Organisational Greenhouse Gas
Inventory (Carbon Footprint) Report
Edith Cowan University
30 March 2016
Prepared by Scott Favacho
Senior Carbon Advisor
Carbon Neutral Pty Ltd
Phone +1300 851 211
[email protected]
www.carbonneutral.com.au
Carbon Neutral Pty Ltd (ABN 42 164 635 769) is licensed as an
Australian Financial Services Licensee (No. 451004)
Carbon Footprint
2014/15 |
2
Edith Cowan University
JULY 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations
3
Executive Summary
4
About the Organisation
4
Emissions Scope & Operational Boundary
4
Classification Method
5
Data Collection
6
2015 Carbon Inventory by Activity
7
GHG Emissions by Scope
8
Scope 1
8
Scope 2
8
Scope 3
8
Historical GHG Emissions
GHG Factors & Calculation Methodology
Principles
9
10
10
Methodology, Data Sources & Assumptions
11
GHG Emitting Activities
11
Natural Gas (Scopes 1 & 3)
11
Liquid Fuels -- transport & stationary equipment use (Scopes 1 & 3)
13
Refrigerants (Scope 1)
15
Electricity (Scopes 2 & 3)
17
Air Travel (Scope 3)
19
Waste to landfill (Scope 3)
21
Purchased Goods from Staples Australia (Scope 3)
22
Events (Scope 3)
26
Freight (Scope 3)
28
Assessment of Uncertainty
31
Exclusions and Justifications
33
Fugitive Emissions
33
Staff and Student Commuting
33
Recycling
33
Private Vehicle Use
33
Capital Goods and Construction
33
Leased buildings & Student Accommodation
33
Carbon Reduction Actions
34
Emissions Intensity
35
References
36
2
Abbreviations
CH4
CO2
CO2-e
CSIRO
DECC
Defra
ECU
EF
EFTSL
G.W.P.
GHG
GJ
HFC
IT
kg
kL
kWh
l
ML
N20
NCOS
NGA
NGER
NOx
PFC
pkm
RFI
SW
SWIS
t
TBL
tkm
UK
WBCSD
WRI
WTT
3
methane
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide equivalent
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK)
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)
Edith Cowan University
emission factor
Equivalent full-time student load
global warming potential
greenhouse gas
gigajoule
hydrofluorocarbon
information technology
kilogram
kilolitre
kilowatt hour
litre
mega litre
nitrous oxide
National Carbon Offset Standard
National Greenhouse Accounts
National Greenhouse Energy Reporting
nitrogen oxides
perfluorinated compound
passenger kilometre
radiative forcing index
south west
south west interconnected system
tonnes
Triple Bottom Line
tonne kilometre
United Kingdom
World Building Council for Sustainable Development
World Resources Institute
well to tank
Executive Summary
Carbon Neutral was engaged to conduct an
assessment of
organisational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
inventory, also known as a carbon footprint, for
2015.
research at quality international standards.
The organisation is committed to reducing its negative
environmental impacts and reports its Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions to the Tertiary Education Facilities
management Association annually.
ECU operates under an ISO 14001 Environmental
Management System.
Edith Cowan University (ECU) has been measuring
and offsetting its organisational emissions since
2008. This report outlines the way in which GHG
emissions for the organisation have been
determined.
As well as education and research services, ECU offers a
host of other support services such as accommodation,
child care, counseling, food and drink provision and
guild, club facilities and recreation facilities
This carbon footprint report includes the campuses
located in Joondalup, Mount Lawley and Bunbury.
ECU s total or gross carbon footprint has been
calculated at 24,798 tonnes CO2-e for 2015.
Net GHG emissions following the purchase of
carbon offsets and certified carbon neutral
products are calculated at 24,726 tonnes CO 2-e.
The main GHG emitting activities are electricity use
and air travel.
Fleet emissions have been sequestered through the
purchase of biodiverse reforestation offsets.
About the
Organisation
ECU is a tertiary education provider that produces
Figure 1: Operational boundary of carbon footprint report
Emissions Scope &
Operational
Boundary
The emissions scope and organisational boundary for
the GHG emissions inventory has been developed in
accordance with the GHG Protocol and includes GHG
emitting activities considered to be under the
operational control of ECU.
Operating locations and GHG emissions from following
facilities have been included and reported on.
Edith Cowan University
4
Joondalup Campus
Mt Lawley Campus
South West Campus
270 Joondalup Drive
JOONDALUP
2 Bradford Street
MOUNT LAWLEY
585 Robertson Drive
BUNBURY
Emissions associated with student housing are
excluded from the study.
The seven greenhouse gas sources covered by the
Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N20), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perflourocarbons (PFCs) sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) are included and
reported as units of carbon dioxide equivalents
(CO2-e).
Classification Method
The classification method used to categorise
Greenhouse gas emissions from the business are
categorised into three main types of greenhouse gas
scopes.
Scope 1
These are emissions relating to the burning of fossil
fuels, used for building heating, gas boilers for hot
water, to run generators or fuel for fleet vehicles. It
also includes fugitive emissions such as refrigerant
leakages from air conditioning plant and equipment.
Figure 2: Diagram of scope by source (source GHG Protocol
5
Scope 2
These are the emissions associated with imported
electricity generation from power stations to run
electrical equipment, heating and lighting systems.
Scope 3
The inclusion of scope 3 emissions provides an
opportunity to be innovative in GHG management.
These are emissions from activities such as waste
generation, staff commuting, paper use, events,
consumables, etc. and from full fuel cycle emissions.
The full fuel cycle for transport fuel, electricity and
gas includes emissions associated with the extraction,
refining, transportation and delivery of these energy
sources.
The boundary of this scope generally only included
what the business could quantify and influence.
Carbon Neutral used
to identify and report on relevant scope 3 emissions.
The following activities listed in Table 1 are included in the 2015 GHG emissions inventory report.
Table 1: Activity Sources and Scope of Emissions (2015)
Scope 1
Scope 2
Air Travel
Natural Gas
Waste
Fleet Fuel
Machinery & Equipment
Fuel
Scope 3
Electricity
Fugitive Emissions
Purchased Goods
(from Staples)
Freight & Postage
Natural Gas (indirect)
Electricity (indirect)
Water
Fleet fuel (indirect)
Events
Data Collection
ECU provided Carbon Neutral with activity data that
has been used to calculate GHG emissions.
Business activities outlined under the GHG Protocol
Standard are reported against where relevant and
where suitable activity data and emission factors are
available. Carbon Neutral endeavours to ensure that
reliable, accurate data is used and outlines all
assumptions where appropriate.
The veracity of this data is taken to be complete and
accurate and has not been audited or independently
verified by Carbon Neutral.
A site visit of the facilities was not conducted as part
of this assessment.
Carbon Neutral acknowledges the assistance provided by the following staff and contractors:
6

