SOVIET GEOSTATIONARY OPERATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL S A T E L L I T E GOMS:
CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR WIND DATA EXTRACTION
A. Karpov *
* Committee f o r Hydrometeorology o f t h e USSR,
P a v l i k Morozov S t r e e t , 123376, Moscow, USSR
ABSTRACT
Growing demands t o have r e l i a b l e
information
about t h e
current
and f u t u r e s t a t e
o f t h e E a r t h and i t s atmosphere
constitute
a basis
f o r t h e development o f an
integrated,
international
satellite
system,
comprising
g e o s t a t i o n a r y and
near-polar
orbiting
satellites.
Along w i t h
meteorological,
oceanographic
and e a r t h - r e s o u r c e s S o v i e t s a t e l l i t e systems
known a s "METEOR", "OKEAN" and "RESURS" s e r i e s o f s a t e l l i t e s ,
national
plans
envisage
t h e development o f
Geostationary
Meteorological S a t e l l i t e
( GOMS ) t o be launched
i n 1991 and
stationed
over
t h e Eguator
a t 76° E . GOMS i s d e s i g n e d a s
t h r e e - a x i s s t a b i l i z e d s p a c e c r a f t and w i l l have an a c t i v e
life time o f 2-3 y e a r s .
The paper w i l l
r e v i e w t h e major t e c h n i c a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i e s o f GOMS and i t s m i s s i o n s which would p r o v i d e an
i n p u t t o t h e World Weather Watch s y s t e m o f WMO.
BACKGROUND
Committee f o r Hydrometeorology o f t h e USSR ( GOSGIDROMET )
i s t h e n a t i o n a l c e n t r a l agency p r o v i d i n g
r e l e v a n t environmental
and
climate information
to the public, various
industrial
o r g a n i z a t i o n s and d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g b o d i e s .
GOSGIDROMET i s a l s o
responsible
f o r operating
USSR e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a t e l l i t e s which
have been s t e a d i l y
growing
a s an e s s e n t i a l component o f t h e
n a t i o n a l o b s e r v i n g system f o r l a s t
decades [ 2 ] ,
The purpose o f
the
n a t i o n a l space-based
sub-system
i s t o provide continuous
o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e s t a t e o f atmosphere, l a n d w a t e r and t h e World
ocean, s e a i c e , u n d e r l y i n g s u r f a c e , a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s , s t a t e of
t h e E a r t h ' s e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c r a d i a t i o n and t o d i s t r i b u t e r e l e v a n t
d a t a and i n f o r m a t i o n t o v a r i o u s d o m e s t i c and f o r e i g n u s e r s .
The
current s a t e l l i t e
system
which GOSGIDROMET o p e r a t e s
directly includes:
- m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e s o f "METEOR-2" and "METEOR-3" t y p e ;
- o c e a n o g r a p h i c s a t e l l i t e s o f "OKEAN" t y p e ;
- o p e r a t i o n a l l a n d r e s o u r c e s s a t e l l i t e s o f "RESURS" t y p e ;
- ground r e c e i v i n g , p r o c e s s i n g and d i s t r i b u t i o n complex i n c l u d i n g
Main and R e g i o n a l c e n t r e s i n Moscow,
Novosibirsk,
Tashkent,
Khabarovsk and more t h a n
80 APT s t a t i o n s s p r e a d o v e r
t h e USSR
territory.
N a t i o n a l p l a n s e n v i s a g e t h e development and o p e r a t i o n o f an
i n t e g r a t e d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e system i n t h e 9 0 - s c o m p r i s i n g
both l o w - o r b i t and g e o s t a t i o n a r y s a t e l l i t e s .
With t h e l a u n c h of
geostationary meteorological
satellite
i n the nearest future,
USSR would a s s u r e t h a t d a t a
products
and s e r v i c e s
would be
39
i n t e g r a l t o t h e G l o b a l O b s e r v i n g System c o o r d i n a t e d by t h e WMO
and
will
join
other
satellite
operators
i n their efforts to
p r o v i d e b e t t e r o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e E a r t h ' s environment.
