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Module 9:
Control Techniques
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Module 9: Control Techniques
Module Description
This module covers defensive and offensive control methods used by hazardous materials response team members. Basic confinement techniques such as diking and damming are
overviewed, while more advanced containment procedures such as plugging, patching, and
overpacking are addressed in more detail. Special considerations (transfer operations, for example) are also discussed.
Prerequisites
•
Students should have completed a hazardous materials operations level training program.
•
Students should have completed Module 7: Personal Protective Equipment and Module
8: Decontamination, and demonstrated the required competencies.
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Objectives
Upon completion of this module, participants will be able to:
Objectives
NFPA
Standards
OSHA
Standards
• Describe the differences between “confinement” and “containment”
operations.
NFPA 472 1-2
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe the considerations of performing “offensive” operations.
NFPA 472 4-3.1
• Describe methods used to reduce hazards before offensive actions are
taken.
NFPA 472 4-3.2
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe basic procedures for reducing hazards while engaged in
offensive operations.
NFPA 472 4-5.1
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe three basic techniques for reducing hazards of product spills/
releases.
NFPA 472
4-3.5.1
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Given a pressure vessel, select the appropriate equipment and demonstrate a method of containing leaks from the following sources: fusible
metal plug, fusible plug threads, sidewall of container, valve blowout,
valve gland, valve inlet threads, valve seat, valve stem assembly failure.
NFPA 4-4.3.1
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Given a pressure vessel, demonstrate the ability to: close valves that are
open, replace missing plugs, tighten loose plugs.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.2
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Demonstrate the ability to contain the following types of leaks in a 55gallon drum: bung leak, chime leak, forklift puncture, nail puncture.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.3
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Given a 55-gallon drum, demonstrate the following overpack techniques:
rolling slide-in (vee roll), slide-in, slip-over.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.4
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Given an MC 306/DOT 406, demonstrate the proper use of a dome clamp NFPA 472
to seal a dome cover leak.
4-4.3.8
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Identify methods, equipment and considerations in controlling a fire in an NFPA 472
MC 306/DOT 406 aluminum shell tanker.
4-4.3.9
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe at least one method for containing the following types of leaks
in MC 306/DOT 406, MC 307/DOT 407, MC 312/DOT 412, tankers:
dome cover leak, irregular shaped hole, puncture, split or tear.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.10
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe three product removal and transfer considerations for the
following overturned tankers: MC 306/DOT 406, MC 307/DOT 407,
MC 312/DOT 412, MC 331, MC 338.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.10
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Describe three safety considerations in product transfer operations.
NFPA 472
4-4.3.7
NFPA 472
4-4.3.5
29 CFR 1910.120
(q) (6) (iii) (F)
• Identify the maintenance and inspection procedures for the tools and
equipment used for mitigation by the jurisdiction, according to the
manufacturer.
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Instructor Preparation
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Module 9
Prerequisite Quiz
1.
Most 55-gallon drums have openings in the top fitted with plugs and caps. These openings are called:
A.
Bungs
B.
Chimes
C.
Vents
D.
None of the above
2.
The best type of control technique for trapping solid materials floating on running water
is:
A.
An overflow dam
B.
An underflow dam
C.
A dike
D.
None of the above
3.
Oxygen gas would most likely be transported in which type of tank car?
A.
Pressure tank car
B.
Non-pressure tank car
C.
Cryogenic liquid tank car
D.
High pressure tube car
4.
Which of the following is usually built to contain releases on land?
A.
Booms
B.
Dams
C.
Diversion pits
D.
Dikes
5.
Which of the following statements is true of overpacking?
A.
Overpacking should only be used on 55-gallon drums.
B.
Leaking drums do not need to be sealed before they are overpacked.
C.
Overpack drums must be marked.
D.
Overpack drums must be made of plastic.
6.
Which of the following control techniques are fire fighters usually responsible for?
A.
Off-loading
B.
Venting and burning
C.
Product transfer
D.
None of the above
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7.
Which of the following control techniques involves releasing gas vapors into the atmosphere to reduce tank pressure?
A.
Vapor flaring
B.
Hot tapping
C.
Cold tapping
D.
Venting
8.
Which of the following items is often used as an adsorbent?
A.
Sand
B.
Sawdust
C.
Cat litter
D.
Clay
9.
Cargo tanks can be constructed from any of the following materials. Which one is softest
and will puncture most easily?
A.
Aluminum
B.
Quenched and tempered steel
C.
Mild steel
D.
Stainless steel
10.
Which type of tank car is the most common?
A.
Pressure tank cars
B.
Non-pressure tank cars
C.
Cryogenic liquid tank cars
D.
High pressure tube cars
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Introduction
Questions
1. What is the difference between “confinement” and
“containment”?
2. What are three ways an overpack drum can be used?
3. Why are frangible disks designed to fail completely at
specified pressures?
You should conduct a hazard analysis at every emergency
response. A hazard analysis helps you determine what, if
any, offensive interventions are needed. At every incident,
your response team should ask:
• What is the product?
• How much is there? (A lot/a little)
• What is it doing? (Leaking product, releasing energy,
stressed?)
• Where is it going?
• How is it getting there? (Airborne, pressure, liquid,
heat, etc.)
• Who or what is threatened? (Responders, public, environment)
• What will happen next? (Nothing? Get worse?)
• What will happen if nothing is done?
• Can we protect the threatened?
• How? (Defensive or offensive?)
• When? (Can we wait?)
• With what? (Do we have the equipment and personnel?)
• At what risk? (Is it worth it?)
Asking the simple question, “What will happen if we do
nothing?” can sometimes save a great amount of risk, cost,
and aggravation. In some cases, no action is the best
action. This is not to say hazardous materials teams should
do nothing, but the idea that offensive actions are always
indicated should be discarded. Instead, determine what
dangers actually exist and balance them against what
actions can be taken to reduce them. The response action
steps outlined in Appendix B and the corresponding forms
will help you balance risk versus benefit.
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Safety
General Hazards
Besides obvious chemical hazards, other hazards may exist.
They include:
•
Physical hazards include slip/trip hazards, narrow
walkways, ladders, or electrical lines. If these hazards
are apparent, take extreme care. Better yet, investigate
an alternative means of access.
Sharp edges on or near containers may snag or puncture
protective garments. Extra heavy overgloves and boots
or outer suit covers may be needed.
Many containment operations require extensive physical effort. Making these efforts in chemical protective
clothing is difficult at best, so the performance of the
entry team should be carefully monitored.
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Environmental hazards are obvious, but often overlooked. Heat, cold, rain and snow will affect your
efficiency and working time, requiring you to make
adjustments. Also be aware that operations may start in
light, but continue into darkness; make sure you have
appropriate lighting on hand.
•
Container hazards often cause injuries. A leaking
container indicates that some type of stress has occurred. Determining the source of stress causing the
breach can help you predict future container behavior.
Pressure vessels are exceptionally dangerous. In addition to the hazard itself, the container may rupture.
•
Container stability is extremely critical. All the
protective clothing available will not protect you if a
container falls on you. Assess the stability of a container and correct it, if necessary, before you begin
containment operations.
•
Container integrity is an issue because if the container
has already been breached, it has lost some of its integrity. The container must be able to support the containModule 9: Control Techniques
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ment techniques you chose. For example, a tank leaking product because of extensive corrosion will probably not withstand the application of a bandage device.
The device itself may cause further damage.
•
Energy releases must be prevented when you are
working in the Hot Zone. Recognize that the container
itself may contain energy in the form of pressure. In
industrial settings, other energy sources like motors,
fans, presses, or heaters may activate automatically. Be
sure any electrical equipment is locked and tagged out
before you begin work.
Ignition sources should also be controlled as a matter of
procedure, regardless of the flammability hazards.