Kevin Hall -- Manager, Buildings and Services: Primary contact

Fiona Spinks -- Buildings and Services Co-ordinator -- Co-ordination of data, natural gas, electricity and water

Cristina Pavalache -- Contracts and Projects Manager -- Fleet and campus waste

Karen Gilmore -- Manager, Quality and Service Delivery -- Freight

Asha Oudit -- Corporate Events Manager -- Events

Ghaleb Jadabo -- Manager Mechanical Services -- Fugitive emissions

Carl Overbye -- Manager, Grounds Services -- Equipment fuel and grounds waste

Julie Hogarth -- Centre Officer -- Air travel

Peter Shelley -- Energy, Carbon and Fuel Lead Procurement and Environment, Australia Post -- Post

Renae Buchanan -- Enterprise Account Manager, Staples Australia -- Stationery and paper
2015 Carbon
Inventory by Activity
The total gross GHG emissions calculated for ECU is
calculated to be 24,797.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide
equivalent (t CO2-e) in 2015.
This is a reduction in gross GHG emissions compared
to the baseline year of 2008 (34,371.2 t CO2-e) and
the previous 2014 reporting period (25,268.5 t CO2e).
A breakdown of emissions by activity can be seen in
the following diagram.
Figure 3: Gross GHG emissions by activity (t CO2-e, %)
air travel
3557.68
14.35%
waste
400.40
1.61%
consumables (Staples)
213.19
0.86%
water
180.87
0.73%
events
659.66
2.66%
freight & postage
45.81
0.18%
natural gas
1037.13
4.18%
electricity
18557.39
74.84%
fleet
71.23
0.29%
fugitive emissions
70.08
0.28%
7
machinery & equip.
4.15
0.02%
GHG Emissions by
Scope
The breakdown of ECU gross GHG emissions
inventory by scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions can be seen
in the following graph.
Scope 2 emissions arise from the use of electricity at
the facilities.
Scope 3
6,701.2
27%
8
Scope 1 (direct) emissions arise from the combustion
of liquid fuels (diesel and petrol) in vehicles and
grounds equipment, the combustion of natural gas
and from leaks of refrigerants used in air conditioners
and chillers.
Scope 2
Figure 4: Total GHG emissions by scope
(t CO2-e, %)
Scope 2
16,992.3
69%
Scope 1
Scope 1
1,104.1
4%
Scope 3
Included scope 3 emissions for the business arise
from emissions associated with purchased products
from Staples Australia (embodied emissions),
electricity and fuel extraction, production, transport,
transmission and distribution,, air travel, freight
(outgoing, incoming and postage), events hosted by
ECU and waste sent to landfill.
Historical GHG
Emissions
The following table provides an overview of ECU
total GHG emissions for 2015 compared to emissions
in 2008 (baseline year) and 2014.
From 2010 to 2013, the carbon footprint included
emissions from the STEPS facility which is no longer
operated by ECU. In order to allow for meaningful
comparisons to be made on a year to year basis,
emissions from the STEPS facility has been excluded
from the following table.
Table 2: Historical gross GHG emissions for ECU (t CO2-e)
Activity
2014
2015
Vehicle and Equipment (Scope1)
197.1
67.20
71.62
Fugitive Emissions (Refrigerant Leakage) (Scope 1)
223.3
92.50
70.08
Natural Gas (Scope 1)
948.5
1,105.80
962.37
Electricity (Scope 2)
22,879.1
17,473.59
16,992.31
Air Travel (Scope 3)
5,094.9
3,107.70
3,557.68
Waste (Scope 3)
534.5
416.40
400.40
Consumables/Purchases Staples Aust. (Scope 3)
335.1
299.8
213.19
Water use and disposal (Scope 3)
16.1
277.50
180.87
Natural Gas (Scope 3)
65.1
85.30
74.76
2,457.5
1,609.40
1,565.08
Vehicle and Equipment (Scope 3)
14.3
5.27
3.76
Freight
N/A
28.70
45.81
1,606.1
664.00
659.66
N/A
35.39
N/A
34,371.42
25,268.50
24,797.60
Electricity (Scope 3)
Events (Scope 3)
Business Travel (Scope 3)
Total
*
Business Travel (taxis and private vehicle use) not included in 2008 or 2015
Freight not included in 2008
9
2008
GHG Factors &
Calculation
Methodology
Principles
Carbon Neutral conducts its assessment of ECU
GHG emissions inventory in accordance with the
GHG Protocol as adopted under the Commonwealth
(NCOS).
These principles are consistent with those outlined
under the Australian and International Standards
including AS ISO 14064: Greenhouse gases Part 1, 2
and 3.
not been third party verified. A copy of the principles
applied can be found in the table below.
Table 3: GHG Accounting Principles (GHG Protocol Standard)
10
Relevance
Ensure the GHG inventory appropriately reflects the GHG emissions of the company and
serves the decision-making needs of users both internal and external to the company.
Completeness
Account for and report on all GHG emission sources and activities within the inventory
boundary. Disclose and justify any specific exclusion.
Consistency
Use consistent methodologies to allow for meaningful performance tracking of emissions over
time. Transparently document any changes to the data, inventory boundary, methods, or any
other relevant factors in the time series.
Transparency
Address all relevant issues in a factual and coherent manner, based on a clear audit trail.
Disclose any relevant assumptions and make appropriate references to the accounting and
calculation methodologies and data sources used.
Accuracy
Ensure that the quantification of GHG emissions is systematically neither over nor under actual
emissions, as far as can be judged, and that uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable.
Achieve sufficient accuracy to enable users to make decisions with reasonable confidence as
to the integrity of the reported information.
Methodology, Data
Sources &
Assumptions
Except where otherwise stated in this report, Carbon
Neutral has calculated ECU scope 1 and 2 emissions
using the Department of Climate Change and Energy
Factors (August 2015).
Scope 3 emissions were generally much harder to
quantify as these emissions came from various
activities often with no direct way to easily measure
the contribution to climate change. In these cases, in
addition to the NGA Factors and Technical
Guidelines, we used external, credible sources to
perform our calculations.
Data for the determination of GHG emissions was
provided by ECU. This data was taken to be complete
and accurate and Carbon Neutral has not
independently verified the completeness or accuracy
of some of this data.
methodologies are stated in this report and these are
based on reputable and appropriate sources of data
which are referenced and available.
GHG Emitting
Activities
Natural Gas (Scopes 1 & 3)
Emissions from natural gas combustion are calculated
at 1,037.1 tonnes of CO2-e.
Activity data is provided to Carbon Neutral in total
kWh consumed for each campus. These are sourced
from natural gas invoices which are based on
accurate, metered use.
Emissions from natural gas combustion are
determined using the following formula.
where
-
Eij is the emission of gas type (j), (CO2, CH4 or
N2O), from fuel type (i) in tonnes CO2-e
-
Qi is the quantity of fuel type (i) in cubic metres
-
ECi is energy content factor of the fuel (GJ/kL)
according to NGA Factors Tables 2 and 37
If Qi is n=measured in gigajoules, then ECi is 1
-
EFijoxec is the emissions factor for each gas type (j)
including the effect of an oxidation factor for fuel
type (i) in kg CO2-e/GJ according to NGA Factors
Tables 2 and 37
Activity data and GHG emissions from this activity are
shown in the following tables.
11
Table 4: Natural gas use and emission factors
Energy content
(GJ/m3)
Fuel type
Natural gas distributed
in a pipeline
(WA metro)
CO2 EF
CH4 EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
39.3 x 10-3
N2O EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
51.4
Scope 3 EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
0.1
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
0.03
4.0
Table 5: GHG emissions from natural gas use
kWh used
Facility
CO2
CH4
(t CO2-e)
N2O
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
Scope 3
TOTAL
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
Joondalup
14,258,813.10
627.83
1.22
0.37
48.74
676.07
Mt Lawley
7,056,530.20
332.93
0.65
0.19
25.84
358.51
SW Campus
1,042,957.00
2.38
0.00
0.00
0.18
868.21
960.71
1.87
0.56
74.76
1,037.13
Total
Figure 5: Natural Gas -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
Natural Gas (Scope 1)
Natural Gas (Scope 3)
1,200
1,070.71
1,000
1,116.71
1,105.80
1,007.05
962.37
950.34
948.48
754.46
800
600
400
200
65.08
64.67
74.06
77.61
83.84
87.09
85.30
74.76
0
2008
12
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Liquid Fuels -- transport & stationary