GOMS AND I T S INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS
The
intention to build
Soviet Geostationary Operational
M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S a t e l l i t e (GOMS) h a s been i n d i c a t e d i n t h e 70-s a t
the
early
CGMS
(former
Coordination
of
Geostationary
M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S a t e l l i t e s ) m e e t i n g s w h i c h have convened y e a r l y t o
assess
the status
o f t h e programs and p l a n s
f o r mutual
compatibility.
I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h CGMS - XIX ( T a s h k e n t , USSR,
1 9 9 0 ) , an e n g i n e e r i n g and f l i g h t models o f GOMS were shown t o
CGMS' members
a t the All-Union
Research
Institute
of
Electromechanics
i n Moscow
[3].
Table
1 presents
basic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of-GÖMS.
TABLE 1.
B a s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f GOMS.
Spacecraft
S a t e l l i t e mass
P a y l o a d mass
Stabilization
Power
Instrument configuration
Lifetime
characteristics
2400 Kg
800 Kg
3-axis
1500 W ( p e r d a y )
Combined V I S and I R imager,
independent r a d i a t i o n / magnet o m e r i c system, d a t a c o l l e c t i o n
and r e l a y complex
not l e s s t h a n 3 y e a r s
Resolution,
km
Spectral
band
Coverage
S c a n n i n g TV imager
(8000 l i n e s p e r frame)
0.46-0.7 rakm
Full disk
1.25
Scanning I R radiometer
(1400 l i n e s p e r frame)
10.5-12.5 mkm
( 6 . 0 - 7.0mkm)
Full
6.5
Instrument
Main and
Regional
centres,DCP's,
ART s t a t i o n s
in the radiovisibility
zone o f s / c
(75 N - 75 S )
R a d i o complex f o r d a t a
collection,
t r a n s m i s s i o n and r e l a y
radiation/magnetometric
0.02-600 MeV
monitoring
3.0 -8.0 KeV
100 -1300 A
complex
disk
The GOMS imaging f r e q u e n c y
i s not l e s s than
30 min
with
frame time o f 15 m i n u t e s .
As i t i s s e e n from t h e T a b l e , on-board
40
instruments w i l l
provide continuous
observations of the Earth's
d i s k w i t h i n 60 deg. w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t o f 76° E
over t h e Equator.
R e c e i v e r / t r a n s p o n d e r complex w i l l
provide
c o l l e c t i o n and r e l a y o f h y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l d a t a from DCP's, d a t a
exchange between
major ground
r e c e i v i n g c e n t r e s i n c l u d i n g data
from p o l a r - o r b i t i n g s a t e l l i t e s
and e n d - p r o d u c t s d i s t r i b u t i o n t o
v a r i o u s u s e r s . S a t e l l i t e communication l i n k s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e
summarized i n T a b l e 2.
T a b l e 2.
Radio
channel
Frequency
band
1685MHz,7465MHz
I,II
III
401-403 MHz
IV,V
VI, V I I
VIII
GOMS communication l i n k s
Data
transmission
rate
2.56 Mbps
characteristics
Designation
T r a n s m i s s i o n of imagery
and h e l i o g e o p h y s i c a l
i n f o r m a t i o n from s / c
t o RPC's
100 bps
Transmission of data
from DCP's t o s / c
1697MHz,7482MHz
100 bps
Transmission of data
from DCP's t o RPC's
via s/c
2115MH?. 8195MHz
1200 bps
100 bps
T r a n s m i s s i o n i n WEFAX
format and a l p h a n u m e r i c a l
d a t a from RPC's t o s / c
1691 MHz
1200 bps
100 bps
R e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f WEFAX
format and a l p h a n u m e r i c a l
d a t a from s / c t o RPC's
IX
8190 MHz
0.96 Mbps
T r a n s m i s s i o n of high-speed
d i g i t a l d a t a from RPC's
to s / c
X
7465 MHz
0.96 Mbps
Transmission of high-speed
d i g i t a l d a t a from s / c t o
RPC's
XI
469 MHZ
XII
2119 MHz
I n t e r r o g a t i o n o f DCP's
from s / c
T r a n s m i s s i o n o f DCP's
r e q u e s t from RPC's t o s / c
A g e n e r a l v i e w o f GOMS s p a c e c r a f t i s shown i n F i g u r e 1.
