]. Cloud cities locating in the
high-latitude areas provide real-time data processing
serve for equatorial countries without constraints of the
Fig.3 Location of main cloud computing region
Source: Data from white papers of china cloud computing infrastructure industrial map (2011) p21-24.
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increasing transportation costs due to long distance
transportation in traditional industries. The extent of
convenience of access to internet and communication
satellites will become one of the most important factors
influencing the location of cloud cities.
3.4 Security
Comparing to traditional cities, the cloud cities pay
more attention to regional security factors in locating.
"Security" here not only refers to the common meaning
of "natural disaster security", but also includes military,
political and international financial security.
Human society increasingly depends on data
processing and storage. It can be expected that most of
activities such as politics, economics, and social
intercourse in reality will require more and more cloud
computing services in the future. That would make
"data" an important "strategic resource" for a country,
thus the data processing and storage related facilities will
likely become main military targets. Therefore, cloud
cities will inevitably tend to some areas of highly
military security [6].
At the same time, because of the sensitivity of cloud
industry to climate and energy, areas which are suitable
to gather cloud industry would arrange in limited regions
of the globe. Based on the communication of internet,
international transaction of cloud services will become
the main trend of the development of cloud industry in
future. When a country or company buys cloud services
from other countries, political environment and financial
investment environment of the cloud service provider
countries will be one of primary factors.
4 Types of cloud cities
According to the section of cloud industry in the all
the industries of a city, cloud cities could be divided as
mixed cloud city and professional cloud city.
4.1 Mixed cloud city
Mixed cloud cities will be the most common type of
the cloud cities in the future. Cloud computing industry
and other industries co-exist in this type of cities. Similar
to the traditional cities that we have usually seen, mixed
cloud cities take cloud computing industry as one of the
leading several industries, and have a variety of
industries mixed developing. Such mixed cloud cities
tend to "Graft" cloud industrial base on existed cities.
Recently, many cities have emerged the industrial parks
with "cloud technology" as the theme. Although many of
them still contained commercial speculation gimmick,
but it implies the prototype of the mixed cloud cities
have begun to develop. (Fig.4)
4.2 Professional cloud city
Professional cloud cities will be a special type of
cloud cities. The unique nature of the cloud industry
makes climate, clean energy, security factors and
broadband capability condition become the important
Services
...
Industry
Tourism
Mixed
Cloud City
Agriculture
Cloud
Industry
Culture
Mining
Fig.4 Model of mixed cloud cities
Source: Produced by Jian Jiang
locating factors. Because of the highly automatic
operation and communication of cloud computing
services, cloud industry can stay away from the supply of
human resources and product sales market (Because the
main products and services are available through the
online transmission). It indicates that professional cloud
cities might emerge in some remote areas with the
suitable objective conditions. Because of cloud service
base still need routine maintenance and security, a
city-agglomeration could be needed near to the base.
That forms the professional cloud city. (Fig.5)
This type of city will be similar to some of the
former Soviet Union, which take function of mining and
energy supply, such as mining city Baku and nuclear city
Prypiat. The location of professional cloud city is likely
to meet more than one needs of factors above, that makes
this particular city form can be achieved. For example,
Some areas are both energy-rich area and unmanned area
with colder climate. Low energy costs and lower air
conditioning usage can significantly reduce energy costs,
so that a certain amount cloud services gathered in the
area will have economic efficiency. Such benefits can be
paid the costs of the construction of human settlements,
therefore, a professional cloud city emerges.
Fig.5 Model of professional cloud cities
Source: Produced by Jian Jiang
5 Location of cloud cities
5.1 Predicting indicators
According to the nature of cloud city, the
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temperature, social stability, safety, convenience of
geological communication and energy supply should be
chosen as predictors.
5.1.1 Temperature
Annual average temperature is selected as the
judging factor in the dimension of temperature.
