Brine shrimp Artemia in
Western Siberia lakes
Litvinenko L.I., Litvinenko A.I.,
Sorgeloos P., Marden B.,
Vdovchenko M.A.
The world distribution of Аrtemia
(modified from Gilbert Van Stappen, 2002)
Geographical distribution of Artemia
brine shrimp in Western Siberia
The characteristic of the Western-Siberian geographic
range of Аrtemia (in limits of Russia) and a temperature
regime of Аrtemia lakes
The parameter
Unit
Limits of fluctuations
kcal/sm2
36-45
Annual temperature
0С
0,1-1,8
Average January temperature
0С
Minus 15,7-minus 19,7
Average July temperature
0С
18,3-18,9
The sum of temperatures of air more 100С
0С
1900-2400
Annual guantity of deposits
mm
250-400
Evaporative power per year
mm
About 600
Annual deficiency of deposits
mm
100-300
Hydrothhermal index
-
0.6-1.0
Having warmed up waters up to 4-50С
-
April, 15-30
Refrigerating of water down to 4-50С
-
October, 1-20
days
180
0С
2800-3300
The annual solar radiation
Duration of a vegetative season
The sum of temperatures of water more 4-50С
Water ion composition
Mg
4500
4000
3500
Ca
3000
2500
2000
1500
Na+K
1000
500
0
Cl
HCOз
S O4
Annual dynamics of temperature average
month indexes in investigated lakes from 2000
to 2003
40
30
To p lime n fo r Аrte mia s hrimps
o ptimum
10
Lo w lime n fo r Аrte mia s hrimps
0
-10
De c e mbe r
No ve mbe r
Oc to be r
S e pte mbe r
Aug us t
July
June
May
April
Marc h
Fe bruary
-20
January
оС
20
Annual dynamics of average indexes of
oxygen, dissolved in water reservoirs,
from 2000 till 2003
16
14
10
8
6
Optimum
4
2
De c e mbe r
No ve mbe r
Oc to be r
S e pte mbe r
Aug us t
July
June
May
April
Marc h
0
Fe bruary
Lo w limit o f no rmal e xis te nc e o f Arte mia s hrimp s
January
mg O2/l
12
Phytoplankton
Number of zooplankton species in dependence on
salinity (average data on every lake during four years
of investigations)
Numbe r of s pe cie s
10
8
6
-0,0076x
y = 8,3959e
2
R = 0,4331
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
Sum o f io ns , g /l
250
300
Artemia biomass in lakes with different salinity
450
I g ro up
8,56±1,36
m a x = 85
n= 95
400
III g ro up
22,15±4,23
m a x = 202
n= 86
II g ro up
32,74±5,71
m a x = 401
n = 112
IV g ro u p
13,14±6,38
m a x =25
n= 4
Biomass of Artemia shrimps, mg/l
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
To tal io n c o nc e ntratio n, g /l
250
300
Features of Artemia biology in Siberia biotops
¾ 1-
influence of parthenogenesis
¾ 2- average fecundity – 20-50 embryos/brood
¾ 3- High variability of shrimp adults biomass
and individual fecundity during different
years (сv nearly 30 %)
¾ 4- cyst sizes 0.24-0.29 mm, horion
thickness – from 4 to 12 mkm
Dynamic of Artemia population density
in lakes of Western Siberia
(average data; 2000-2003)
350
250
200
150
100
50
nauplii+metanauplii
all shrimps
planktonic cysts
1-15.11
16-31.10
1-15.10
16-30.09
1-15.09
16-31.08
1-15.08
16-31.07
1-15.07
16-30.06
1-15.06
16-31.05
1-15.05
0
16-30.04
Individuals/l
300
Females
Males
Preadult
Juveniles
1-15.11
16-31.10
1-15.10
16-30.09
1-15.09
16-31.08
1-15.08
16-31.07
1-15.07
16-30.06
1-15.06
16-31.05
1-15.05
16-30.04
Individuals/l
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
benthic cysts/m2
0
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Long-term year dynamic of benthos cysts in
Bolshoe Medvezhje Lake
20000
15000
10000
5000
2000
2001
2002
2003
Bioma s s , mg/l
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Bolshoe Medvezhje
2000
Females
2001
Males
Preadult
2002
Juveniles
2003
Nauplii+matanauplii
2001
2002
VIII
IX
V
VI
XI
XII
VII
VIII
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
X
XI
60
40
20
0
VII
VIII
IX
B io m a s s , m g /l
Vis hnykovs koe