GOMS' MISSIONS, SERVICES AND PRODUCTS
The main m i s s i o n o f GOMS i s t o u t i l i z e t h e s c a n n i n g
visible
and i n f r a r e d r a d i o m e t e r t o o b t a i n t h e imagery o f t h e E a r t h from a
g e o s t a t i o n a r y o r b i t f o r a n a l y s i s o f c l o u d d i s t r i b u t i o n and o t h e r
41
SPACE
SATELLITE
18)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
E l e c t r i c jet s y s t e m ( E J S )
S u m - a n g l e s e n s o r of t h e a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l s y s t e m
I n s t r u m e n t platform
F l y w h e e l emjine of tfie a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l s y s t e m
Two-coordinate drive of t t e antenna-feeder s y s t e m (AFS)
OTVS radiation cooler
A F S of the command - m e a s u r i n g s y s t e m ( C M S )
L o c a l v e r t i c a l reference ( L V R )
A F S o f t h e D C P d a t a c o l l e c t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n
system
A F S o f the r e t r a n s l a t l o n a n d t r a n s m i s s i o n
DM - r a d i o c e n t r e s
A r r a y platform
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
F i g . 1.
42
GOMS
(?)
@ @ (6)
H e r m e t i c a l l y s e a l e d module
Solar array
u v s e n s o r i s u n u v r a d i o m e t e r SUVR ;
Coarse sun sensor
X-ray sensor
On-board TV system I O T V S )
P o l a r s t a r t r a c k e r <PST)
A F S of the r e t r a n s m i s s i o n C M - M M r a d i o c e n t r e s
O T V S blend
Magnetometer
Thermal s c r e e n , thermal s c r e e n drive
P r o t o n A. e l e c t r o n s e n s o r
Low e n e r g y p a r t i c l e s s p e c t r o m e t e r
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l phenomena. As mentioned e a r l i e r , n a t i o n a l
ground
data
r e c e i v i n g and p r o c e s s i n g
complex c o n s i s t o f t h e Main
(Moscow) and r e g i o n a l c e n t r e s ( R P C ' s ) .
GOSGIDROMET w i l l
operate
space
and ground
segments o f GOMS, o f f e r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
services to various users:
* IMAGING - GOMS w i l l
a c q u i r e images o f t h e f u l l E a r t h d i s k i n
two s p e c t r a l c h a n n e l s
( i n t h r e e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h GOMS N 2 ) , up
t o 48 t i m e s p e r day. Images w i l l be p r e - p r o c e s s e d
i n t h e Main
RPC b e f o r e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o u s e r s .
* ANALOG IMAGE DISSEMINATION pre-processed
data
will
be
r e t r a n s m i t t e d from t h e Main RPC v i a s / c t o n a t i o n a l and f o r e i g n
u s e r s t a t i o n s (SDUSs)
* DATA COLLECTION AND P.ELAY
n a t i o n a l and f o r e i g n DCP's w i l l
t o t h e RPCs and u s e r s .
environmental
data
from t h e
be c o l l e c t e d and r e t r a n s m i t t e d
* SPACE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING - v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f r a d i a t i o n
state
and m a g n e t i c f i e l d
o f t h e space a t the geostationary
orbital
altitude will
be measured
and r e l a y e d t o t h e RPCs.
* METEOROLOGICAL DATA DISSEMINATION - image f r a g m e n t s , c h a r t s and
other
meteorological
data
i n alphanumerical
form w i l l be
r e - t r a n s m i t t e d from RPCs v i a s / c t o n a t i o n a l and f o r e i g n u s e r s .