Basic Safety Procedures
Regardless of product or container, some basic safety
procedures should be followed.
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Have a plan. Have a clear understanding of what you
are trying to accomplish. As a team, you have a duty to
each other and to yourself to develop a plan and delegate responsibility appropriately. If a plan cannot be
implemented because of unforeseen circumstances, the
team should back out and regroup, rather than going
ahead with an impromptu plan.
•
Stay away from the product. Walk around puddles,
avoid kneeling in product or leaning on things, and stay
away from escaping gas plume. These practices should
become second nature to experienced responders. Team
members should watch out for each other.
•
Have correct tools available. Labor saving devices
like drum levers, dollies, and handcarts can prevent
stress.
•
Reduce leaks before containing them. Many leaks/
releases can be minimized or even eliminated by simply
re-orienting the container. Containers leaking liquids
can be rolled so that the breach is above product level.
Containers of liquefied gases that are leaking liquid
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product can often be moved so the breach is in the
vapor space.
•
Protect against fire. Whenever working with or near
flammable products, have charged lines of adequate
caliber and an established water supply. Based on the
degree of hazard, consider having charged foam lines.
•
Stay alert. In the heat of the moment, responders
sometimes develop tunnel vision. A single minded
focus on a leak may blind you to other hazards such as
a hole just in front of you, or a low bridge ahead. Force
yourself to step back and survey the entire scene and
carefully note changing conditions.
Activity
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Confinement vs.
Containment
Confinement and containment are sometimes used interchangeably, but there is a difference. Confinement refers
to actions taken to keep a material in a defined or local
area. Containment refers to actions taken to keep a material in its container.
Confinement
Confinement is the process of limiting a product spill (an
air release, solid or liquid) to the smallest possible area.
Confinement can often take place away from the actual
product itself, and therefore is defensive. Well equipped,
well trained operational personnel (first responders as well
as hazardous material technicians) should be capable of a
variety of confinement activities. Always consider confinement techniques before you attempt containment.
General Confinement Techniques
Solids are perhaps the easiest products to confine. With the
possible exception of dusts, they usually remain where they
fall. Site control is one confinement technique. You can
also lay plastic sheeting or tarps over the spill to keep wind
and rain from dispersing the product.
Liquids present more challenges to responders. Liquids
spread, based on terrain and viscosity. They can also be
absorbed into surfaces.
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•
Diking or damming is perhaps the easiest method to
confine a liquid spill. A barrier (dirt, absorbent booms,
plastic wrapped hose, sand, etc.) is placed ahead of the
spill to prevent it from spreading. This keeps the area
involved to a minimum and reduces the surface area
available for volatile liquid evaporation.
•
Absorption/adsorption can be used with or instead of
diking and damming. This involves the use of another
material placed directly on the liquid. The liquid either
completely soaks into the product (absorbs) or adheres
to the surface (adsorbs). This also prevents the flow
and spread of the product and can make cleanup easier.
•
Diversion channels liquids to another, less sensitive
area. On land, this is accomplished by dikes placed
ahead of the spill to force the flow to another area. On
water, booms may be placed across the flow of water to
direct a lighter than water product.
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•
Retention is the act of holding liquids until they can be
neutralized, diluted or removed. Building a circular
dike around a drum creates a retention pit for the
product. Products may also be diverted to another more
suitable area for retention.
•
Dispersion uses special agents to break up non-soluble
liquids spilled in water. Dispersant agents are commonly used on hydrocarbons (e.g., oil spills at sea), but
do not change the hazard itself.
Gases and vapors present the most difficult challenges to
responders. Gases and vapors spread based on their properties, the terrain, and the weather. They also present the
greatest risk to the public because they may travel long
distances from the site and manifest no warning signs such
as odor or taste.
•
Confining a liquid spill to a small area by damming or
diking will drastically reduce vapor production. There
are two other basic methods of confining a gas/vapor
release.
•
Suppression is used on liquids that are producing
hazardous vapors. The most common type of vapor
suppression uses fire fighting foams on liquid fuel
spills. Foam blankets the spill and prevents or reduces
vapor production. Special foams for use on corrosives
are also available. Suppressing vapors does not change
or eliminate the hazard permanently; rather it reduces
the immediate hazard and allows responders time for a
better planned response.
Fire fighting foam used on a gasoline spill to suppress vapors
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Vapor dispersion consists of moving gas/vapor to
another area or diluting its concentration in air to
reduce its hazardous effects. Fire fighters are taught
that a large caliber fog stream can move great amounts
of air via hydraulic ventilation. This same principal can
be applied to gas/vapor releases. Remember that this
method will only move the hazard to another area or
reduce its concentration, and that may be all that is
necessary to protect the endangered area. When fog
streams are used on water soluble gases/vapors, the
product itself may be absorbed by the water. This may
cause a residual hazardous, evaporating solution; but
again, it may be necessary for the protection of an area.
Containment
Containment usually refers to stopping or slowing a leak
from a container. It can also refer to chemically changing a
hazardous material to another, less hazardous material to
reduce its dangerous properties.
Containment Techniques and Equipment
Containment activities usually involve contact with a
hazardous product and requires that attention be given to
proper PPE/CPC selection and decontamination.
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•
Neutralization involves adding a different chemical to
the spilled chemical to reduce or eliminate the hazards.
This method is mainly used with corrosives. This
technique produces—in addition to the two original
chemicals—a chemical reaction from the neutralization
process, and a new, neutralized product. To select the
proper PPE, you must research the original chemical,
the neutralizing chemical, and resultant chemical.
Neutralization is not always an effective way to mitigate a spill and can create more problems than it solves.
It can also be extremely dangerous. Neutralization
should only be attempted by experienced teams with
appropriate equipment and training. Obtain outside
resources to ensure a safe process.
•
Overpacking is the process of putting the damaged
container and its contents into an undamaged container.
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Overpack containers are typically 85-gallon plastic or
metal drums with sealable tops. Overpacking is typically used with leaking 55-gallon drums, but can also
be used for smaller containers such as jars, pails, carboys, bags, and bottles. Overpacking is also used to
store used absorbents.
When using an overpack container, be sure to:
• Use a drum made of material that is compatible
with the hazardous substance.
• Use a drum large enough to contain the leaking
container and any spilled product.
• Label the container with the name of the spilled
product and the words “Salvage Drum.”
• Avoid placing too much product in the overpack
drum, which could cause overpressurization and
leaks.
Pressure containers can be overpacked with specialized
overpack devices. These devices are extremely expensive and not usually carried by response agencies.
•
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Plugging is placing an object into an opening on a
container, whether it is an engineered opening (e.g.,
valve stem) or a stress related breach (e.g., puncture,
rip, tear). Plugging devices can be made on-scene or
commercially purchased. Items used are wooden
wedges, dowels, and tapered cones, expandable rubber
stoppers, pneumatic operated neoprene plugs, screwlike devices—almost anything that is resistant to the
chemical and can be tightly fitted into the opening.
Pneumatic plugs ranging in size from a few inches to
over three feet are available for large holes or pipe
breaches.
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•
Patching is the placement of a material over an opening
in a container. Again, these devices can be purchased
commercially or made by responders. Patching items
used include neoprene or rubber gasket material with
webbing, epoxy/glue patches, and sections of containers
cut to fit various curves. There are many pre-made kits
available for use in plug and patch operations. Some
manufacturers produce kits that contain various sizes of
rubber stoppers, cone wedges, molly bolts for use with
stoppers, different sizes and materials of gaskets, epoxy
patches and web-type clamps. These can be used on
smaller leaks on any size container.
•
Bandages can be used with, or instead of patches.
Bandages, which are usually made of flexible metal,
encircle the container to hold a patch in place. They
can be pneumatically operated, tied, twisted, or tightened by toggle bolts.
