Rakib Kabir Mr. Kann APUSH 03/04/2017 Chapter 26: Truman and the Cold War, 1945­1952 Postwar America (p. 545­546) ● Many of the 15 million returning soldiers and marines feared not finding jobs ● GI Bill ­Help for Veterans ○ The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 offered free education and low interest financing to returning soldiers ● Baby Boom (p. 546) ○ Younger marriages + larger families = 50 million babies born between 1945­1960 ■ By 1960, one­third of all married women worked outside the home ● William J. Levitt p romoted L
evittown and started suburban growth ○ 17,000 low priced home in Long Island, New York ○ Majority of middle­class lived in suburbs ■ Made Boston and LA poor and racially divided ● People moved to California and Florida for warmer climate and lower taxes ○ These were known as S
unbelt states ■ This transfer in tax dollars helped finance military spending Postwar Politics (p. 546­549) ● Economic Program and Civil Rights (p. 547) ○ Employment Act of 1946 ■ National health insurance, higher minimum wage, full employment ■ Created Council of Economic Advisers ○ Truman a sked C
ongress to continue proce control of wartime ■ Southern Democrats and Republicans prevented that from happening and it resulted in 25% inflation ● Workers and unions went on strike in 1945 ○ Truman ended it by using soldiers to work in mines ○ Committee on Civil Rights was established in 1946 ■ Truman also strengthened the Civil Rights division in Justice Department ● End segregation in schools and in the departments of government ■ Truman had Congress create Fair Employment Practices Commission ● Prevented employers from discriminating against hiring blacks ○ Blocked by Southern Democrats ● Republican Control of the Eighteenth Congress (p. 548) ○ Republican majorities were voted in both houses of Congress ○ Republican dominated congress passed the T
wenty­second Amendment (1951) ■ This limited the president to a maximum of two full terms in office ○ Congress passed the T
aft­Hartley Act (1947) despite Truman’s veto ■ Created a contract requiring workers to join a union before being hired ■ Allowed states to require workers to join a union after being hired ■ Allowed workers to strike by boycotting company’s products ■ Gave president an 80­day cooling off period before a strike can be called ● Created a divide between Republicans and Democrats ● The Election of 1948 (p. 548­549) ○ Truman’s popularity was really low but Republican victory was highly likely ■ Liberal Democrats formed a new Progressive Party ● Truman’s aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace ■ Southern Democrats formed S
tates’ Rights Party , ( Dixiecrats) ○ Truman won the election; majority in popular and electoral votes ● The Fair Deal was a program launched by Truman in 1949 (p. 549) ○ Truman requested higher wages, insurance, federal aid for education and housing ■ Conservatives in Congress blocked all except for higher wage ● Defeated because of Truman’s conflicts with Congress Origins of the Cold War (p. 549­551) ● Rivalry between C
ommunists and S
oviet Union resulted in the collapse of SU in 1991 ● Allies in World War II were British, U.S., USSR, F
rance (p. 550) ○ Stalin lost trust after US and British took time to open second front in France ○ Roosevelt became suspicious of Stalin after Roosevelt came to power ● Postwar Cooperation­ the U.N. ○ Created to provide all members security and peacekeeping missions ○ Five major allies (U.S., G.B., France, China, S.U.) were granted permanent seats ● Satellite States in Eastern Europe ○ Communists manipulated votes in the states around Russia (satellite states) ○ U.S. and British were alarmed by the rise of Soviet influence ■ British wanted free elections in countries ● Occupation Zones in Germany (p. 551) ○ Eastern zone in Germany gradually emerged into a Communist state ■ Soviets wanted a weak Germany ● They tightened their control over East Germany ● Iron Curtain was a term made by C
hurchill to describe Soviet Satellite states ○ Called for partnership between Western democracy to stop spread of Communism Containment in Europe (p. 551­554) ● Truman adopted the advice and decided to “contain” Soviet aggression in Europe ● Truman Doctrine implemented the containment policy in response to two threats (p. 552) ○ Communist­led uprising against government in G
reece ○ Soviet demands for some control of T
urkey ■ Truman asked Congress in March 1947 for $400 million in military aid ● Assist people of Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes ○ Gained support from Republicans and Democrats ● The Marshall Plan outlined a program to help European economies ○ Marshall Plan was a $17 billion proposal made by Truman called E