Temperature conditions directly affect the cooling
expense in cloud computing industries for normal
operating. Usually, cooling expense is account for up to
30 percent of total operating costs of cloud computing
servers [25]. The basic hypothesis of temperature
impacting on location of cloud cities is that lower
temperature a region is, the more suitable for cloud
computing infrastructure construction, therefore more
potential for cloud cities development. However, when
the annual average temperature falls below a certain level,
the effect of temperature factor on cloud computing
centers cooling became insignificant. Correspondingly,
when the annual average temperature of a region is
above a certain level, the temperature factor will lead to
dramatically increased consumption for cooling, which
makes this region no longer suitable for the development
of cloud cities. According to the regional classification
for cloud industries development in "Data Center Layout
Guidance" jointly issued by Chinese five ministries [19], a
classification scale is made. In that scale, the globe is
divided into five leveled regions by average annual
temperatures. Each level corresponds to a certain score.
However, in the regions level 5 (with an average annual
temperature of 10 ℃ or above) , cloud computing
services will have an excessive energy consumption due
to the over warm climate. That disadvantage can hardly
be offset by other factors. Thus, level 5 is assigned as
"inappropriate construction".
Tab.1 Scale of temperature factor
Classification
Score
The annual Level 1：Below -10℃；
40
average
30
temperature Level 2：Over 10℃ but under
0℃；
Level 3：Over 0℃ but under 20
5℃；
Level 4：Over 5℃ but under 10
10℃；
Inappropriate
Level 5：Over 10℃
construction
Source: New, M.G., M. Hulme and P.D. Jones, 1999:
Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I:
Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial
climatology. J. Climate. 12, 829-856.
Fig.6 Classification by annual average temperature of the
globe
Source: Drawn by Jian Jiang according to New, M.G., M.
Hulme and P.D. Jones, 1999: Representing 20th century
space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990
mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate. 12, 829-856.
5.1.2 Social stability
Social stability is the issue which must be taken full
consideration, when building a cloud computing center
internationally. Data will become an important resource
for development of human society in the context of
information era, which makes overseas construction of
cloud computing center assess the risks of outbreak of
wars, political instability[7,23]. At the same time, the
international cloud computing infrastructure construction
must take into account the risk of expropriation of assets
by foreign countries. Therefore, political stability, war
risk and financial transfers risk, are chosen as the
predicting indicators for cloud cities location in the
dimension of social stability. The data source of those
indicators is published by the United States Department
of Commerce for foreign investment. Each of those
indicators is divided into three levels. Level 1 means the
most suitable condition for cloud cities, scored as 40.
Level 2 means suitable condition, scored as 20. While,
the Level 3 means social stability is too poor to develop
cloud cities, assigned as“inappropriate construction".
Tab.2 Social stability index classification
Classification
Score
Level 1: Political stability highest 40
Level 2: Political stability
Political
20
moderate
Stability
Inappropriate
Level 3: Political stability lowest
construction
Level 1: lowest risk
40
Index
War Risk
Level 2: moderate risk
Level 1: lowest risk
Inappropriate
construction
40
Level 2: moderate risk
20
Level 3: highest risk
Inappropriate
construction
Level 3: highest risk
As shown in Fig. 6, areas with temperature below
-10 ℃ are very beneficial for the development of the
cloud cities. Northern USA, Canada, northern Europe,
northern Chinese, northern Russia, and Antarctica have
the natural advantage for layout of the cloud industry
development.
Financial
Transfers
Risk
20
As shown in Fig.7, political stability has a
significant difference from one country to another.
Political stability is higher in countries like the United
States, Canada, Western Europe, northern Europe,
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Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Antarctica, which
are suitable for the cloud industry developing in safety.
most difficult to prevent. That’s why geological safety as
an indicator to judge seism risk. However, due to the
construction of modern human technology can resist the
vast majority of seismic activity, this research does not
assign the most geologically active areas as “zero” score,
instead of “inappropriate construction” area.
Tab.3 Geological safety index classification
Classification
The
Seism
Risk
Fig.7 Classification by political security
Source: http://acetool.commerce.gov/political-security-risks
As shown in Fig.8, USA, Canada, Western Europe,
Australia, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Europe, Antarctica
have the lowest war risk.