2003
Fe male s Male s Pre adult Juve nils Nauplii+Me tanauplii
B io m a s s , m g /l
Ebeity
60
40
20
0
V VI VII
2001
V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
2002
2003
Fe m ale s Nale s Pre adult Juve nils Nauplii+Me tanauplii
Correlation matrix between indexes of productivity of
Artemia populations (p <0 ,05; n=37) (red color - is
trustworthy connection under 5% level of meaningfulness
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
X1 – average shrimp biomass for
season
X2 – maximal shrimp biomass for
season
X3 – biomass of the first generation
X4 – biomass of the second
generation
X5 - biomass of the third generation
X6 – seasonal average amount of
plankton cysts
X7 -seasonal average amount of
benthic cysts
Y1 – total stores of cysts g/m3
Y2 – total stores of cysts g/m2
Y3 – stores of cysts, available for
harvest, g/m3
Y4 – stores of cysts, available for
harvest, g/m2
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
X1
0,22
0,21
-0,03
-0,04
X2
0,27
0,24
0,03
0,01
X3
0,11
0,13
-0,02
-0,03
X4
0,39
0,33
0,09
0,06
X5
0,40
0,41
0,29
0,33
X6
0,49
0,42
0,50
0,45
X7
0,74
0,78
0,28
0,31
¾Y1=4,359+0,114*X4+0,147
*X5+0,015*X6+0,006Х7
(R=0,81; R2=0,66);
¾Y2=2,705+0,084*X4+0,137
*X5+0,005*X6+0,006*Х7
(R=0,82; R2=0,67);
Dependence between total store of cysts (Y 1),
shrimp biomass of 2nd and 3rd generation and
amount of cysts in plankton and benthos
Y1 = 4,902+0,127(Х6+Х7)+0,007(Х4+Х5)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Dependence between total store of cysts (Y 2),
shrimp biomass of 2nd and 3rd generation and
amount of cysts in plankton and benthos
Y2 = 2,789+0,006*(Х6+Х7)+0,087(Х4+Х5)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Commercial output of Artemia cysts in Western
Siberia lakes, in tons of wet weigh
Year
Total
stores of
cysts,
tons
Amount Amount
of lakes of
government
purveyors
Allowed
quota,
tons
Volume of
output,
tons
2000
3308
21
15
1720
905
2001
4631
30
21
1848
865
2002
7485
12
9
1308
684
2003
4625
9
7
1236
826
average
5012
18
13
1528
820
CV
35
53
49
20
12
A trend line of long-term –year dynamic
of cyst total store in Western Siberia
lakes (Russian area)
Total s tore of cys ts , tons
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1998
1999 2000
2001
2002
2003 2004
2005
Total volume of c ys t output, tons
Trend line of long-term-year dynamic
of total volume of cyst output
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Conclusion
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
In Russia from Ural to Altai there are nearly 80
Artemia lakes with total area 1563 km2.
The most part of these lakes are shallow, chloridesodium, hydrochloric, with rich organic and poor
phytoplankton.
Vegetative season begins in the middle of April and
finishes in the middle of October.
In summer time the temperature and oxygen, as a
role, don’t limit Artemia development. The density of
phytoplankton is low.
Increasing of water salinity is accompanied by
decreasing of species diversity.
Water salinity nearly 150‰ is an optimum for the
highest development of Artemia in natural conditions.
• The method of reproduction is parthenogenetic,
rarely (in some lakes) – bisexual.
• High instability of productive characteristics
(fecundity, individual biomass and length of adults,
population density) are taken place because of
shallow waters.
•The density of 2nd and especially 3rd shrimp
generation has influence on amount of cyst store.
• Average annual cyst store is about 5 thousand
tons. Every year they are stored nearly 800 tons.
• During last years there is a tendency of cyst store
increase and simultaneously decrease of yield
volumes.
Thanks for your attention!