•
Auxiliary closure devices are meant to be used when
an engineered opening such as a valve, cover, or
manway has been breached. Dome cover clamps are
typically used on the manways of road liquid cargo
tanks. They fit over the dome cover of a manway and
tighten down to press the cover back into position. If
the leak is caused by a faulty or missing gasket, dome
cover clamps may not stop the release completely.
Dome clamps can be purchased in varying sizes. It is
advisable to carry more than one size and to carry
enough to control breaches in all size covers you may
encounter in your jurisdiction. Kits are available for
cylinders that allow you to place a hood over a leaking
valve. This hood contains another valve which can then
be closed.
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Activity
•
Sealants are clay-like, chemically-resistant materials
that can be used like putty to seal leaks from small
holes or tears, or to seal the area around a leaking
plugging device. They can be a quick and effective
means to seal small leaks before overpacking or bandaging, however they may not be effective when the
head pressure increases. Commercial sealants are
available from a variety of sources. Most are resistant
to fuels, and specialized corrosive resistant types can be
purchased.
•
Engineered and provided methods refers to devices
that are built into the container. Many fixed facility
containers have redundant valve systems which means
the product can be shut off at more than one place. If
you can find a product control flow valve, you may be
able to stop the flow without direct intervention. Always check with the container owner or specialist to
determine that closing a valve will not cause a problem
elsewhere.
The Chlorine Institute developed specialized containment kits for cylinders and tanks transporting their
product. The “Chlorine A Kit” is designed to handle
cylinders with a capacity of up to 150 lbs. The “Chlorine B Kit” is designed to handle one ton cylinders and
the “Chlorine C Kit” is designed to handle leaks from
dedicated rail cars of chlorine. Chlorine kit instructions
as well as manuals on chlorine, can be obtained from
the Chlorine Institute, 2001 L St., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036.
These kits contain a variety of materials and can be
used to seal almost any kind of leak from a pressure
cylinder of chlorine. They are large, heavy and very
specialized but they do come with an excellent set of
instructions and procedures. If a jurisdiction intends to
use one or more of these kits, it is mandatory that you
train with them on a regular basis and maintain proficiency in their use. An emergency scene is not the
place to learn how to use these items.
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Purchasing Containment Equipment
There is a variety of containment equipment available
commercially, ranging from relatively inexpensive rubber
stoppers and wooden wedges, to expensive pneumatic plugs
and bandages and specialized kits for cylinders.
Your primary concern, after your safety, is whether the
plug, patch or other containment item will resist the leaking
product. It is of little value to contain a leak, only to have
the containment device dissolve.
Based on your hazard analysis, you may need specialized
containment devices and materials. Check with local
industry. They deal with leaks of their products on a more
frequent basis than you, and have probably developed or
purchased confinement and containment devices that work
effectively.
You can also fabricate your own devices based on the
common hazards in your area. When making or buying
containment equipment, always consider the equipment’s
chemical resistance and ease of use while wearing CPC.
Develop a resource list of equipment available from industries in your jurisdiction. You will need access to this
equipment to train and maintain proficiency in its use.
Auxiliary Tools/Equipment
There are many items used in containment activities that
do not actually contain the product.
•
•
•
•
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Bung wrenches are specially designed tools used to
tighten the bungs and vents on drums. They are usually
non-sparking.
Non-sparking tools such as wrenches, hammers and
clamps are used to prevent sparking in a flammable
atmosphere.
Drum levers help you upright drums by providing
leverage.
Drum dollies/carts are designed to help you move
drums easily. They typically slide under a container
and allow you to wheel it away.
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Basic Control
Techniques
Assessing Damage
Use the following checklist as a guide for assessing damage, whether a release is from a cargo tank or a tank car:
Cracks:
• Cracks are narrow splits or breaks in material caused by
fatigue or impact.
• Cracks may lead to catastrophic failure in pressurized
containers.
Scores:
• Scores are reductions in thickness when the container is
indented.
Gouges:
• Gouges are reductions in the thickness of a container
when part of the container material is removed.
Dents:
• Dents are deformations in a tank caused by blunt objects.
• Sharp radius dents may result in cracking.
Burns:
• Wheel burns result from constant contact with a turning
wheel which reduces the thickness of the tank car.
• Rail burns result from a moving tank passing over a
stationary object.
• Street burns are deformations in a tank shell caused by
sliding on pavement.
Points to Remember:
• Damage may be to outer shell only and may be difficult
to assess.
• Pressure containers may fail catastrophically.
• Valves may not operate properly when they are in a
different orientation (sideways, upside down); this may
be the cause of the leak.
• If you are unsure of the container status:
•
Get expert help.
•
Take all defensive measures.
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Control Techniques for
Non-Bulk Containers
Non-bulk containers probably account for most hazardous
material calls. Many times they will be empty or almost
empty when you arrive. Mitigation is often directed to spill
control or protecting undamaged containers.
There are a number of ways a non-bulk container can be
damaged. The container may fail completely as a result of
over pressurizing, shattering, or a BLEVE. Failure, however, is not usually catastrophic. It is more common for a
valve to leak or a container to be punctured. Occasionally,
storage of incompatible chemicals causes container failure.
Generally, your spill control techniques will be limited to
righting the container; tightening or closing valves, bungs,
and clamps; repacking; and ensuring that pressure will not
build up. Do not seal safety relief devices
Mitigation Methods
Many hazardous materials emergencies involve leaking 55gallon drums. There are several methods for controlling
drum leaks.
Overpacking
Overpacking is one of the most common control techniques
for leaking 55-gallon drums. However, before you attempt
an overpack, make every effort to stop the leak.
Overpacking involves placing a leaking drum into a larger
drum. Overpack drums are usually made specifically for
this purpose. An overpack drum can be used in three ways
depending on the orientation of the leaking drum. Invert
the overpack drum and place it over the leaking drum. Tilt
both drums horizontally, then vertically, so the overpack
drum is oriented with its open top up.
If the drum is horizontal, use a slide-in method. Place the
open end of a horizontal overpack drum near an end of the
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leaking drum. Raise the end of the leaking drum while
your partner slides the overpack around the leaking drum.
Then, push the leaking drum into the overpack and tilt both
drums to an upright position. An alternative is a rolling
slide-in or V-roll method in which you place the open end
of the overpack drum under the rim of the leaking drum.
Orient the drums so that they form a wide letter “V”. Push
the drums from the apex of the “V” so that the rolling
motion causes the leaking drum to roll into the overpack
drum. Tilt both drums to an upright position.
Whenever overpacking drums, consider the integrity of the
leaking drum. In overpack operations, the container will
experience a fair amount of stress. The weight of the drum
should also be considered. A nearly full 35-gallon drum of
sulfuric acid can weigh close to 600 pounds.
Plugging / Patching
Plugging and patching are other techniques for controlling
the flow of product.
Commercial Kits
Commercial kits usually contain molly bolts, screws,
rubber stoppers, wedges, clamps, patches, epoxy, and other
assorted items. Kits are useful for small leaks on either
small or large containers. However, to use these items you
must usually come in contact with the product. Also, the
area around the leak must be in good condition—intact,
strong, and not corroded.
Bandages
Metal, rubber, or plastic bandages can be wrapped around
containers to make a seal. However, they must often be
inflated to press against container and seal tightly. In
addition, the area the bandage is applied to must be relatively strong.
Pneumatic Plugs
Pneumatic plugs can be used for mitigating pipe leaks.
They range from four inches to three feet in diameter, and
must be inflated or expanded to work properly.
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Sealants
Most sealants are clay-like materials useful for filling
punctures. They must be compatible with flammable
liquids, and may be used in conjunction with other techniques. They are temporary at best, and may not have
enough adhesion for high “head pressure”.