Score
Level 1: the most stable geological
activity area
40
Level 2: geological activity relatively
stable zone;
Level 3: geological activity area;
30
Level 4: frequent geological activity area;
10
Level 5: the most frequent geological
activity area.
0
20
Source: Munich Re Group, 2009: World Map of Natural
Hazards. www.munichre.com/nathan
As shown in Fig.10, in the US West Coast, West
Coast in South America, East Africa, Southeast Asia,
earthquakes occur at higher risk rating, and are not
suitable for the cloud cities, while other areas are
relatively low-risk.
Fig.8 Classification by war and crime risk
Source: http://acetool.commerce.gov/political-security-risks
As shown in Fig.9, China, United States, Canada,
Western Europe, northern Europe, Australia, Algeria,
Saudi Arabia, Antarctica and so on have the lowest risk
of financial transfers, and are suitable for the layout of
cloud cities, while other regions have relatively high
risks.
Fig.10 Classification by seism risk
Source: Munich Re Group, 2009: World Map of Natural
Hazards. www.munichre.com/nathan
Fig.9 Classification by transfer risk
Source: http://acetool.commerce.gov/political-security-risks
5.1.3 Geological safety
Involving geological safety to cloud computing
infrastructure and city construction feasibility and
location, it also has influence on cloud city layout [11]. In
all the geological disasters, earthquake is the most
closely to human construction activities, as well as the
5.1.4 Communication
Because cloud computing industry mainly provides
large-scale data processing, storage and computing
services, Internet speed and network transmission costs
will be an important cost cloud computing infrastructure
running. Convenient degree in communications, we
select Internet network connection speed and network
transmission costs as predictors.
The broadband speed distribution in the world as
shown in Fig.11, the network transmission speed
America, Canada, Western Europe, northern Europe,
Australia, Russia, Japan, Korea and other countries or
regions was significantly higher than in other regions, is
suitable for the layout of the cloud industry, which in
other parts of the cloud industry development will be the
broadband speed.
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Tab.4 Classification index for communication convinience
Index
Classification
Score
Broadband Speed Level
1:
the
highest 40
transmission speed
Level 2: high transmission 30
speed
Level
3:
Moderate 20
transmission speed
Level 4: low transmission 10
speed
Continued
Index
Classification
Score
Broadband
Level
5:
the
lowest 0
Speed
transmission speed
Broadband
Level
1:
the
highest 40
Cost
transmission cost
Level 2: high transmission cost 30
Level
3:
Moderate 20
transmission cost
Level 4: low transmission cost
10
Level
5:
the
lowest 0
transmission cost
Source: Average Connection Speed(Mbps) Akamai State of the
Internet Report-2nd Quarter
http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/;
http://geography.oii.ox.ac.uk/?page=home
5.1.5 Energy
The energy dependence of cloud computing
industry determines the future of cloud city layout
tendency of clean energy in rich regions. Nuclear power
plant represents the trend of future large-scale supply of
clean energy, so the choice of nuclear power station has
been built as a judgment area of energy supply can meet
the development needs of the cloud city index. The world
has built nuclear power plant generally located in the east
coast of North America, northern and Western Europe,
Japan and South Korea in the three area, the remaining
amount of scattered. Forecast in the area three and
scattered areas assigned to 20 points, other areas
assigned to zero.
Nuclear
power
plant
Tab.5 Energy supply capacity scale
Classification
Score
Level 1: Area or location have
20
nuclear power plants
Level 2: No nuclear power
0
plant area.
Source: Nuclear plants are built in earthquake zones around the
world
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/18/nucle
ar-reactors-power-stations-world-list-map
Construction Status of nuclear power plants in the
world as shown in Fig.13, mainly in the following areas,
including the eastern United States, Europe, Japan, Korea,
nuclear power plants for energy supply can effectively
reduce the cost of operation of the cloud industry, and
China, India, South America is also a small part of the
region to build a nuclear power plant, and energy supply
costs in other regions is relatively high.
Fig.11 Classification by broadband speed
Source: Average Connection Speed(Mbps) Akamai State of the
Internet Report-2nd Quarter
http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/
Broadband cost distribution in the world as shown
in Fig.12, the network transmission cost Canada, Europe,
Australia, Africa, the local area was significantly higher
than in other regions, will increase the operating costs of
the cloud industry, and other areas of low cost network
will promote the cloud industry operation.