equipment use (Scopes 1 & 3)
where
Emissions from fuels combusted in plant,
equipment and for heating are calculated at 75.38
tonnes of CO2-e.
ECU records the volume of petrol and diesel used
in fleet vehicles during the year as well as the
volume of petrol and diesel purchased for use in
grounds equipment. This has been used to
determine direct and indirect emissions which are
reported as scope 1 and 3 emissions respectively.
Emissions from fuel use are determined using the
following formula:
-
Eij is the emission of gas type (j), (CO2, CH4 or
N2O), from fuel type (i) in tonnes CO2-e
-
Qi is the quantity of fuel type (i) in kilolitres
-
ECi is energy content factor of the fuel (GJ/kL)
according to NGA Factors Tables 3, 4 and 39
If Qi is n=measured in gigajoules, then ECi is 1
-
EFijoxec is the emissions factor for each gas type
(j) including the effect of an oxidation factor
for fuel type (i) in kg CO2-e/GJ according to
NGA Factors Tables 3, 4 and 39
Activity data, emissions sources and historical GHG
emissions are shown in the following tables.
Emissions from the use of fuel in fleet vehicles
have been offset using biodiverse reforestry
carbon offsets and more details of this is provided
in Carbon Reduction Actions.
Table 6: Liquid fuel use and emission factors
Fuel type
Energy content
(GJ per kL)
Fuel used
(litres)
CO2 EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
CH4 EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
N2O EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
Scope 3 EF
(kgCO2-e/GJ)
Gasoline - transport
34.2
20,379.34
67.4
0.02
0.2
3.6
Diesel - transport
38.6
7,548.59
69.9
0.01
0.6
3.6
Gasoline - equipment
34.2
1,000
67.4
0.2
0.2
3.6
Diesel - equipment
38.6
600
69.9
0.1
0.2
3.6
Table 7: GHG emissions from liquid fuel use
Fuel type
CO2
CH4
(t CO2-e)
N2O
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
Scope 3
TOTAL
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
Gasoline - transport
46.98
0.014
0.14
2.51
49.64
Diesel - transport
20.37
0.010
0.17
1.05
21.59
Gasoline - equipment
2.31
0.007
0.01
0.12
2.44
Diesel - equipment
1.62
0.005
0.00
0.08
1.71
71.27
0.035
0.33
3.76
75.38
Total
13
Figure 6: Liquid Fuels -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
250
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
200
150
100
50
0
Vehicle and Equipment
emissions (Scope 1) - Gross
14
Vehicle and Equipment
emissions (Scope 1) - Net after
offset purchases
Vehicle and Equipment
emissions (Scope 3) - Gross
Vehicle and Equipment
emissions (Scope 3) - Net after
offset purchases
Refrigerants (Scope 1)
where
Fugitive emissions from the use of refrigerants in
chillers and conditioning plant are calculated at 70.08
tonnes of CO2-e.
-
Ejk is the emissions of HFCs summed over each
equipment type in tonnes of CO2-e
-
Stockjk is the stock of HFC contained in
equipment, by equipment type in tonnes of
CO2-e
-
Ljk is the default leakage rates by equipment type
Refrigeration and air conditioning plant and
equipment at ECU was regularly serviced during the
reporting period. A breakdown of replenishment
refrigerant gas in chillers was provided in receipts
provided by the mechanical services contractor
The methodology for calculating emissions
associated with refrigerant leakages is based on
method 3 of the NGER Technical Guidelines 2014
where emissions may be estimated from data on
replenishments of gases in equipment as a proxy for
leakage and using an assumption that the stock levels
of gases within the equipment are maintained at
constant levels in order to maintain constant
operating efficiency levels.
Prior to 2010, fugitive emissions were determined by
applying a default leakage factor based on the
following formula for all campuses:
This methodology continued to be used to estimate
emissions from the SW campus until 2013.
Since 2010 for the Joondalup and Mt Lawley
campuses, and 2014 for the SW Campus, regular
checks of refrigerant levels have been conducted and
the actual replenishments of refrigerant gasses have
been used to estimate fugitive emissions as these are
more indicative of actual system leaks.
R22 refrigerant was used at the campuses to
replenish air conditioning systems. This refrigerant is
not included as a Kyoto Protocol Gas as it is currently
being phased out due to its ozone depleting
properties. Emissions from this refrigerant have,
however, been included in the GHG inventory as it
has a high global warming potential.
Where blends of refrigerants comprising of
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorinated
compounds (PFCs) are used, the percentage of each
refrigerant in the blend is based on the GHG Protocol
HFC Tool and the Defra (UK) Carbon Factors. Details
of refrigerant replenishments are provided in the
following table.
Table 8: Refrigerant type, stock replenishments, global warming potentials and GHG emissions
Refrigerant type
Replenishment
volume (kg)
R22/HCFC 22
R404A
Total GHG Emissions
15
G.W.P.
System details
GHG emissions
(t CO2-e)
33.3
1,810
Commercial Air Conditioning
60.27
2.5
3,291.6
Commercial Air Conditioning
9.80
70.08
Figure 7: Fugitive emissions -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
700
587.08
600
500
400
352.91
300.17
300
223.25
223.25
200
92.50
100
70.08
12.58
0
2008
16
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Electricity (Scopes 2 & 3)
2015 Emissions from electricity use are determined
using the following formula.
Emissions from electricity use are calculated at
18.557.39 tonnes of CO2-e.
Emissions from electricity used by ECU are reported
as scope 2 and scope 3 emissions. Activity data is
based on metered use from invoices which is
provided to Carbon Neutral as a total per campus for
the year.
Where
Emissions from purchased electricity used by the
organisation are reported as scope 2 emissions while
emissions from transmission, delivery and extraction
and from production and transport are reported as
scope 3 emissions. Emissions factors and
methodology are sourced from the NGA Factors
2015. Scope 3 emission factors are based on SWIS
grid factors sourced from table 41 of the NGA Factors
-
Y is the emissions in tonnes CO2-e
-
Q is the quantity of electricity purchased in kWh
-
EF is the emission factor for the state or electricity
grid in which consumption occurs in kg CO2e/kWh
Usage and emissions from purchased electricity are
shown in the following tables. The emissions from
campus living villages and Manea College are not
included in reported emissions.
Table 9: Electricity GHG emissions factors for SWIS
Type of electricity
Emissions Factor (scope 2)
(kg CO2-e/kWh)
Emissions Factor (scope 3)
(kg CO2-e/kWh)
0.76
0.07
Black power
Table 10: Electricity use and GHG emissions
Facility
Usage
Scope 2
kWh
Total
t CO2-e
Joondalup Campus
14,258,813.10
10,836.70
998.12
11,834.81
Mt Lawley Campus
7,056,530.20
5,362.96
493.96
5,856.92
1,042,957
792.65
73.01
865.65
22,358,300.30
16,992.32
1,565.08
18,557.39
South West Campus
Total GHG Emissions
17
Scope 3
Figure 8: Electricity -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
25,000
Electricity (Scope 2)
Electricity (Scope 3)
22,879.07
20,000
17,963.06
18,100.68
17,834.04
18,559.07
17,948.89
17,473.59
16,992.31
15,000
10,000
5,000
2,457.47
2,138.46
2,207.40
2,898.03
2,263.80
1,381.75
1,609.40
1,565.08
0
2008
18
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Air Travel (Scope 3)
however, that aviation imposes other effects on the
climate which are greater than that implied from
simply considering its CO2 emissions alone. A central
estimate RFI multiplier of 1.9 is recommended by
Defra/DECC based on the best available scientific
evidence currently available.
GHG emissions from air travel are calculated at
3,557.68 tonnes CO2-e for the year.
Air travel emissions calculations are based on a
methodology consistent with the UK Department of
Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.
An updated, uplift factor multiplier of 1.08 has also
been applied.
Under this methodology, direct and indirect (well to
tank) emissions factors relate to the type of cabin
class as well as the distance travelled per flight.
2015 emission factors are been used.
Emissions calculations for air travel are based on total
flight distance travelled for each flight length
classification and cabin class.
Data on individual fights taken was provided by ECU
to Carbon Neutral in excel format.
Flights are classified into the following lengths:

Short haul
<785km

Medium haul
785 -- 3,700km

Long haul
>3,700km
Emissions from flights include both direct emissions
associated with fuel combustion as well as indirect or
well to tank (WTT) emissions associated with fuel
lifecycle emissions. WTT emissions include upstream
emissions from the transport, refining, purification or
conversion of primary fuels to fuels used by carriers.
A radiative forcing index (RFI) of x1.9 has been applied
to flights to account for other non-CO2 climate
change effects of aviation (e.g. NOX, water vapour,
contrails).
Activity data, allowances and GHG emissions
associated with air travel are provided in the following
tables.
There is currently no suitable climate metric to
express the relationship between emissions and
climate warming effects from aviation. It is clear,
Table 11: Emission factors for air travel (per passenger kilometre)
Flight length
(km)
Cabin
classification
Short haul
Average
1.08
Medium haul
Average
Medium haul
Uplift factor
RFI
multiplier
CO2 EF
CH4 EF
N2O EF
WTT EF
(kgCO2-e/pkm)
(kgCO2-e/pkm)
(kgCO2-e/pkm)
(kgCO2-e/pkm)
1.9
0.15347
0.00006
0.00151
0.03194
1.08
1.9
0.08705
0.00000
0.00085
0.01811
Economy
1.08
1.9
0.08291
0.00000
0.00082
0.01726
Medium haul
Business
1.08
1.9
0.12437
0.00001
0.00122
0.02589
Long haul
Economy
1.08
1.9
0.07882
0.00000
0.00078
0.01641
Long haul
Premium
economy
1.08
1.9
0.1261
0.00001
0.00124
0.02624
Long haul
Business
1.08
1.9
0.22856
0.00001
0.00225
0.04757
19
Table 12: Air travel GHG emissions
Flight length
Cabin
Classification
CO2 Emissions
(t CO2-e)
CH4 Emissions
N2O Emissions
(t CO2-e)
WTT Emissions
GHG Emissions
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
(t CO2-e)
Short haul
Average
76.87
0.02
0.40
8.42
0.02
Medium haul
Average
8.38
0.00
0.04
0.92
0.00
Medium haul
Economy
941.99
0.00
4.90
103.21
0.00
Medium haul
Business
112.27
0.00
0.58
12.30
0.00
Long haul
1,579.53
0.00
8.23
173.08
1,579.53
Long haul
Economy
Premium
Economy
37.27
0.00
0.19
4.08
37.27
Long haul
Business
435.06
0.01
2.25
47.66
435.06
3,191.38
0.03
16.60
349.57
3,557.68
TOTAL
.
Figure 9: Air travel -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
8,000
7,600.70
6,790.39
7,000
6,000
5,094.86
5,000
4,067.89
4,000
4,022.79
3,557.68
3,107.70
3,000
2,000
1,000
500.67
0
2008
20
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Waste to landfill (Scope 3)
Emissions from waste generated by business
activity are calculated at 400.40 t CO2-e.
Emissions from waste to landfill arise from the burial
of waste in landfill.
The weight of recycled material and waste sent to
landfill for the Joondalup and Mt Lawley campuses is
sourced from a spreadsheet provided by the
The weight of recycled material and waste for the SW
Campus is estima
average bin weight and multiplying this by the
number of bin pick-ups conducted by the City during
the year.
Co-mingled commercial and industrial waste
emission factors from the NGA Factors 2015 have
been used to determine emissions from waste
generated and removed from the three university
sites.
Waste sent for recycling is excluded from the carbon
footprint inventory which is consistent with the NGER
Technical Guidelines 2014 (section 5.11A). The
university recycles some paper, grease trap oil and
some co-mingled materials.
In addition to this, some green waste is chipped and
re-used as mulch on campuses and the gardening
recycling at a green waste facility. This waste material
has also been excluded.
Where quantified, emissions avoided from this
recycling have been calculated as:
-
Cardboard & paper -- 180.22 t CO2-e
-
Co-mingled -- 16.58 t CO2-e
-
Grease trap -- 82.39 t CO2-e
-
Green waste -- 243.60 t CO2-e
Waste generated by road sweeping has been included
in this inventory. The waste composition is taken to
comprise of 50% garden waste and 50% inert.
21
Activity data for greens waste and road sweeper
waste was only available for January to June 2015 as
the new contractor engaged by ECU from July 2015
onwards was not able to provide this information. The
total weight of waste generated from road sweeping
and gardening for the reporting period was estimated
by doubling the weight of waste collected in the first
six months of the year.
Road sweeper waste in the SW campus was not
measured and has been estimated by university staff
at four tonnes for the year.
The methodology and emission factors used for the
determination of GHG emissions from waste sent to
landfill are sourced from the NGA Factors 2015.
Emissions from waste sent to landfill formula:
Where
-
Qi is the quantity of waste by type j
-
EFj is the emissions factor for the waste type as
per Tables 41 and 43 of the NGA Factors 2015
A weight conversion factor of 0.12 tonnes/m3 for comingled commercial and industrial solid waste is
applied.
GHG emissions from generated waste sent offsite for
burial and activity data are shown in the following
table.
Table 13: Waste volume, GHG emissions factor and total
GHG emissions
Waste type
Weight
(tonnes)
EF (t CO2e/t waste)
Emissions
(t CO2-e)
Commercial &
Industrial
co-mingled
289.16
1.3
375.90
Road sweeper
35
0.7
24.50
TOTAL
400.40
Figure 10: Waste to landfill -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
1,000
821.41
908.45
800
600
596.25
534.49
400
515.11
416.40
400.40
2014
2015
281.09
200
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
Purchased Goods from Staples Australia
(Scope 3)
Gross GHG emissions from goods purchased from
Staples are calculated at 213.19 tonnes CO2-e for the
period.
After allowances for carbon neutral certified paper, net
GHG emissions are calculated at 212.88 tonnes CO2-e
for the year.
Consumables & Equipment
Embodied emissions from the purchase of furniture
and consumables such as stationery, writing