Areas of Drum Leaks
Before you attempt to plug or patch a drum, consider the
effect of this action. Many drums will be empty or almost
empty when you arrive. Drums can leak for a number of
reasons and from a number of locations. If a drum is
leaking from corrosion, a plug or patch application may
cause further damage. It may be best to overpack without
initial containment.
Drums often leak from bungs, the small round holes in the
top of the drum. If a drum is leaking from a bung, roll the
drum so that the leak is above the product, then tighten the
bung with the appropriate wrench. Many times, this will be
all you need to do to control a leak.
If a drum is leaking at the chime (the rim), upright the
drum so most of the product is below the leak.
If a drum is breached on the side, and overpacking is not
possible, a plug or patch may be the best solution. Position
the drum so that the breach is above the product. Sometimes a combination of plugging and patching will ensure a
complete seal.
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Small punctures, like nail punctures, are often hidden.
Expose them by laying the drum on its side and observing
for the location of the leak. Then orient the puncture above
the product. Sealants or plugs usually work well with
punctures.
Cylinders
Chlorine A and B kits are available for controlling chlorine
and container leaks. These kits are used to control valve
and plug leaks in 100-150 lb. chlorine cylinders (A kit) or
ton containers (B kit). Kits may be used on similar sized
cylinders, regardless of product. Chlorine leaks are controlled by placing caps over the leak area and forcing them
into place with leverage from parts attached to the tank.
You must be trained to apply these kits. If your department
has them, make sure you receive regular training in their
use.
Plugging/Patching Pressure Vessels
Containing leaks from pressurized vessels such as cylinders
can be risky, depending on the product, the amount of
pressure of the container, and the possibility of vapor
clouds obscuring your vision.
These situations are difficult because of the specialized
tools required to control pressure leaks. Most of these
devices are designed for specific containers and consist of a
screw-on apparatus that allows the pressure to escape until
a control valve is closed. If you have access to these tools,
you should practice using them on non-leaking vessels.
First, practice without protective clothing until the parts and
procedures are familiar. Then practice wearing gloves and
SCBA. Finally, practice in full drills with chemical protective clothing. Cylinders filled with compressed air can
provide more realistic training.
Leaks from pressure relief valves are not breaches. Pressure relief devices are designed to safely release container
pressure and to protect container integrity. Sealing them in
any way may increase stress on the container system.
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Control Techniques
for Cargo Tanks
Over the road cargo tanks are found in almost every jurisdiction in North America. Carriers include non-pressure
and low-pressure tanks, high-pressure cargo tanks, corrosive liquid carriers, and cryogenic liquid carriers.
Types of Leaks
Piping/Valve Leaks
Leaks from valves and intake and discharge piping are
relatively common on cargo tanks. They can be caused by
lack of proper maintenance or by direct impact damage.
You must fully understand the purpose and uses of various
valves and pipes you may encounter. If at all possible,
contact persons familiar with the tanker such as the driver,
shipper, or carrier company. They can help you properly
stop a piping or valve leak.
Piping leaks can be stopped by either closing valves or
tightening packing. If piping is leaking, it is better to close
a valve before the leak than to seal the leak. This containment method limits product contact and risk.
The type of tanker and its product will have a substantial
effect on operations. MC 306/DOT 406 and MC 307/DOT
407 cargo tanks use gravity for off-loading, minimizing
piping pressure.
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MC 312/DOT 412 tankers use gravity and/or internal tank
pressure to off-load. Pressure in piping may be near 75 psi.
Leaking corrosives can cause additional chemical stress to
the outside of the tank, piping or valves.
Activity
Dome Cover Leaks
A dome cover may become loose and leak as a result of a
rollover. Dome cover clamps are used to stop this type of
leak. Cargo tanks, when not on their wheels, may be
unstable. They may also have suffered physical container
damage. If other damage to the container is not a problem
and the tank is stable, you can apply the appropriate size
dome clamp. Obviously, you will not be able to upright the
tank.
Physical hazards of the product become a serious concern
in clamp operations because you will most likely have
considerable product contact during approach and containment activities. Slip hazards will almost always be present.
Access may also present a problem. If the tank has rolled
over, the covers may be beneath the tank. If the tank has
not rolled over, you may have to use a ladder to safely
access the dome cover.
Tears/Irregular Holes/Punctures
Breaches in cargo tank bodies can be caused by vehicular
accident, rollover, or impact with other objects such as
forklifts. Depending on the location of the breach, releases
can range from 2,500 gallons in a single compartment to
over 7,000 gallons from multiple compartments. These
types of leaks are commonly handled by hazardous materials teams.
Most of these breaches can be controlled with the same
methods used on smaller liquid containers like drums.
However, you must plan for potential hazards of a large
volume release because of the size of the containers.
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Although control techniques for drums are similar for tanks,
tank breaches may be larger or require more control materials. You can purchase bandages developed specifically for
use with cargo tanks or large quantities of absorbents.
If the leak is above the product line, containment will be
relatively easy. You will be able to apply the appropriate
plug, patch and/or bandage with minimal product contact.
As always, determine container integrity, especially in the
area of the patch or plug. This may be difficult, however,
depending on the size of the tank and location of the
breach.
If the leak is below the product line, significant product
release may be occurring during containment operations.
You may not be able to apply plugs and/or patches because
of the force of product flow caused by head pressure.
Containing leaks of large volume flow is difficult at best,
and will result in contamination of the entry team.
Another problem that may develop is the product’s reaction
with the outside container. Corrosives tanks are generally
stainless steel or steel construction lined with butyl rubber
or some other resistant material. If an MC 312/DOT 412
has had a breach in that liner, the corrosive will contact the
steel outside the container and possibly work its way between the liner/tank interface, seriously reducing the structural integrity of the container.
Vents/Relief Valves/Rupture Disk Leaks
Vents are designed to allow normal vapor release. They are
engineered to prevent leaks of liquid product if there is a
rollover. If liquid is being released from a vent, it has
probably failed. You must consult with container specialists
and assess the risks fully to determine why the vent is
leaking and the ramifications of containing the leak.
Relief valves are designed to operate in case a container is
overpressurized. MC 338 cargo tanks’ (cryogenic carriers)
relief valves or vents normally operate as the product inside
vaporizes, increasing pressure inside the vessel. If the
cargo tank is not a cryogenic carrier and the relief valve is
operating, you should find out why. Do not try to contain
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relief valve releases. If the vapors are causing a hazard,
then efforts should be defensive.
Rupture and frangible disks are designed to fail completely
at a specified pressure. The theory is that a large release
through these devices is preferable to a container failure. If
these devices have activated, product release will be large
because of internal pressure. Determine the cause of the
release before considering any action.
In all of the above cases, engineered safety devices have
activated. Preventing their operation will result in further
container stress. You must find out and correct the cause of
the release before taking any containment action.
Inspecting Damaged
Cargo Tanks
Damaged cargo tanks must be thoroughly inspected to
determine the type and extent of damage sustained. These
inspections can be performed by Technicians who have the
background training in this area. Personal protective
equipment must be worn during the inspection.
Examine all accessible surfaces for the type, location,
direction, and extent of damage. If you cannot see the
entire surface of the damaged cargo tank, reinspect it
during and after surrounding materials have been removed,
or when the tank is lifted or uprighted. You must be experienced enough to determine the possible damage to the tank
based on its position (i.e., on soft ground or hard/sharp
surfaces).
Jacketed cargo tanks are difficult to inspect without removing the jackets. Lack of damage to the jacket usually
indicates that the tank has not been damaged.
Guidelines
Damage assessment and mitigation is generally not the
responsibility of fire department personnel unless specialized training has been provided. The following guidelines
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are for background information only. Do not attempt
these procedures unless you have been thoroughly
trained.