uropean Recovery Program ■ In 1948, $12 billion was approved over a four­period program ● European satellites didn’t accept money in fear of U.S. dependance ○ Marshall plan worked as Truman and Marshall had hoped ■ Western Europe was able to achieve growth and ended threat of Communism ● Also increased U.S. exports to Europe ● The Berlin Airlift w
as ordered by Truman to aid people living in Berlin (p. 553) ○ Soviets cut off all access of land to B
erlin in June 1948 ■ Truman didn’t want to use force so he ordered planes to deliver supplies ● Truman also ordered 60 bombers to England as well ○ Stalin did not challenge this decided to end blockade in May 1949 ● NATO and National Security ○ Truman proposed the U.S. join a military defense pact with Western Europe ■ Ten European nations, U.S., and Canada created N
orth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ○ National Security Act (1947) provided multiple things ■ Centralized Department of Defense ● Coordinated with the Army, Navy, and Air Force ■ Creation of N
ational Security Council (NSC) ● Coordinate making of Foreign Policy during the Cold War ■ Creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ● Spies to gather information of foreign governments ○ Atomic weapons ■ Teams of scientists in Soviet Union and US were engaged in competition ● This was called the a rms race ○ Develop superior weapons systems ● U.S. deveposed atomic bombs and long range weapons ○ In 1949, Soviets tested their first atomic bomb ■ Truman ordered US to build larger bomb ● National Security Council recommended plan called N
SC­68 ○ Quadruple US defense spending to 20% of GNP ○ Form alliances with non­Communist countries ○ Convince Americans that arms buildup was necessary Cold War in Asia (p. 555­558) ● Japan ○ Solely under the control of the United States ○ General Douglas MacArthur t ook charge of Japan reconstruction ■ A new constitution was set up in May 1847 ● Adopted a parliamentary democracy ○ Limited military capability ■ Made Japan reliant on military protection from US ○ U.S.­Japanese Security Treaty was signed in 1951 ■ Ended US occupation ● Japan agreed to surrender K
orea and P
acific Islands ■ U.S. Military was able to keep bases in Japan ● Japan became a strong ally and prospered with the US ● The Philippines and the Pacific ○ Philippines became an independent republic in 1934 as passed by Congress ■ United States still retained naval and air bases ● China was controlled by Chiang Kai­shek a nd his N
ationalist party (p. 556) ○ US provided military support to prevent China from Japan invasion ■ War ended: resumed Civil War between Nationalists and Communism ● Nationalism was losing popularity because of corruption ○ In 1948, Congress voted to give Nationalist government $400 million in aid ■ 80% of that ended up in Communist aid because of corruption ○ By 1949, mainland was Communist and small island was Nationalists ■ Republicans blamed D
emocrats for China’s loss ● The Korean War was between K
im Sung and N
ationalist Syngman Rhee ○ On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea ■ Truman took action and authorized U.N. to defend South Korea ● US troops entered and only served “police action” to avoid war ○ UN forces were able to destroy much of the North Korean Army ■ They advanced close to the Chinese border ● In November 1950, Chinese flooded Korea and pushed UN back ○ An armistice was signed in 1953 in Korea after 2 years of peace talks ○ Overall Truman’s containment policy in Korea worked ■ Stopped Communist aggression without conflict creating a world war ● Many Republicans were angry at the Democrats The S
econd Red Scare followed U.S. victory in WWII (p. 558­560) ● Security and Civil Rights ○ Truman administration set up Loyalty Review Board ■ Investigate backgrounds of more than 3 million federal employees ● Thousands of employees resigned or lost their jobs as a result ○ Dennis et al. v. United States (1951) ■ Supreme Court constitutionalized S
mith Act of 1940 ● Made it illegal to advocate or teach to overthrow government ○ McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) was passed over Truman’s veto ■ Made it unlawful to advocate or support establishment of totalitarian govt. ■ Restricted employment of those joining Communist­front organizations ■ Authorized creation of detention camps for subversives ○ Un­American Activities Committee (HUAC) e stablished in 1939 in House of Representatives ■ Investigated government officials for Communist influence ● Also looked into B
oy Scouts and the H
ollywood film industry ■ American Civil Liberties Union argued this violated F
irst Amendment ● Espionage cases resulted from the fear of a Communist conspiracy (p. 559) ○ Hiss case : W