instruments, diaries and pads are calculated
according to the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Multipliers
of the University of
2005. Expenditure on these items is provided for all
materials purchased through Staples Australia Pty Ltd,
Purchases from other
suppliers are not included.
To allow for inflation since 1995, Carbon Neutral uses
the inflation calculator provided by the Reserve Bank
website.
22
2012
2013
To allow for inflation, Carbon Neutral uses the
inflation calculator provided by the Reserve Bank of
Australia.
The scope of purchased goods increased in 2014
compared to previous years when only stationery and
inks/toner purchases were considered. In 2014,
activity data increased to account for other purchases
from Staples.
A spreadsheet of purchases provided by Staples
provided expenditure on goods and equipment
purchased from them during the year.
Total emission factors are used for purchases that are
used or consumed in their entirety by ECU.
A breakdown of activity data, emission factors,
references and GHG emissions is provided in the
following table.
Table 14: Purchases from Staples Australia activity data, references, emissions factors and GHG emissions
Expense type
Emission factor
Cost ($)
(kg CO2-e/$) #
GHG Emissions
(t CO2-e)
CSIRO Sector
Beverages & Hampers
2,609
0.84 Soft drinks, Cordials & syrups (2109)
Coffee & Catering Supplies
43,668
2.28 Other food products (2108)
Computer Consumables - Media
572
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Computer Consumables - Ink
24,040
0.89 Other chemical products (2507)
Computer Hardware
2,232
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Educational Supplies
86,830
0.19 Education (8401)
General Office Products
83
0.73 Printing (2401)
IT Enterprise Solutions Group
108
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Software
22,537
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Janitorial Products
22,884
0.89 Other chemical products (2507)
Office Furniture
15,131
1.04 Furniture (2902)
Office Machines & Electronics
77,092
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Office Technology Products
682
0.6 Electronic equipment (2806)
Packaging
1,894
1.23 Paper containers & products (2304)
Workplace Safety Supplies
19,719
0.37 Other business services (7803)
Writing Instruments
2,609
0.73 Printing (2401)
TOTAL
# an inflation factor of 1.66 has been applied to account for inflation from 1995 to 2015
Paper
1.32
59.98
0.21
12.89
0.81
9.94
0.04
0.04
8.15
12.27
9.48
27.86
0.00
0.25
1.40
4.40
149.02
Manufacturer claims of NCOS certified carbon
neutrality for various paper products have not been
verified by Carbon Neutral. Avoided emissions from
the use of carbon neutral paper are calculated to be
0.31 t CO2-e.
GHG emissions associated with the use of paper are
Emission Factors for Office Copy Paper (2011).
A mixture of paper types is used across the campuses.
Data for this carbon inventory is supplied by Staples
campuses.
This provides the quantity and brand of paper
purchased by ECU during the year. Where paper
types are not stated, these are treated as domestically
produced virgin paper.
Emissions from paper use are shown in the following
table.
Table 15: Paper purchases from Staples Australia activity data, references, emissions factors and GHG emissions
Paper type
Weight
(kg)
Net Emission factor
(kg CO2-e/kg)
Gross GHG Emissions
(t CO2-e)
Net GHG Emissions
(t CO2-e)
Domestic virgin
49,075.76
1.30
63.80
63.80
Imported virgin
59.80
1.08
0.06
0.06
Carbon neutral
240.12
0.00
0.31
0.00
64.14
63.86
TOTAL
23
Figure 11: Purchases from Staples/Stationery & Paper -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
400
350
376.98
335.13
299.75
300
250
213.19
200.15
200
156.53
150
99.26
100
50
24.18
0
2008
24
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
energy consumption per unit output of water and
wastewater.
Water (Scope 3)
GHG emissions from water use and disposal are
calculated at 180.87 tonnes CO2-e for the period.
Prior to 2011, emissions from water use and disposal
were based on dollar expenditure against factors
sourced from the Balancing Act 2005.
Greenhouse gas emissions created from mains water
consumption and sewage is included.
Carbon Neutral used consumption and sewerage
discharge factors provided by ECU based on metered
use. This data excludes water used in campus living
villages and Manea College.
ECU has redirected condensate waste water from
some air conditioning chiller plant away from the
sewer for re-use in grounds irrigation. This volume is
measured a reduced annual sewer discharge of
3.33ML was recorded in 2015. Avoided GHG
emissions from this discharge are estimated at
5.43 t CO2-e.
Emission factors are sourced from the Water
5 Annual Report which provides the
electricity consumption per unit of output for water
and per unit of output for wastewater. The Water
Corporation publicises its reportable scope 1 & 2
emissions associated with its energy use as well as
Activity data and GHG emissions from the use and
disposal of water are shown in the following table.
Table 16: Water use, sewerage discharge factor, GHG emissions factor and total GHG emissions
Supply
emissions
(t CO2-e)
Discharge
emissions
(t CO2-e)
Water used
(ML)
Discharge
factor (%)
EF (t CO2-e/ML
water supplied)
EF (t CO2-e/ML
water treated)
Joondalup
47.468
75
1.6307
0.7284
77.40
25.93
103.33
Mt Lawley
36.204
61
1.6307
0.7284
59.04
16.09
59.39
1.259
39
1.6307
0.7284
2.05
0.36
2.41
138.49
42.37
180.87
Facility
SW Campus
TOTAL
Total emissions
(t CO2-e)
Figure 12: Mains water use and disposal -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
400
343.13
350
281.15
300
250
287.07
277.50
203.06
200
180.87
150
100
50
16.14
8.07
2008
2009
0
25