To inspect damaged pressure cargo tanks:
1. Examine all accessible surfaces for cracks, scores,
gouges, and dents. Pay close attention to these types of
damage that occur in the longitudinal direction.
2. Look for cracks on the tank. Relatively large cracks are
visible to the naked eye. For smaller cracks, the use of
a dye penetrant may be necessary. Since material often
seeps through even small cracks, look for signs of
frosting or clear liquid on the tank surface.
3. For each dent:
• Identify dents that have scores or gouges associated
with them and those that cross a weld. (Dents with
scores or gouges and/or dents that cross welds are
the most dangerous.)
• Examine each point of minimum curvature for
cracks and, using a dent gauge, measure and record
the curvature of all dents, no matter how small.
4. For each score or gouge:
• Measure the depth of each score or gouge on the
tank to determine the extent of damage and risk.
• Identify where each score or gouge crosses a weld.
• Note when a score or gouge crosses a weld and
measure the depth of the removed weld metal.
(When a score or gouge crosses a weld, the damage
is more critical if it removes the weld’s base metal
rather than just the weld reinforcement.)
• When a score or gouge crosses a weld, determine if
the “heat affected zone” adjacent to the weld has
been damaged. (If the score or gouge has damaged
the heat-affected zone, the damage is potentially
critical.)
5. Determine the temperature of the tank metal by
attaching a thermometer to the shell of the tank; or, if a
tank is equipped with a thermometer, check the thermometer well.
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6. Determine the internal pressure of the cargo tank.
The internal pressure must be determined before the
tank can be moved or off-loaded in place. The pressure
can be determined by:
• Reading the tank’s pressure gauge
• Reading the internal temperature gauge or
taking the temperature of the contents and
referring to vapor pressure/temperature
graphs specific to the tank contents
If neither temperature nor pressure can be measured, estimate the temperature based on ambient
temperature. (Remember that the temperature of
the tank’s contents may lag behind ambient temperatures by up to six hours.) Since tank contents
may stratify into different temperature layers,
pressure estimated from temperature readings may
be lower than the actual pressure. Internal pressures
in empty cargo tanks that contain residual vapors
may be equal to pressures in loaded cargo tanks.
Vapor pressure/temperature graphs are available
from the Compressed Gas Handbook, the shipper,
or the manufacturer of the material. When pressures are shown as absolute pressure, subtract 14.7
to convert them to gauge pressure.
Many products are shipped under pressure of an inert gas
(usually nitrogen) to preserve their purity. The inert gas
prevents the material from reacting with air or moisture in
air. Tanks used to ship materials this way are usually
marked with a warning near the dome cover. Ambient
temperature and low vapor pressure of the product may
also indicate that the product is under pressure of an inert
gas. When a product is shipped under pressure of an inert
gas, vapor pressure/temperature graphs will not provide
accurate estimations of internal tank pressure.
Even if you have conducted a thorough assessment, never
assume you have identified all the damage. Container
weakness cannot always be seen. As in other emergencies,
the most dangerous hazards are those that are not apparent.
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Inspecting and Repairing
Damaged Cargo Tank Fittings
Many of the problems associated with cargo tank leaks
involve valves and fittings. Once you identify the product
involved, the source of the release, and the personal protective equipment needed, you can begin considering control
measures. Often, releases associated with fittings can be
stopped by tightening a fitting or re-closing a valve or
cover. However, because the majority of cargo tanks are
equipped with internal valves for product discharge, very
little, if any, field repair can be performed.
The tables on the following pages describe, in some detail,
the likely locations of leaks, probable causes for these
leaks, and basic control or repair methods.
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Corrective Action for Cargo Tank Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Methods
MANHOLE COVER
Liquid or vapor leak around
manhole cover
Loose clamp ring
Tighten bolt
Defective gasket
To be handled by a cargo tank
specialist
Not securely closed
Check for zero pressure, then
open and re-close (do not if the
tank is on its side); or
FILL HOLE COVER
Liquid or vapor leak around
fill hole cover
Tighten wing nuts or apply cover
clamp
Defective gasket
To be handled by cargo tank
specialist
Liquid or vapor valve leaking
Valve not completely closed
Close valve
Liquid or vapor valve leaking
at tank outlet
Valve not seated
Tighten valve
Defective seat or threads on valve
To be handled by cargo tank
specialist
Loose flange bolts/nuts
Tighten valve bolts/nuts
Defective gasket
To be handled by cargo tank
specialist
Internal valve not properly seated
Open and re-close valve
Broken internal valve
To be handled by cargo tank
specialist
TOP MOUNTED
SHUTOFF VALVE
BOTTOM OUTLET
VALVES (internal or
external)
Liquid leak at flange between
tank and valve
Liquid leak at end of offloading pipe (s)
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Corrective Action for Cargo Tank Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Methods
VAPOR RECOVERY
VENTS
Liquid leak from vapor
recover line
Top vent not closed
Open and re-close top vent
Tank overloaded
Off-load product*
Ruptured frangible disk (liquid
indicated possible overload)
Replace frangible disk; off-load
product if necessary*
Melted fusible plug (liquid indicates possible overload)
Replace fusible plug; off-load
product if necessary*
Liquid or vapor leak from
safety relief valve -- nonpressure tanks
Defective valve
Replace valve
Tank overloaded
Off-load product*
Liquid or vapor leak from
safety relief valve -- low and
high-pressure tanks
Defective valve
To be handled by industry
specialist
Tank overloaded
To be handled by industry
specialist
SAFETY RELIEF
DEVICES
Liquid or vapor leak from
safety vent
*Many leaks can be repaired on loaded, but not overloaded, tanks; off-loading (or transferring) some
or all of the product should be performed when the situation dictates.
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Handling Damaged
Cargo Tanks
Mitigation Methods
The following methods for handling damaged cargo tanks
are prioritized from least to greatest risk. Again, do not
attempt these procedures unless you have received special
training.
1. Make any necessary repairs and allow the vehicle to
proceed to its destination for product removal. Repairs
you might be able to perform include replacing bolts,
gaskets, or caps. You should not attempt repairs using
plugs or patches that could be dislodged.
2. Move the cargo tank a short distance to an off-loading
facility or other safe area for off-loading (only if the
tank is not leaking). The hazardous materials team
should follow the tanker to that location in case of a
second spill.
3. Off-load the materials from the damaged cargo tank to
another cargo tank. This method should be performed
by cargo tank specialists only.
4. Drill the cargo tank for product removal (non-pressure
aluminum cargo tanks only). This method should be
performed by cargo tank specialists only.
5. On-site disposal by flaring (compressed gases in pressure cargo tanks). This method should be performed by
cargo tank specialists only.
Field Product Removal Methods
Field product removal methods are those techniques used to
remove the contents from a damaged or overloaded cargo
tank. All of these product removal methods are considered outside the legitimate responsibility of the fire
department. However, overseeing the planning and
implementation of these methods is within the realm of
fire department responsibilities.
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These methods are discussed in this section to provide you
with enough information to oversee these processes and
recognize when inappropriate actions are taking place.
Remember, protecting yourself and the community are your
primary responsibilities.
Field product removal methods include:
• Transferring
• Venting
• Flaring
• Venting and burning
Transfers
A transfer involves moving the contents of a damaged or
overloaded cargo tank into a receiving tank (e.g., another
cargo tank, intermodal tank, or portable tank).
Often, cargo tanks involved in a rollover or other serious
accident cannot withstand being uprighted if the tank is
full—this is particularly true of aluminum non-pressure
cargo tanks. The product must be transferred prior to
uprighting and transporting the cargo tank if:
• The cargo tank has been damaged to the extent that
it cannot be safely uprighted or moved to an appropriate off-loading facility.
• The tank itself is sound but, due to frame or
understructure damage or other mechanical damage,
it cannot be safely moved; or the damage to piping,
valves, or fittings is such that it cannot be repaired.