hittaker Chambers w
as a communist and convicted of perjury ○ Rosenberg case : K
laus Fuchs gave a­bomb details to Russia and charged treason ● Joseph McCarthy was a Republican senator from Wisconsin ○ Used growing concern over Communism in his reelection campaign ○ Used stream of unsupported accusations about Communists in government ● Truman in Retirement (p. 560) ○ Truman decided to move to Missouri and not run for reelection Chapter 27: The Eisenhower Years, 1952­1960 Eisenhower and the Cold War (p. 572­579) ● Dulles’ Diplomacy (p. 573) ○ Dulles advocated for a new look to U.S. foreign policy ■ Suggested challenging Soviet Union and China ■ Also wanted Taiwan to become Communist again ● Gained support from conservatives only ● Eisenhower prevented Dulles from carrying his ideas ● Between 1947­1962, dozens of colonies in A
sia and A
frica gained their independence ○ India and P
akistan became nations in 1947 ○ Indonesia became independent country in 1949 ■ These countries lacked stable political and economical institutions ● Needed aid from the U.S. or the Soviet Union ○ The use of covert action was increasing around the world ■ In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow the government in I ran ● The Shah in return provided West with low oil prices ■ In 1954, CIA overthrew government in G
uatemala that threatened U.S. business interests ● Some of the most serious challenges concerned events in Asia (p. 574) ○ In 1953, China and North Korea agreed on armistice ■ Left Korea divided on 38th parallel ○ Vietnamese and C
ambodians resisted French imperialism ■ US funded France while China and SU funded Ho Chi Minh ● Geneva Conference of 1954 , France agreed to give up Indochina ○ Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel ■ North Vietnam was established under communist H
o Chi Minh ■ South Vietnam was under anti­communist N
go Dinh Diem ● US gave $1 billion in military aid to South Vietnam ○ President Eisenhower j ustified this with d
omino theory ■ If South Vietnam fell under communism, other countries will too ○ Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was established in 1954 ■ Pact was regional defense between US, GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan ● The Middle East had difficulty between Arab states and I srael ( p. 575­576) ○ Arab nationalist G
eneral Gamal Nasser in E
gypt asked US to build dam on Nile ■ US refused because it threatened Israel’s security ● Egypt took S
uez Canal which was owned by British and French ○ They attacked and Eisenhower made them retreat ■ Britain and France would no longer do that again ○ Eisenhower Doctrine was a policy made in 1957 ■ Pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism ● This first applied to L
ebanon ○ Eisenhower sent 14,000 marines to prevent outbreak of a civil war in the country ○ Arab nations and Venezuela formed the O
rganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ● U.S.­Soviet Relations constantly changed from calm to extreme tension (p. 577) ○ After Stalin died in 1953, Eisenhower called to slow down arms race and presented United Nations an a toms for peace plan ■ Soviets also showed signs of wanting to reduce Cold War tensions ■ During a meeting between Eisenhower and new Soviet leader N
ikolai Bulganin , Bulganin rejected open skies agreement ○ In October 1956, a popular uprising in H
ungary overthrew government ■ Replaced by liberal leaders who wanted to pull Hungary out of W
arsaw Pact , which was the Communist security organization ■ The US took no action in the crisis ○ Soviet Union shocked the U.S. and the world by launching the first satellites: Sputnik I a nd Sputnik II ■ Congress responded with N
ational Defense and Education Act (NDEA) ● Authorized hundreds of millions of dollars for funding in education towards science and foreign language ○ The Second Berlin crisis was avoided after Soviet leader came to US (p. 578) ■ In 1958, Soviet Union wanted West to retreat in six months ● U.S. refused to do so and invited Soviet leader to US ○ Agreed to talk over in Paris Conference in 196­ ○ Russians shot down a U.S. spy plane called the U
­2 ■ U.S. attempt to conduct regular spy flights over SU was exposed ● Eisenhower took full responsibility ○ Khrushchev called off Paris summit ● Cuba fell under communism in 1959 ○ Fidel Castro came into power and nationalized all American owned properties ■ Eisenhower then cut off all trade with Cuba ● So Cuba turned to Soviet Union for support ● Eisenhower's Legacy (p. 579) ○ Eisenhower initialed the first arms limitations in 1958 ○ In his farewell address, he spoke out against the negative impact of the Cold War ■ Said the US was in danger of going down the path of an imperial state