I t i s a l s o foreseen
to provide
an exchange
digital
data
(retransmission
v i a s / c ) between
R e g i o n a l RPCs.
of high-speed
t h e Main and
The Main RPC l o c a t e d i n Moscow w i l l perform e x t r a c t i o n o f
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t s from GOMS raw s p e c t r a l measurements.
An
i n t e g r a t e d computer p r o c e s s i n g s y s t e m h a s been d e v e l o p e d f o r t h i s
purpose, p r o v i d i n g p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y p r o c e s s i n g o f GOMS image
data.
Table
3 shows end p r o d u c t s w h i c h w i l l
be g e n e r a t e d on a
r o u t i n e b a s i s by t h e Main RPC a f t e r l a u n c h and t e s t i n g o f GOMS.
General
scheme f o r
data
f l o w between s p a c e - and ground
segments o f GOMS i s shown i n F i g u r e 2.
CMV DERIVATION SYSTEM OUTLINE
C l o u d motion winds ( v e c t o r s ) have been produced r o u t i n e l y by
NOAA s i n c e mid - 1970s and by both t h e Japan M e t e o r o l o g i c a l
Agency and t h e European Space Agency s i n c e 1978.
I n t h e GOMS CMV
d e r i v a t i o n s y s t e m t h e c l o u d motion v e c t o r s w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d by
tracking target
clouds using
30-minute time s e q u e n t i a l images,
t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t an e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d by t h e above s a t e l l i t e
operators.
The s y s t e m p e r f o r m s s p e c i f i c t a s k s a u t o m a t i c a l l y and
a l s o using i n t e r a c t i v e procedures [ 1 ] . Figure 3 presents general
scheme f o r t h e CMV d e r i v a t i o n
from t h e GOMS imagery. The
f o l l o w i n g major p r o c e d u r e s a r e f o r e s e e n t o compute CMV v a l u e s .
43
rr
S0V20ND
-1^
SPACE
SYSTEM
GOMS
WI
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
D A T A - C O L L E C T I O N PLATFORMS
( DCP )
ce—borne
Mobile
Ship —borne
Fig .
TV
IR
F u l l d i s k image d i s p l a y
S e l e c t i o n of fragments f o r p r o c e s s i n g
t
Selected search area d i s p l a y i n a f u l l s c a l e ,
a n i m a t i o n o f t i m e - s e q u e n t i a l images ( f r a g m e n t s )
I
S e l e c t i o n o f landmarks
LM c o o r d i n a t e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n on images
Target cloud s e l e c t i o n
Cloud c o o r d i n a t e s det e r m i n a t i o n on t h e
f i r s t image
4
*
Earth
horizon
data
Redetermination of
coordinates, using a l t i t u d e and o r b i t a l
d a t a o f GOMS
Cloud c o o r d i n a t e s
d e t e r m i n a t i o n on t h e
p a i r o f images by
correlation technique
Cloud motion v e c t o r s v a l u e s
assessments
I
C l o u d top h e i g h t
assignment
Quality control
I
CMV
end p r o d u c t s
F i g . 3 Flow diagram f o r CMV d e r i v a t i o n .
45
TABLE 3.
TYPE OF
PRODUCT
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS EXTRACTED FROM GOMS
MEASUREMENTS
DESCRIPTION
COVERAGE
Cloud
image
IR and V I S images
of c l o u d c o v e r and
Earth surface
Full
disk
Cloud
motion
vectors
(CMV)
Wind speed and
d i r e c t i o n data a t
2 or 3 levels i n
the troposphere,
d e r i v e d from 3
c o n s e c u t i v e images
Within
50-70deg.