• Site conditions prevent uprighting the tank (e.g.,
terrain does not permit the use of air bags, cranes, or
other equipment).
Safety Precautions When Transferring
The following safety precautions must be taken when
performing a transfer:
• Limit site access to required personnel only
• Allow only qualified and experienced personnel to
perform the work
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment
• Monitor site with appropriate vapor monitoring
devices
• Have foam, dry chemical extinguisher, and
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other suitable systems ready in the event of
accidental release or sudden flare-up
If transferring flammable or combustible
liquids (or finely divided solids) using an
open system:
• Ground and bond the tank
• Eliminate all ignition sources and prohibit
smoking in the vicinity
• Eliminate or shut down electrical equipment that
is not intrinsically safe
• Shut off internal combustion engines
• Use an emergency shutoff system to either
automatically or manually shut down the operation in the event of an unintentional release
(caused by a hose failure or other malfunction)
Venting, Flaring, and Venting and Burning
For highway transportation, these procedures are rarely
used and are generally limited to pressure cargo tanks, such
as those transporting liquefied petroleum gas and other
flammable products. Flaring and venting and burning are
always last resort options and should only be performed by
highly trained and experienced personnel, only after all
other options have been examined and ruled out. Accordingly, this discussion of flaring and venting and burning is
limited.
Venting
Venting is the process of releasing flammable and nonflammable liquefied compressed gas vapors into the atmosphere to reduce internal tank pressure. This release can be
direct or (in the case of toxic products) indirect through an
appropriate treatment (scrubber) or vapor recovery system.
Typically, venting is used for non-flammable gases.
Flaring
Flaring is the controlled release and disposal of flammable
materials by burning from the outlet of a flare pipe. It is
used to reduce pressure, dispose of the residual vapors in a
damaged or overloaded tank, or burn off liquid when
transferring the liquid is impractical.
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Venting and Burning
Venting and burning is a method of removing liquefied
flammable compressed gases or flammable liquids from a
tank by creating openings through the controlled use of
explosives. Explosive charges are strategically placed on
the tank—one at the highest point on the tank for venting
vapor and the second at the lowest point on the tank for
releasing liquid. The released contents are allowed to flow
into a pit for evaporation or burn-off.
Venting and burning is the last resort and is to be performed
only by experienced personnel.
Vacuum trucks
Vacuum trucks are frequently used to remove liquid hazardous materials and waste from a response scene. They are
specifically designed and rated for certain types of hazardous materials and can develop vacuum for on-loading or
pressure for off-loading. Vacuum trucks offer the advantage of not having to develop higher pressures in the damaged container. They can also be used to vacuum material
from the ground or other areas. A disadvantage is that they
must be placed relatively close to the damaged container or
product.
Always consider the risk versus the benefit in responding to
any situation that requires mitigation. You and other responders should take every conceivable precaution to
reduce risk.
Even though Technicians are trained to enter hazardous
environments, their main focus should always be concern
for operational personnel and the fire service in general—
protection of themselves, the public, property and the
environment...in that order. Defensive actions should be
taken first. Containment activities should be done only
when all other options have been exhausted or have not
worked.
Activity
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Special Considerations
Fire in MC 306/DOT 406 Cargo Tanks
MC 306/DOT 406 cargo tanks are usually constructed out
of aluminum and are likely to be carrying fuels. They are
used in almost every jurisdiction in North America to
deliver gasoline and fuel oil. Fires involving these cargo
tanks are frequent so you should prepare for them.
Chemicals carried in these kinds of tankers often cause
large fires characterized by heavy smoke and radiant heat.
Fires traveling a distance from the container, fueled by
rivers of product, are also a distinct possibility. Because of
their aluminum construction, MC 306/DOT 406 cargo tanks
will melt rather than build up internal pressures that could
cause catastrophic breaching. If the tank does melt, there
will be massive product released and the remaining container (if any) will become a large open-topped vessel.
Non-Pressure Cargo Tank
Consider these incidents the same as any large scale flammable liquid fire. Rescue of persons trapped by the fire or
radiant heat should be a priority; however, it may not be
possible to accomplish without a secure and adequate water
supply. You will need adequate personnel to handle numerous streams. It is often best to use large caliber, unmanned
deluge sets in areas of high risk.
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These fires can be extinguished with the appropriate fire
fighting foam (for hydrocarbons, AFFF or protein will
work) at a specific rate for at least 15 minutes. Formulas
for calculating flow rates and amounts of foam and water
are contained in NFPA 11, Technical Standard of Low
Expansion Foam and Combination Agents. AFFF foam
will help suppress vapors after the fire is extinguished due
to its film-forming capability. Whenever possible, provide
barriers to escaping burning liquid. This will help reduce
surface area and decrease heat production.
The availability of adequate water and foam reserves is the
key factor in your team’s ability to handle or extinguish a
fire in MC 306/DOT 406 cargo tanks. Incident Commanders must carefully weigh their resources against their
strategic goals. Water and/or foam may only be available to
conduct rescue and protect exposures. If this is the case,
the IC should delay extinguishing operations until adequate
resources are on scene.
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Control Techniques
for Tank Cars
Damage assessment and repair on tank cars (just as on
cargo tanks) should never be attempted by untrained personnel. The information in this section is provided to help
you understand—not perform—procedures for controlling
tank car leaks.
You must receive additional training in this area before you
attempt to control leaks in tank cars.
Inspecting and Repairing
Damaged Fittings
Most unintentional releases of hazardous materials occur in
non-accident situations as a result of improperly secured
valves, bad gaskets, overfilled cars, other unsecured fittings, and venting from safety relief devices. Whenever a
release occurs, you must work with the railroad to determine the material involved, the origin and cause of the
release, and any potential problems. In addition, control
activities should never be taken without proper training and
appropriate personal protective equipment.
Once you identify the product involved, the source of the
release, and the personal protective equipment needed, you
can begin considering control measures. Many releases
associated with fittings can be stopped simply by tightening
a valve or fitting using hand tools that are readily available.
The most basic control measures for stopping releases from
fittings include:
•
•
•
If open, close it (clockwise to close)
If loose, tighten it (clockwise to tighten)
If missing (but available), replace it
The tables on the following pages describe, in more detail,
the likely locations of leaks, probable causes for these
leaks, and basic repair methods.
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Corrective Actions for Tank Car Fittings
Loading and Unloading Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Method
Liquid or Vapor Valve - Ball - or Plug Type
Liquid or vapor leak from
threaded orifice in valve
Valve not completely closed
Close valve
Plug loose or missing
Tighten or replace plug
Plug or seat worn
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Liquid or vapor leak from
seat between valve and
the manway cover plate
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nuts
Bad gasket
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Liquid or vapor leak around
valve stem
Packing retainer loose
Tighten packing retainer
Missing split ring packing
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Loose cover nuts
Tighten loose cover nuts
Fill hole gasket damaged
or missing
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Loose cover nuts
Tighten loose cover nuts
Manway gasket damaged
or missing
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Fill Hole Cover
Liquid or vapor leak around
hole cover
Manway Cover
Liquid or vapor leak between
manway nozzle and manway
cover
Top-Operating Mechanism (Stuffing Box) for Bottom Outlet Valve
Liquid or vapor leak
from cover of valve
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Tighten packing gland nut
Defective packing material
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
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Corrective Actions for Tank Car Fittings (continued)
Loading and Unloading Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Method
Bottom Outlet
Liquid leak from
bottom outlet cap
Bottom outlet valve open
Close bottom outlet valve
Bottom outlet cap/plug loose
Tighten bottom outlet
Bottom outlet cap gasket
missing or defective
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nuts
Missing or defective gasket
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Liquid Line Flange
Liquid leak from flange
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Corrective Actions for Tank Car Fittings
Pressure/Vacuum Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Method
Safety Relief Valve—External, Internal, or Combination
Liquid or vapor leak
from joint between base of
valve and manway cover
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nuts
Liquid or vapor leak
from valve seat
“O’’ ring or washer installed
incorrectly or damaged from
normal wear.