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Events (Scope 3)
Emissions associated with events are estimated at
659.66 t CO2-e.
Copies of all events hosted by ECU is provided is
provided to Carbon Neutral in Excel format and
the GHG emissions arising from the use of venues,
catering and accommodation are included in this
activity. Carbon Neutral uses the Balancing Act
(2005) to determine greenhouse gas emissions
based on expenditure for such activities. An
allowance for inflation has been made by using the
Reserve
For events hosted on ECU sites, emissions arising
from electricity use and air travel have been
reported elsewhere and are not included in this
section to prevent double reporting. Emissions
from flights are reported under Air travel and
emissions from the use of electricity are included
under Electricity .
Emissions from Event related activities include:
- Accommodation for speakers, guests and staff
- External venue use
- Food, drinks, meals and catering
- Additional infrastructure such as stage and
lighting
As expense is not recorded in detail against
specific expenditure in records for this activity, the
total emission factor for non-residential
construction has been used for additional
infrastructure used during events. Accuracy could
be improved in future by recording specific details
of expenditure against type e.g. meals, marketing,
scaffold hire, lighting, sound etc.
Local travel to and from events hosted or
organised by ECU has been estimated. The
26
number of persons attending events is recorded
by ECU. As data regarding the distance and
method of travel to events is unknown, emission
calculations are based on 70% of attendees using a
car, 20% travelling by train, 5% catching a bus and
5% walking or cycling.
A distance of 2 x 16.05km is used per local
attendee based on the average distance from the
Mt Lawley and Joondalup campuses to Perth and
allowing for a return trip. Vehicle fuel efficiency is
taken to be 10.7litres/100km based on a 2015 ABS
Report while train and bus emission factors are
sourced from the Garnaut Climate Change Report
based on BITRE data. The large number of
attendees makes it difficult and time consuming to
determine individual modes of transport for this
activity. Due to the assumptions used, the
accuracy of emissions estimates is considered low.
Travel from overseas and interstate is not included.
It has been previously identified that a significant
number of visitors have extended stays in the state
and combine attendance at events such as
graduation ceremonies with business activities or
holidays. The number of visitors and their
departure points are also not recorded and activity
data is not accurate enough to provide an
accurate estimate of emissions.
Furthermore, ECU has limited influence over
whether or not visitors travel to events such as
graduation ceremonies. The university may be able
to influence modes of travel to and from these
events but ultimately, individual attendees will
decide if they attend and the mode of transport
that they use.
A breakdown of activity data, emission factors and
GHG emissions associated with events can be
found in the following table.
Table 17: Event activity data, references, emissions factors and GHG emissions
Emission factor
Cost ($)
Distance (km)
Activity
(kg CO2-e/$) #
(g CO2-e/pkm)
Car travel (25,506 attendees)
818,739km
261g CO2-e/pkm
Train travel (7,287 attendees)
233,926km
41 g CO2-e/pkm
Bus travel (1,822 attendees)
58,481km
49 g CO2-e/pkm
Walking/cycling (1,822 attendees)
58,481km
0 g CO2-e/pkm
$8,373
0.5583k g CO2-e/$
Venue hire
$74,465
0.5583k g CO2-e/$
Meals
$494,549
0.5583k g CO2-e/$
Additional infrastructure
$224,086
0.3006k g CO2-e/$
Accommodation
Reference/CSIRO Sector
ABS Report 9208 (2016)
NGA Factors 2015
Garnaut Report 2008
BITRE data
Garnaut Report 2008
BITRE data
GHG Emissions
(t CO2-e)
213.92
9.59
2.87
0
Balancing Act 2005
Accommodation, Cafes &
Restaurants (5701)
Balancing Act 2005
Accommodation, Cafes &
Restaurants (5701)
Balancing Act 2005
Accommodation, Cafes &
Restaurants (5701)
Balancing Act 2005
Non-residential
Construction (4102)
4.67
41.57
276.10
121.91
659.66
# an inflation factor of 1.66 has been applied to account for inflation from 1995 to 2015
Figure 13: Events -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
1,800
1,600
1,606.11
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
660.25
664.00
659.66
2013
2014
2015
600
400
200
43.27
21.31
2009
2010
119.60
153.10
2011
2012
0
2008
27
Freight (Scope 3)
available scientific evidence currently available.
Emissions associated with freight are calculated
at 45.81 t CO 2-e. Emissions from freight are
An uplift factor multiplier of 1.08 has also been
applied.
total emissions.
Freight and emissions arising from the use of Australia
Post, freight companies and couriers was assessed
for the first
time in 2014. Freight for the Steps facility was
included in 2011 and 2012 but activity data prior to
2014 was not captured by university campuses.
Data from courier and freight companies was used to
determine the weight of freight and destination and
departure points for incoming and outgoing
domestic and international packages delivered by
TNT and charged to ECU.
The mode of transport used for international and
interstate freight is assumed to be by air unless
otherwise stated in the data provided by TNT while
deliveries to destinations in Western Australia are
assumed to be by road. 2015 DEFRA Factors are used
to determine emissions from domestic, short and
long haul air freight. Air freight emissions include an
allowance for Radiative Forcing and non direct flight
routes. Direct and indirect (well to tank - WTT)
emissions are included.
Freight flights are classified into the following
lengths:

Short haul
<785km

Medium haul
785 -- 3,700km

Long haul
>3,700km
A radiative forcing index (RFI) of x1.9 has been
applied to flights to account for other non-CO2
climate change effects of aviation (e.g. NOX, water
vapour, contrails).
There is currently no suitable climate metric to
express the relationship between emissions and
climate warming effects from aviation. It is clear,
however, that aviation imposes other effects on
the climate which are greater than that implied
from simply considering its CO2 emissions alone. A
central estimate RFI multiplier of 1.9 is
recommended by Defra/DECC based on the best
28
In many instances, direct air routes between Australia
and destination points are not available so
international freight distance calculations are based
on the greater circle distance between Perth and the
nearest airport to the area where goods are sent.
Connecting flights are assumed where direct flights
between destinations are not available.
An allowance is also made for road freighting and
5 direct and indirect average van freight
emission factors are used. For interstate, domestic
and airport to destination deliveries, road distance is
determined by using Google Maps. An allowance is
made for road travel from the relevant campus to
Perth Airport and
from the closest destination airport to the destination
suburb. In 2015 there were 619 deliveries made by
TNT.
The weight of outgoing post is not recorded by the
university so average factors provided by Australia
Post are used to provide an estimate of emissions.
Emissions from letters and packages sent via Australia
Post have been estimated by Australia Post and are
based on the number of items processed for ECU
over the total for Australia Post in 2014/15.
A local courier service (Toll) operates a daily pick up
service for the Joondalup and Mt Lawley campuses.
A dedicated vehicle (fuel consumption based on a
Suzuki Carry) is used by Toll to pick up mail from the
Joondalup and Mt Lawley campuses. Emissions from
the use of this vehicle are determined by multiplying
the vehicle efficiency, taken to b 0.071 L/km, by the
distance travelled in the year which is provided by
ECU.
Because exact kilometres are not tracked, the
accuracy of estimates is considered to be low.
ECU donated and re-used its old furniture and office
equipment that was still in a good condition. The
emissions arising from the transportation of this
office furniture and equipment has been included in
the number of trips made, the type of vehicle used
and the return distance travelled. This data was used
to calculate emissions associated with furniture and
office equipment freight using DEFRA freight factors
for the various class freight vehicles. Direct as well as
well to tank (WTT) emissions are included.
proportion of emissions from ECU.
Activity data, emission factors and GHG emissions for
all freight movements are provided in the following
table.
Emissions from freight account for a very small
Table 18: Freight activity data, references, emissions factors and GHG emissions
Details
TNT road freight
Total
weight or
volume
512.4tkm
TNT short flight
TNT med. flight
3,110t
Furniture removal
class 1 diesel
vehicle
Furniture removal
class 3 diesel
vehicle
Furniture removal
rigid vehicle
(>3.5 7.5 t)
avg. laden
Furniture removal
rigid vehicle
(>7.5 17 t)
avg. laden
Australia Post
parcel
Australia Post
letter
Australia Post
Express domestic
Australia Post
Express
International
TOTAL
29
(t CO2-e)
1,478
0.144477 kg CO2-e/km
0.03154 kg CO2-e/km
DEFRA Class 1 Vans
WTT Class 1 Vans
0.21
0.05
806
0.267749 kg CO2-e/km
0.05846 kg CO2-e/km
DEFRA Class 3 Vans
WTT Class 3 Vans
0.22
0.05
1,597.5
0.565299 kg CO2-e/km
0.123424 kg CO2-e/km
DEFRA HGV (all diesel)
WTT HGV (all diesel)
0.90
0.20
426
0.691783 kg CO2-e/km
0.15104 kg CO2-e/km
DEFRA HGV (all diesel)
WTT HGV (all diesel)
0.29
0.06
1,020,307
16,500km @
7.1 l/100km
8,868
0.253 kg CO2-e/item
107,861
0.003 kg CO2-e/item
387
GHG
Emissions
23.96
N/A
N/A
526
Reference
DEFRA Avg. van (up to3.5 t)
WTT Avg. van (up to3.5t)
DEFRA Domestic
WTT domestic
DEFRA Short-haul
WTT short haul
DEFRA Long haul
WTT long haul
Green Vehicle Guide
NGA Factors 2015
4,107,896
N/A
Emission factor
0.538072 kg CO2-e/tkm
0.11748 kg CO2-e/tkm
5.45119 kg CO2-e/tkm
0.59419 kg CO2-e/tkm
2.31277 kg CO2-e/tkm
0.25214 kg CO2-e/tkm
1.27944 kg CO2-e/tkm
0.13948 kg CO2-e/tkm
71.22 kg CO2-e/GJ
34.2 GJ/kL
37,989
TNT long flight
TOLL road freight
Distance
(km)
N/A
0.526 kg CO2-e/item
0.387 kg CO2-e/item
0.34
2.85
2.24
3.24
Australia Post per
communication
1.77
1.09
45.81
Figure 14: Freight -- Historical GHG emissions (t CO2-e)
50
45.81
45
40
35
30
28.70
25
20
15
10
5
0
2008
30
2009
Assessment of
Uncertainty
Where
An assessment of uncertainty of scope 1
emissions has been conducted as per the
methodology set out by the NGER Technical
Guidelines.
-
D is the aggregated percentage uncertainly for
the emission source
-
a is the emission factor uncertainty
-
b is the energy content uncertainty
-
c is the activity data uncertainty
For some activities such as fugitive emissions, an
aggregated uncertainty level is stated by the NGER
Technical Guidelines and this has been used
where appropriate.
Scope 1 GHG emissions for ECU are calculated
to be 1,123.33 t CO 2-e (+/- 5.57%).
The equation for the uncertainty propagation of a
source is:
Uncertainty assessments for scope 1 emissions are
shown in the following tables.
Table 19: Assessment of CO2 uncertainty by activity
Activity data
Emissions/Uncertainty
(l, GJ, t, kg)
Energy Content
Factor
3
(GJ per kL/m /t)
Emission Factor
Emissions
(kg CO2-e/GJ)
(t CO2-e)
Uncertainty (%)
Combustion of petrol (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of petrol (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of natural gas
Uncertainty level
Total CO2 emissions (t CO2-e)
Total CO2 uncertainty
31
20,379.34
34.2
67.4
46.98
1.50%
3%
4%
5.22%
7,548.59
38.6
69.9
20.37
1.50%
2%
2%
3.20%
1000
34.2
67.4
2.31
1.50%
3%
4%
5.22%
600
38.6
69.9
1.62
1.50%
2%
2%
3.20%
18,690.91
0.0393
51.4
960.71
1.50%
4%
4%
5.85%
1,028.06
5.45%
Table 20: Assessment of CH4 uncertainty by activity
