Chapter 17 Section 1 – The Scientific Revolution
(p. 538-545)
MAIN IDEAS
Causes of the
Scientific Revolution
(p. 538-539)
NOTES
• Developments that led to new ways of thinking
• Technical problems required careful observation and accurate measurements
• EX: How much weight could a ship hold?
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Francois Viete = used letters in equations to represent unknown quantities
Simon Stevin = decimal system
John Napier = table of logarithms
Rediscovery of works by ancient mathematicians = Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
Scientific Breakthroughs in the 1500s-1700s
Intellectuals of the
Scientific Revolution
Astronomy
(p. 540-541)
• See map on p. 539
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spheres were crystal-like transparent spheres filled with light
1st sphere = moon; 2nd sphere = Mercury; 3rd sphere = Venus; 4th sphere = sun
10th sphere = “prime mover” and moves by itself and give motion to the other spheres
Beyond the 10th sphere is Heaven and God
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• May 1543 = On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
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• Observations confirmed that sun was at the center of the universe
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• Contradicted the Ptolemaic system (circular orbits and crystal-like spheres filled with light)
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Chapter 17 Section 1 – The Scientific Revolution
(p. 538-545)
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• Mountains on the Earth’s moon, 4 moons around Jupiter, sunspots
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• Heavenly orbs were not just pure lights but were composed of material substance
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• 1610 = The Starry Messenger
• Made Europeans aware of the Copernican view of a heliocentric universe
• Copernican view = humans were not at the center of the universe; God was not in a specific place
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• Greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution
• Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy or Principia
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• Laws describe the motion of the planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth
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• every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
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• universe was one huge, regulated uniform machine that worked according to natural laws
Medicine
(p. 542)
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Galen – 100 Ads
Dissected animals to picture human anatomy
Many errors and misconceptions
Believed that the liver was the beginning point of blood circulation
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• Accurately described organs and general structure of the body
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• Showed that the heart was the beginning point for blood circulation
• Blood flows in complete circuit around the body through veins and arteries
Chemistry
(p. 542)
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• “the founder of modern chemistry”
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Chapter 17 Section 1 – The Scientific Revolution
(p. 538-545)
Philosophy & Reason
(p. 544-545)
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• “father of modern rationalism”
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• 1637 = Discourse on Method
• 1st principle = “I think, therefore I am”
• 2nd principle = separation of mind and matter
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Also separation of “mind and body”
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• Philosopher
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• a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
• Step #1 = Observations
• Step #2 - Propose hypothesis
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Hypothesis = possible explanations or theories
• Step #3 = Conduct experiments
• Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture and trade
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