Caution: Spring may be
broken and is not repairable
in the field.
To be handled by a tank car
specialist; do not remove the
safety relief valve
Liquid or vapor leak
from valve seat
Valve stem bent or broken
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Overloaded tank
Unload; to be handled by a
tank car specialist
Ruptured frangible
(rupture disk). Liquid
indicates overload or splash
without overload
Replace frangible disk with
new disk identical to the
ruptured disk
Safety Vent
Liquid or vapor leak
from opening in center
of safety vent
Vacuum Relief Valve
Liquid or vapor leak
from under deflector
cap
“O” ring off seat or valve
stem bent
Solidified product
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Corrective Actions for Tank Car Fittings
Fittings for Gauging
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Method
Open-Type Gauging Device, Slip Tube With Quick Release or Screw Cover
Liquid or vapor leak
from gauging device control
valve orifice plug
Gauging device control
valve not closed; valve
plug is loose or missing
Close gauging device control
valve
Liquid or vapor leak
from joint between gauging
device and manway cover plate
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nut
Liquid or vapor leak
from around cover at base of
fitting
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nut
Liquid or vapor leak around
gauge rod packing gland or
missing
Packing gland nut loose
Tighten packing gland
retainer
Packing materials defective
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Closed-Type Gauging Device, Magnetic
Liquid or vapor leak
from base of gauging
Broken pipe
Tighten gauging device
cover
Do not remove cover.
Liquid or vapor leak
from seal between gauging
device and manway cover plate
Loose flange nuts
Tighten flange nuts
Closed-Typed Gauging Device, Tape-Type
Liquid or vapor leak
from seal between
gauging device and manway
cover plate
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Tighten flange nuts
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Corrective Actions for Tank Car Fittings
Miscellaneous Fittings
Location of Leak
Probable Cause
Basic Repair Method
Sample Line
Liquid or vapor leak
from sample line orifice
or from around plug
Sample line valve not closed
Close sample line valve
Plug missing or loose
Replace and/or tighten plug
Damaged sample line plug
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Loose cap with damaged
thermometer well pipe
Tighten cap; do not remove
cap
Thermometer Well
Liquid or vapor leak
from thermometer well cap
Missing or defective “O” ring
in cap or on nipple with
damaged thermometer well
pipe
Liquid leaking from
between thermometer well
nipple and manway cover
Damaged thermometer well
pipe
To be handled by a tank car
specialist; do not tighten
thermometer well nipple
Thermometer well
nipple broken off with
no leak
Mechanical damage to
thermometer well nipple
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Condensation from material
used for heating contents
Tighten caps
Flange nuts loose
Tighten flange nuts
Defective gasket
To be handled by a tank car
specialist
Heater Coil-Internal
Liquid leak from inlet
or outlet pipes at bottom of
tank
Washout
Liquid leaking from around
seal between tank and
washout plate
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Handling Damaged Tank Cars
Mitigation Methods
Damaged tank cars should be handled as simply and safely
as circumstances allow. The following list prioritizes
control methods from least to greatest risk. All of the
following shall be done by or with a tank car specialist!
1. Make any necessary repairs and forward to destination.
2. Move the car a short distance to a fixed loading/ unloading facility for unloading (only if the tank is not
leaking).
3. Conduct a field transfer—tank car to tank car.
4. Conduct a field transfer—tank car to cargo tank or
intermodal tank container.
5. On-site treatment by flaring, neutralization, or other
method.
6. Hot tap the tank car to facilitate transfer, flare, or
otherwise unload the car.
7. Vent and burn the contents on-site.
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Decision-Making
and Mitigation
Whether you are responding to a transportation or a fixedsite incident, you will be better able to identify the materials involved and make informed decisions about your
response if you can recognize basic vehicle and container
designs. Remember, however, that recognition and identification clues enable you to make educated guesses. Even
when information appears to be concrete it must be viewed
with caution. Always use clues in conjunction with reference materials, shipping or facility documents, and reported
information before taking action.
All of the recognition and identification techniques presented in this module can be reinforced with reliable information if you conduct and prepare an indepth pre-plan.
Pre-planning takes much of the guesswork out of recognition and identification.
Offensive Operations
Decision-Making
You will need to decide whether you have the training and
resources necessary to undertake offensive operations.
Answering the following questions will help you make
these critical decisions.
•
•
•
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What stresses caused the breach? (e.g., chemical,
mechanical or thermal); are these stresses likely to
continue?
What is the identity of the product? Based on its
chemical and physical properties, do you have the
resources (e.g. overpack drums, foam, non-sparking
tools, neutralizing chemicals) to mitigate the situation?
Assess the defensive actions you have already
taken. Are these operations sufficient to ensure the
safety of the public, or is an offensive approach
necessary?
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•
•
•
•
•
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If offensive actions are necessary, what is the risk
versus the benefit to the entry team? Other responders? The public? The environment?
What are the hazards if offensive actions are not
taken? For example, is there likely to be a pressure
release, or a reaction between incompatible chemicals?
Can these hazards be controlled through offensive
tactics?
Can offensive control be done safely? Is the material stable, and can it be continuously monitored?
Are you reasonably certain that your offensive
actions will have a positive outcome? For example,
will you be able to patch a hole before the material
leaks completely?
Activity
Mitigation
If you decide that:
• The situation warrents offensive tactics, and
• Your team has the necessary training and resources, and
• All operations can be carried out safely, then:
Proceed with the offensive containment tactics. Such actions may include:
• Uprighting leaking containers
• Closing and tightening caps and lids
• Repositioning a container so the level of the hazardous
material is below the breach
• Decreasing container pressure by closing/opening a
valve, or shutting down a pumping system
• Blanketing with vapor suppression agents, such as foam
• Neutralizing a chemical by applying another chemical
• Disposing of the hazardous material in place
• Using clamps or pneumatic plugs to stop dome cover
leaks
• Plugging or patching small holes
• Applying inflatable bandages, straps, absorbents, and/or
wedges to larger leaks such as gouges and splits
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Safety
While you are in the process of mitigating an incident,
whether it is through defensive or offensive actions, keep
the following points in mind:
• Larger containers may require climbing, so make sure
you have sufficient harnesses/ladders/high angle equipment to do this safely.
• Be aware of slip and fall hazards, particularly if large
amounts of material have spilled.
• Make sure the container is stablized before you attempt
to control a leak; changing container orientation is
usually not an option with larger containers.
• Be aware of routine hazards, such as traffic.
• Do not attempt to move stressed containers, especially
if they are heavily loaded.
Remember the order of priority:
•
•
•
•
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Safety of the responder
Safety of the public
Preservation of the environment
Prevention of property loss
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Application Exercise
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Application Exercise
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Exercise Assessment Sheet
Observe the student performing this activity and complete the checklist below.
Vapor Suppression/Neutralization Station
Yes
No
Did team member take colorimetric tube readings correctly?
Did team member apply sufficient foam blanket?
Did team member read pH paper correctly?
Did team member add soda ash properly?
Did entry team use absorbents/adsorbents properly?
Did entry team dispose of waste properly?
General problems/issues at Vapor Suppression/Neutralization Station:
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Diking Station
Yes
No
In general, did entry team assess situation correctly?
Did entry team use the appropriate tools?
Did entry team consider vulnerable water sources?
Did entry team build dike of sufficient strength and height?
Did diking contain the leak?
General problems/issues at Diking Station:
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Plugging/Patching and Overpacking Station
Yes
No
In general, did entry team assess situation correctly?
Did entry team use the appropriate tools?