Activity data
Emissions/Uncertainty
(l, GJ, t, kg)
Energy Content
Factor
(GJ per kL/m3/t)
Emission Factor
Emissions
(kg CO2-e/GJ)
(t CO2-e)
Uncertainty (%)
Combustion of petrol (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of petrol (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of natural gas
Uncertainty level
Total CH4 emissions (t CO2-e)
20,379.34
1.50%
7,548.59
1.50%
1,000.00
1.50%
600.00
1.50%
18,690.91
1.50%
34.2
3%
38.6
2%
34.2
3%
38.6
4%
0.0393
4%
0.02
50%
0.01
50%
67.4
50%
0.2
50%
0.1
50%
0.01
50.11%
0.01
50.06%
0.01
50.11%
0.00
50.18%
1.87
50.18%
1.90
Total CH4 uncertainty
49.55%
Table 21: Assessment of N2O uncertainty by activity
Activity data
Emissions/Uncertainty
(l, GJ, t, kg)
Energy Content
Factor
(GJ per kL/m3/t)
Emission Factor
Emissions
(kg CO2-e/GJ)
(t CO2-e)
Uncertainty (%)
Combustion of petrol (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (transport)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of petrol (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of diesel oil (stationary)
Uncertainty level
Combustion of natural gas
Uncertainty level
Total N2O emissions (t CO2-e)
20,379.34
1.50%
7,548.59
1.50%
1,000.00
1.50%
600.00
1.50%
18,690.91
1.50%
34.2
3%
38.6
2%
34.2
3%
38.6
4%
0.0393
4%
0.2
50%
0.6
50%
0.2
50%
0.2
50%
0.03
50%
0.14
50.11%
0.17
50.06%
0.01
50.11%
0.00
50.18%
0.56
50.18%
0.89
Total N2O uncertainty
34.61%
Table 22: Assessment of fugitive emissions
Emissions
Emissions/Uncertainty
Refrigerants
Uncertainty level
32
(t CO2-e)
Aggregated Uncertainty (%)
92.48
30%
Exclusions and
Justifications
Exclusions and justifications are outlined in this
section. Exclusions and justifications are provided
where adequate activity data was not available,
where emissions were deemed to be insignificant
or incidental or where reliable emission factors are
not available.
The GHG Protocol provides guidance on determining
relevant scope 3 emission sources that should be
included in organisational GHG inventories.
Fugitive Emissions
Refrigerants in hermetically sealed systems such as
domestic type refrigerators, small refrigerated display
cabinets, drinking water fountains and vending
machines are not included. The carbon inventory
excludes refrigerants used in fleet vehicles for which
no data is available.
Staff and Student Commuting
Emissions Data on private and public vehicles used
for staff and student commuting is not available and
the scope 3 emissions arising from this has not been
included. ECU has limited influence and control over
this activity. Regular (annual) surveys could be
conducted to obtain data on modes and distances
students travel.
Recycling
Materials sent for recycling have not been included in
emissions calculations in this Report as per the NGER
Technical Guidelines.
33
Private Vehicle Use
GHG emissions from the use privately owned vehicles
and taxis were initially screened for relevance in 2014
and found to be negligible (0.14% of total and 0.44%
of scope 3 emissions). These have been excluded as
or scope 3 GHG emissions.
Capital Goods and Construction
Although emissions arising from capital works and
building construction are likely to be significant, this
is not an area that ECU has reported emissions for in
previous years and no data for these activities exist.
As such, this has not been included in the GHG
inventory.
Leased buildings & Student
Accommodation
ECU has not included emissions associated with
buildings which it owns but which are leased to other
parties or used to provide student accommodation.
ECU does not have operational control over these
buildings and as such, emissions associated with their
use have been excluded.
Carbon Reduction
Actions
A number of environmental improvement and
carbon reduction activities have been
implemented by the business.
The following table lists the initiatives implemented
by ECU in an effort to reduce its carbon footprint and
other negative environmental impacts.
Table 23: GHG Reduction actions implemented at ECU
Activity
GHG Emissions
Avoided/Abated/Offset
Details
(t CO2-e)
Recycling of paper & cardboard
62.145 tonnes paper and cardboard recycled
180.22
Recycling of co-mingled waste
12.75 tonnes of co-mingled waste recycled
16.58
Recycling of grease trap waste
86,720 litres of grease trap waste recycled
82.39
174 tonnes of green waste re-used on campus,
supplied to farms for mulch or sent for greens
recycling
243.6
240.12kg certified carbon neutral paper used
0.31
Re-use of green waste
Carbon Neutral paper use
Air conditioning condensate reuse
Recycling of office furniture &
equipment
Offsetting
3.33 megalitres of condensate water re-used for
reticulation
Disused office furniture and equipment supplied to
local communities and the SW Campus
Biodiverse reforestation carbon offset purchases
Serial numbers: 12PWA029827B to 12PWA029898B
5.43
Not estimated
72.00
Figure 15: Net GHG emissions by activity (t CO2-e, %)
air travel
3557.68
14.39%
waste
400.40
1.62%
consumables
(Staples)
212.88
0.86%
water
180.87
0.73%
events
659.66
2.67%
freight & postage
45.81
0.19%
natural gas
1037.13
4.19%
electricity
18557.39
75.05%
34
fugitive emissions
70.08
0.28%
machinery & equip.
4.15
0.02%
Emissions Intensity
comparison of emissions to be made on a year to
year basis against a metric of number of enrolments.
In 2015, Equivalent full-time student load
(EFTSL) figures were provided for the years
2009 to 2015. This has been used to provide an
i
emissions.
An EFTSL figure was not available for the benchmark
period of 2008 or for 2012 so an emissions intensity
value for these periods is not included.
The following table shows
emissions per equivalent full-time student load for
the periods 2009 to 2015. This data excludes
emissions from the STEPS facility.
emissions relative to student numbers. This allows a
Table 24: Gross GHG emissions per EFTSL
Period
35
Equivalent full-time student load
GHG Emissions Intensity
(t CO2-e/EFTSL)
2008
Not available
-
2009
15,912
1.90
2010
17.662
1.31
2011
17,870
1.69
2012
Not available
-
2013
17,663
1.51
2014
14,342
1.76
2015
14,342
1.73
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