Fig.13 Allocation of worldwide nuclear plants
Source:Simon Rogers, Nuclear plants are built in earthquake
zones around the world
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/18/nucle
ar-reactors-power-stations-world-list-map
Fig.12 Classification by cost of monthly broadband
subscription
Source: Broadband Affordability.
http://geography.oii.ox.ac.uk/?page=home
5.2 Data analysis and score result
Using multi-factor overlay and a comprehensive
scoring system complete a forecast analysis. Among
them, the temperature, the political stability, the risk of
war and four indicators of financial risk transfer
"hard-compensated indicators." These factors, if at a
disadvantage, are difficult to be offset by other factors
advantage. For example, a place has high risk of a war,
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and the condition of the other aspects are difficult to
make, so no matter how excellent the risk of war to the
negative impact of the investment. Therefore, it is
hard-compensated indicators suitable for the construction
of a place if cloud the city's "dominance." Such
indicators are most suitable for the construction of a city
cloud is assigned as "inappropriate construction." When
factors stack, such as the case of a region of a factor
rating of "inappropriate construction" in the region, it is
regardless that how high the total score of other items are
classified as suitable for built-up areas. "Difficult to
compensate categories of indicators" determine whether
the area is suitable for developing cloud city.
Broadband speed and broadband costs, energy
supply and seism probability indicators are
"can-be-compensated indicators." If some aspects of
such factors at a disadvantage, it may be offset by related
construction activities as well as the advantages of the
latter part of other indicators. For instance, the high cost
of network transmission cases, it may cause reduced
network costs through the construction of related
infrastructure. It may also be due to local temperature
conditions can help reduce energy costs cloud computing
server to obtain a remedy. "can-be-compensated
indicators" control the relative fitness cloud city built
(Fig.14)
After analyzed multiple factors superimposed, cloud
city constructability evaluation map appears (Fig.15).
The figure represented in grayscale gradation cloud city
suitable to build resistance rating. The higher the score
the figure (gray value, the more shallow) areas more
suitable for building cloud city, whereas the more
Fig.14 Model for cloud city location suitability analysis
Source: Drawn by Jian Jiang.
Fig.15 Evaluation of possibility of cloud cities emergency
Source : Drawn by Jian Jiang.
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discomfort built cloud city. It can be seen in worldwide,
regional cities suitable to build cloud score the highest
score of 250 and the lowest score of 0 point. Temperature
and social stability factors in inappropriate construction
area, to determine the areas score less than 140 points for
the area unsuitable for cloud urban construction. It is
suitable for construction of cloud city area scores
between 140-250. In the cloud city appropriate building
area, will be divided into 200 or more areas identified as
a suitable construction area (blue line delineated area).
The area between 140 to 200 points as the two level of
appropriate building area (yellow line delineated area). In
a suitable construction area, a small part of the score
more than 230, and the present form, this area will
determine the most suitable for the construction of Cloud
City area (red line delineated area).
6 Discussion
6.1 The most likely cloud city area
By overlaying analysis factors images, the countries
or regions worldwide suitable for cloud cities could be
determined. Cloud cities will be most likely seen in the
regions northern to the north latitude 40 ° , and southern
to the south latitude 45 °. That is mainly affected by
temperature conditions (Fig.15). In north America,
Seattle area, Minnesota Minneapolis area, near the
Great Lakes region, northern Alaska; in Europe, Poland,
Lithuania, Latvia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium,
part of Ireland; In Asia, the northern part of Hokkaido in
Japan, score as high as 220 points or more, these region
with the greatest potential for cloud cities development.
In the countries suitable for building cloud cities, in
the northern part of the northern hemisphere, the United
States, Canada, Western Europe, Scandinavia, northern
China and western China (plateau region), northern
Japan, Mongolia etc. has the maximum possibility of
development of cloud cities. Most of those areas close to
populated areas, which will further increase the
likelihood of developing cloud cities. North America,
Canada and Western Europe, and the Nordic region score
the highest, and will likely form cloud cities. Northern
and western China, Mongolia, mainly restricted by social
stability expectation, are the secondary suitable for cloud
cities.
