A notebook and a pencil cost $1.10 in total. The notebook costs $1.00 more than the pencil.
How much does the pencil cost?
1.10
-1
.10 + .00 = .10
✓
1.10
= 1.2
?!
0
x
INTUITIVE REFLECTIVE
The intuitive
cognitive style
positively correlates
with theism,…
ANALYTIC INTELLIGENCE
(McCelroy & Seta 2003, Stanovich & West 2000)
…
supernatural
and paranormal
beliefs,…
THEISM
(Shenhav et al 2012)
The reflective
cognitive style positively
correlates with analytic
intelligence,…
ATHEISM
(Ibid.)
…atheism,
“utilitarian”
responses to the
trolley problem,…
SUPERNATURAL/PARANORMAL BELIEF
(Aarnio & Lindeman 2005; Bouvet & Bonnefon 2015; Giannotti et al
2001; Pennycook 2014; Pennycook et al 2012, 2013, 2014a, b)
“DEONTOLOGICAL” MORAL JUDGMENTS
(Piazza & Sousa 2013)
…and
“deontological”
responses to the
trolley problem.
“UTILITARIAN” MORAL JUDGMENTS
(Ibid.)
POLITICAL LIBERALISM
(Deppe et al 2015)
Also, it seems that training and/or selection in philosophy
positively correlates with the reflective cognitive style.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRAINING
(Livengood et al 2010)
…and political
liberalism.
PHD IN PHILOSOPHY
(Byrd 2014)
THEISM
(Byrd 2014)
DISCUSSION
FREGEANISM ABOUT LANGUAGE
(Byrd 2014)
Is ‘intuitive’ the right word for the contrast class of the
reflective cognitive style? Might ‘non-reflective’ be better?
(Pennycook 2015)
Is the trolley problem really gauging differential assent to a
deontologist or consequentialist metaethical framework?
(Kahane 2015)
PHYSICALISM ABOUT PERSONAL IDENTITY
(Byrd 2014)
This
s
cog ugges
nitiv
ts th
e
rela style at
phil ted to is
judg osop
h
phil ments ical
a
oso
phe mong
rs, t
oo.
DON'T PULL THE TROLLEY SWITCH
(Byrd 2014)
PULL THE TROLLEY SWITCH
(Ibid.)
SCIENTIFIC REALISM
(Byrd 2014)
WORKS CITED
Aarnio, K., & Lindeman, M. (2005). Paranormal beliefs, education, and thinking
styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(7), 1227–1236.
Bouvet, R., & Bonnefon, J.-F. (2015). Non-Reflective Thinkers Are
Predisposed to Attribute Supernatural Causation to Uncanny Experiences.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Byrd, N. (2014). Intuitive and Reflective Responses in Philosophy. Philosophy
Graduate Theses & Dissertations. Paper 6. (philpapers.org/rec/BYRIAR)
Deppe, K. D., Gonzalez, F. J., Neiman, J. L., Jacobs, C., Pahlke, J., Smith, K.
B., & Hibbing, J. R. (2015). Reflective liberals and intuitive conservatives: A
look at the Cognitive Reflection Test and ideology. Judgment and Decision
Making, 10(4), 314–331.
Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making. Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42.
Gianotti, L. R., Mohr, C., Pizzagalli, D., Lehmann, D., & Brugger, P. (2001).
Associative processing and paranormal belief. Psychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences, 55(6), 595–603.
Kahane, G., Everett, J. A. C., Earp, B. D., Farias, M., & Savulescu, J. (2015).
“Utilitarian” judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial
concern for the greater good. Cognition, 134, 193–209.
Livengood, J., Sytsma, J., Feltz, A., Scheines, R., & Machery, E. (2010).
Philosophical temperament. Philosophical Psychology, 23(3), 313–330.
McElroy, T., & Seta, J. J. (2003). Framing effects: An analytic–holistic
perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 610–617.
Pennycook, G. (2014). Evidence that analytic cognitive style influences
religious belief: Comment on Razmyar and Reeve (2013). Intelligence, 43, 21–
26.
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A.
(2014). Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection. Memory &
Cognition, 42(1), 1–10.
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). Is the
cognitive reflection test a measure of both reflection and intuition? Behavior
Research Methods, 1–8.
———. (2013). Belief bias during reasoning among religious believers and
skeptics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(4), 806–811. http://doi.org/
10.3758/s13423-013-0394-3
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Seli, P., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A.
(2012). Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief.
Cognition, 123(3), 335–346.
Piazza, J., & Sousa, P. (2013). Religiosity, Political Orientation, and
Consequentialist Moral Thinking. Social Psychological and Personality
Science.
Shenhav, A., Rand, D. G., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Divine intuition: Cognitive
style influences belief in God. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
141(3), 423.
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000). Individual differences in reasoning:
Implications for the rationality debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(5),
645–665.
Training and/or selection in philosophy positively correlates with the
reflective cognitive style and negatively with the intuitive cognitive style.
Cognitive style is related to philosophical judgments for both
philosophers and others.
Among those who had undergone advanced training/selection in
philosophy, cognitive style was not related to variation between the
following: physicalism vs. anti-physicalism, internalism vs. externalism
(about mental content, justification, moral judgment), analytic-synthetic
distinction, A-theory vs. B-theory of time, Humanism vs. non-Humanism
about natural laws, compatibilism vs. incompatibilism, metaethical
views (realism vs. non-realism, consequentialism vs. deontology vs.
virtue ethics, political views (egalitarianism vs. libertarianism),
nominalism vs. Platonism, empiricism vs. rationalism, and naturalism
vs. non-naturalism.
CONCLUSIONS
© 2015 Nick Byrd