FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education
1
The oil and gas cycle
Activity
1)
survey:
2) Geological
Provide detailed information on geology
drilling:
3) Exploratory
Verify the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir
Desk study and get licens:
Find areas with favorable geological conditions
Life
cycle
of oil
and
gas
(time)
and quantify the reserves
4) Appraisal:
determine if the reservoir is economically
feasible to develop
and production:
5) Drilling
produce oil and gas from the reservoir through
formation pressure, artificial lift, and possibly
advanced recovery techniques,
until economically feasible reserves are
depleted
6)
Decommissioning and rehabilitation:
may occur for each of above phases.
Potential requirement on ground
None
Access to onshore sites and marine resource areas
Possible onshore extension of marine seismic lines
Access for drilling unit and supply units
Storage facilities
Waste disposal facilities
Testing capabilities
Additional drill sites
Additional access for drilling units, supply units,
waste disposal and storage facilities
Improved access, storage and waste disposal facilities
Equipment for production:
Wellheads, Flowlines
Equipment for storage, process and export:
Accommodation, infrastructure
Equipment to plug wells, remove installation
2
7) Decommissioning:
“Don’t forget decommissioning.
At some stage it will be required.
There should be planning for this
right at the beginning.”
[John Campbell ,
Technical Director of International
Association of Oil and Gas Producers]
• After the field is depleted and the wells are safe shutted down and
plugged
• There is need to safely remowe all infrastructure on the site.
• The goal is to recycle most of the material on and around the
installation.
• Each decommissioning project is unique and each platform has its
own unique challenges.
Decommissioning
• The decommissioning has to be organized safely and the different
parts and material needs to be recycled or deposit safely.
• Not like this
Decommissioning
Four facilities have permits to decommission offshore installations in Norway:
1. AF Miljøbase Vats (Rogaland) / Vats decommissioning plant
2. Aker Stord (Hordaland)
3. Scanmet AS (Hordaland)
4. Lyngdal Recycling (Vest Agder).
Aker Stord
Vats decommissioning plant
Example: The Frigg Field
Frigg field showing decommissioning in progress
Example: Ekofisk tank
Material flow at decommissioning facilities
Regulations
Regimes for connection with the decommissioning of offshore installations:
• OSPAR Convention (the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic)
• IMO (International Maritime Organization)
• adopted the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (May 2009).
• The EU’s Marine Strategy Directive
• Storting White Paper No. 47 (1999–2000) “Decommissioning of redundant pipelines and cables”:
• apply to pipelines and cables.
General rules for pipelines and cables:
• Remove
• Leave in place when they do not obstruct or present a safety risk
for bottom fishing, with costs of burial, covering or removal taken into
consideration.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPYwgRVY6n4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgK9iS4YNpk
Operation includes: Heavy lifts
Condeep plattform leggs, not removed
FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education
11
Operation includes: Heavy lifts
Heavy lifting operation: modules being delivered to
the Vats decommissioning yard by a crane vessel
Operation includes: Transport of part of the installation
Example from the frigg field:
Operation includes: Use of big machines
Operation includes: Some manual handling of equipment
Operation includes: Sorting and transport of recycled material
Example, steel.
Operation includes: Handling of hazardous waste
Hazardous waste must be delivered to approved facilities for treatment before
energy recovery or final disposal at approved landfills. The costs of treating
hazardous waste are high, and it is important to clarify the responsibilities of
waste treatment plants and offshore operators. Since the quantity and type of
hazardous waste to be dealt with will be uncertain, contracts must be drawn up
in a way that ensures that the operators cover the costs.
Operation includes: Handling of hazardous waste
Examples of hazardous waste fractions from decommissioning are:
• Asbestos
• Zinc anodes
• Batteries
• Flame retardants, for example brominated flame retardants
• Diesel
• Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
• Phthalates (plasticisers in flooring and cables)
• Hydraulic oil, grease and lubricants
• Isocyanates from polyurethane paints
• CFC and HCFC gases released from cooling agents
• Chemicals
• Chloroparaffins
• Mercury
Operation includes: Re-use the construction
• Re-use of Brent spar
• Used as fundament to Mekjavik industrial harbour
FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education
19
How many on Norwegian shelf?
UK shelf?
In Development: A new industry
Nyttig animasjon!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov6AtfZoRXY