of g r e a t
arc c i r c l e
from s u b satellite
point
Sea surface
temperature
(SST)
V a l u e s o f temperat u r e a t t h e ocean
surface derived
from I R measurement
Indian
ocean
Location of
Typhoon
typhoon c e n t r e ,
analyintensity estimates
sis
Indian
ocean
OUTPUT
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
MODE
hourly
WEFAX
format
0000 GMT
1200 GMT
v i a domestic
l i n k s and
GTS (SATOB
code form)
0000 GMT
1200 GMT
v i a domestic
l i n k s and
GTS
as r e q u i r e d
GTS
* Image n a v i g a t i o n
3 consecutive
I R and one V I S images a r e used f o r t a r g e t
c l o u d s e l e c t i o n and t r a c k i n g . The p r e d i c t e d a l t i t u d e and o r b i t a l
data, scanning
geometry a r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t a r g e t c l o u d
l o c a t i o n on t h e image and i t s l o c a t i o n on
the e a r t h .
A s e t o f landmarks i s u s e d t o a d j u s t t h e image t o
earth location.
E a r t h horizon data
a r e e x t r a c t e d from
IR f u l l
d i s k t o p r o v i d e f i n a l , t u n i n g o f t h e e a r t h l o c a t i o n i n t h e image.
* T a r g e t c l o u d s e l e c t i o n and t r a c k i n g
An i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e d u r e i s f o r e s e e n where an o p e r a t o r f i r s t
s e l e c t s s e a r c h a r e a and t h e n s e l e c t s and t r a c k s s u i t a b l e t a r g e t
on TV - monitor where 3 p i c t u r e s w i t h 30-minute d i f f e r e n c e a r e
displayed.
Cloud c o o r d i n a t e s
d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s performed u s i n g
c o r r e l a t i o n technique.
* Cloud top h e i g h t assignment
CMV i s a s s i g n e d t o t h e most p r o b a b l e c l o u d h e i g h t
estimated
from t h e " n e a r e s t " c l i m a t o l o g i c a l p r o f i l e and an e q u i v a l e n t b l a c k
body t e m p e r a t u r e .
* Quality control
F i l t e r i n g p r o c e d u r e i s f o r e s e e n t o remove
unrepresentative
winds i n t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r s a r r a y . Some v e c t o r s a r e removed
a u t o m a t i c a l l y u s i n g t h r e s h o l d v a l u e s o f m a t c h i n g s u r f a c e , CTHs,
wind a c c e l e r a t i o n , o t h e r s by an a n a l y s t i n i n t e r a c t i v e mode.
46
* CMV end p r o d u c t o u t p u t
The f i n a l d a t a w i l l be p l o t t e d i n a CMV - c h a r t and w i l l be
available i n the local
computer network.
CMVs a l s o a r e coded
i n t o WMO
SATOB code form
f o r subsequent
teletype
domestic
transmissions
as well
a s t o worldwide
u s e r s over t h e Global
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n System o f WMO.
I t i s also foreseen t o archive
CMV v a l u e s i n t h e form o f m a g n e t i c t a p e .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o Dr. Yu.
T r i f o n o v f o r p r o v i d i n g t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n and u s e f u l comments.
The a u t h o r a l s o t h a n k s Dr.
L . Anekeeva and I . S o l o v j e v a f o r
c o n t r i b u t i o n o f m a t e r i a l f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s paper.
REFERENCES
1. Anekeeva L.A., Karpov A.V. and S o l o v j e v a I . S . , 1 9 8 9 : P r o c e s s i n g
algorithm
and
technology
f o r wind
derivation
from
geostationary s a t e l l i t e s ,
Trudy GOSNITSIPR, Vyp. 33, S e r i a B,
L e n i n g r a d , G i d r o m e t e o i z d a t , p.79-84.
2. Karpov A. 1991: H y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l , Oceanographic
r e s o u r c e s s a t e l l i t e systems
o p e r a t e d by t h e USSR,
R e s . V o l . 1 1 , N 3 pp. ( 3 ) 183 - ( 3 ) 190.
and E a r t h Adv. Space
3. R e p o r t o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h meeting o f t h e C o o r d i n a t i o n Group
for Meteorological S a t e l l i t e s
( CGMS-XIX ) , T a s h k e n t ,
USSR,
10-14 December 1990.
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