In the southern hemisphere, except the Antarctica,
only southern Chile is supposed to be suitable for cloud
cities. Because the harsh climate condition, it is far more
difficult to construct cloud Cities in the Antarctica than
in the southern Chile. Therefore, the future of the
southern region of Chile will most likely become the
core region of cloud cities of the southern hemisphere.
6.2 Analysis of the main restricting factors in
appropriate construction areas
There also exist objective factors of cloud city
development in the suitable construction area. Russia, in
the presence of cloud cities, is suitable for developing
cloud industry and cloud city for the reason of
appropriate geographical conditions. However, its social
security rating is pretty low to attract sufficient
cross-border investment, which restricting the
development of could city. Similarly, China and
Mongolia also have adverse effects by the social security
rating. From the climatic conditions, the northern China
and Mongolia in the area suitable for the development of
cloud city, but social security rating for cross-border
investment is unfavorable. In the different way, the large
scale economy and rising population make China to be
one of the most dynamic market in the world. Although
the political and social factors are the concerns of
international capital investment in China, domestic
investment still can motivate the appropriate area within
a number of cloud cities. Meanwhile, the low degree of
network transportation also affected the pace of
worldwide cloud city development in China.
Due to the high transmission cost, the area like
Canada, Western Europe and Nordic region to a certain
extent restricts the development of cloud industry and
cloud city. Facing the construction of cloud city, the main
challenge in southern Chile including: The higher the
risk of war and earthquake risk, Lower network
transmission speed and higher transport costs, Weak
status of energy supply.
6.3 Professional or mixed
The future of cloud city will appear in two models,
hybrid type and professional type. These two modes
depend mainly on the placement of the local cloud
industry. In those economically developed cities which
have mature leading industries and good development of
industrial system, implanting cloud industry will make it
to be a hybrid could city. If the city construction and
economical social development is relatively backward,
industry development lags behind and lack of primary
structure of leading industries, it could be easier form to
a professional cloud city. Such as the Nordic fishery is
the leading industry in northeast area and China
agriculture is the leading industry area. At the same time,
due to the low price of land in these areas, it is easy to
attract cloud industry location and promote city residents
as to pick up the relevant technical personnel living
accept cloud industry.
Accordingly, the future of northern Japan, the
northern United States, southern Canada, western and
northern Europe as well as urban central area in northern
China will likely appear hybrid cloud cities. In rural
areas these areas, Greenland, northern Canada and
southern Chile most likely form professional cloud cities.
7 Testimony
In recent years a number of large-scale cloud
computing center building site large multinational
investment trends support the prediction of this study
(Fig.16). IBM Company announced in 2012 September
officially launched in the domestic construction of the
intelligent data center in Canada. The data center is
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located in Barry, the city of Ontario in Canada. Facebook
company launched in Sweden Lulea data center in
2013[8]. Google Company in November 2013 announced
plans to invest to expand its Hamina data center in the
south of Finland, which is operational from 2011
onwards.
Fig.16 Allocation of recent large-scale overseas cloud
computing centers invested by big companies
Source: http://stor.zol.com.cn/347/3476296.html;
http://www.chinacloud.cn/show.aspx?id=13946&cid=11;
http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2011-09-12/20086052666.shtml
8 Conclusion
Features of cloud industry and recent construction
of cloud infrastructures have proven that appearance and
location of cloud cities will be affected by temperature,
security, energy supply and communication. Location of
cloud cities in the world will distribute unequally. Some
regions with superiority of developing cloud cities will
be recognized in the globe. Several clusters of cloud
cities which provide cloud service world widely will
form. Those clusters might guide redistribution of human
resource, financial resource, and energy supply
internationally. That will bring regional political and
economic situation significant impacts. This article
predicts the global distribution of cloud cities, with a
view to provide proactive reference to international cloud
service cooperation policy-making, determining the
spatial distribution of cloud cities.
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