Did entry team consider vulnerable exposures?
Did entry team correctly estimate size of release/contaminated area?
Did entry team adequately plug or patch the drum?
Did entry team use appropriate overpack technique?
Did these procedures contain the leak?
General problems/issues at Plugging/Patching and Overpacking Station:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Dome Clamp Station
Yes
No
Did entry team follow safety precautions?
Did entry team use the appropriate tools to apply dome clamp?
Did entry team apply dome clamp correctly?
Would dome clamp application contain the leak under actual conditions?
General problems/issues at Dome Clamp Station:
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Chlorine “A” Kit Station
Yes
No
Did entry team follow safety precautions?
Did entry team use the appropriate tools?
Did entry team identify the parts of the 150 lb. cylinder:
Protective hood
Valve
Neck ring
Foot ring
Fuse plug
Did entry team properly apply the “A” kit to control:
Loose valve
Blown out valve
Fuse plug leak
Valve leak
Cylinder wall leak
General problems/issues at Chlorine “A” Kit Station:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Chlorine “B” Kit Station
Yes
No
Did entry team follow safety precautions?
Did entry team use the appropriate tools?
Did entry team identify the parts of the 150 lb. cylinder:
Protective hood
Valve
Neck ring
Foot ring
Fuse plug
OR, did entry team identify the parts of the ton container:
Fuse plug
Vapor valve
Liquid valve
Eduction pipe
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Yes
No
On the 150 lb. cylinder, did entry team properly apply the “B” kit to control:
Loose valve
Blown out valve
Fuse plug leak
Valve leak
Cylinder wall leak
On the ton container, did entry team properly apply the “B” kit to control:
Loose valve
Defective valve packing
Blown out valve
Blown out fuse plug
Fuse plug leak
Valve leak
Cylinder wall leak
General problems/issues at Chlorine “B” Kit Station:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Action Statement
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Action Statement
You have just completed the ninth module of the Hazardous Materials Technician course. The
topics included:
•
•
•
•
•
•
The difference between confinement and containment
General confinement techniques
General containment techniques
Control techniques for non-bulk containers
Control techniques for cargo tanks
Control techniques for tank cars
Knowing how you respond to emergencies in your first due areas, would you change your actions
or habits based on the information covered in this module? Listed below are some suggested
actions. Some you may already do, and others may not fit your work environment. If there are
actions you have not done in the past, do you think you will begin doing them as a result of this
training?
As a result of this training I will:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use more caution performing routine control techniques
Practice control techniques while using chemical protective clothing
Learn more about fittings
Take additional training to become specialized in cargo tank repair
Take additional training to become specialized in tank car repair
(Create my own action statement)
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Appendix A
Activities
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Control Actions Activity 1
Based on the brief descriptions of each of the following actual incidents:
1.
Would you take offensive actions?
2.
If so, how would you have controlled the situation?
Case Study 1
At a hazardous waste cleanup site in Michigan, the EPA had been injecting lime beneath the
surface of a waste oil lagoon in an attempt to convert liquid wastes into solids. The injection was
stopped when a large white cloud was seen coming off the lagoon. Shortly thereafter, the lagoon
caught on fire, apparently the result of an exothermic reaction. When the fire department responded, they were advised that the lagoon contained waste oils, benzene, toluene, and xylene,
but no PCBs.
Case Study 2
A truck driver in New York was hauling a load of assorted chemicals when he stopped along an
expressway to check his load. As he pulled over, several explosions occurred, blowing a hole in
the top of the trailer and leaking chemical on the ground. The driver unhooked and pulled the
tractor away from the trailer and called for assistance. When the fire department and hazardous
materials team arrived, they were informed that three 55-gallon drums containing a mixture of
zirconium oxynitrate and nitric acid had reacted and exploded.
Case Study 3
Employees at a manufacturing facility began to complain of a strong odor, as well as eye and
skin irritation, when they entered an area of the plant. The odor was traced to an exterior area
where several ammonia cylinders were stored. As the fumes spread over a wider area, employees called the fire department.
Case Study 4
In Alabama, a pesticide plant was leveled by an explosion that released toxic fumes. Smaller
explosions continued over the next few hours. Fire fighters arrived and evacuated a 10-mile
radius around the pesticide plant.
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Case Study 5
A tractor-trailer in New York collided with a car and spilled 80 to 90 gallons of diesel fuel into a
storm drain. The storm drain fed into a nearby creek, which eventually discharged into a river.
Fire fighters and several well-equipped hazardous materials teams responded.
Case Study 6
In Texas, a train carrying a variety of hazardous materials was involved in an accident. Nine tank
cars derailed and spilled 5,000 gallons of styrene monomer. Some of this product spilled into a
nearby creek. Fire fighters and civil defense personnel responded to the scene.
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Manhattan Case Study Activity 2
Manhattan HazMat Incident
By James J. Fay
NYPD First Precinct Detectives and FDNY Fire Marshals initiated an investigation into how 800
pounds of highly explosive, highly toxic material were delivered to the doorstep of a lower
Manhattan retail establishment.
On Sunday, November 26, at about 1515 EST, an initial response of NYPD Emergency Service
Units from ESU #1 and FDNY’s First Battalion, responded to 365 Canal Street, at West Broadway, within the boundaries of NYC’s Soho District. The establishment, “American Liquidators”
is a common type of retail store for the area, dealing in large quantities of electrical parts, army
surplus, and other items, piled on shelves and in bins throughout the store. The store personnel
reported to arriving units that the four 33-gallon drums were delivered three days prior on Thursday, November 23, and left inside near the front door of the store. They also told police that they
did not order the product from any vendor, but were not initially concerned because of the high
volume of deliveries to the store.
Emergency personnel established from external markings on the drums that the containers held
what was best described as “aluminum powder.” With that information, NYC*EMS transmitted
a ‘10-48’ haz-mat incident code, establishing a command post and the response of numerous
BLS and Special Operations Division Units. Additional NYPD Emergency Service Units responded, as well as the Police Bomb Squad and the FDNY Haz-Mat Company.
The normally gridlocked traffic in the area was made worse by the emergency equipment, necessitating response patterns being transmitted from the scene to incoming units.
The FD established its command post in its Haz-Mat unit, researching the source of the product
back to its manufacturer via cell phone. The manufacturer acknowledged it was his product, but
had no information or knowledge of a delivery to that store. Haz-Mat also determined that this
aluminum powder was highly toxic to the skin and reacted with an explosion when it came in
contact with water or other chemicals. All non-emergency personnel were instructed to remain
150 feet from the product.
A NYC Department of Environmental Protection chemist arrived on the scene and requested that
samples be taken from each drum. During this procedure, FDNY Haz-Mat fire fighters needed
to change their half-hour SCBA bottles at least once while opening the tight drums and taking
samples.
A Fire Department unit equipped with “over-pack” drums responded to remove the material to a
private vendor for proper disposal.
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Approximately four hours after the first response, the scene was secured. Police and Marshals
would continue the investigation to find out if it was a simple mistake that put the dangerous
cargo there or a malicious act.
© Emergency Response & Research Institute, 1995, All Rights Reserved
Questions
1. Refer to your NIOSH Pocket Guide and list additional hazards of aluminum powder.
2. If you had a leaking container of aluminum powder, how would you patch/plug and overpack
it using the supplies in your own department?
3. What precautions should you take when patching/plugging and overpacking?
4. In this incident, fire fighters took samples from the drum. Are you equipped and trained to
take samples? If so, describe how this procedure is done.
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Cargo Tank Leak Activity 3
A semiconductor manufacturer (the shipper) hired a cargo tank from a chemical waste management company (the carrier) to transport a waste acid mixture to a disposal site some distance
away. Because the carrier and shipper had done business in the past, the carrier’s dispatcher
assigned the same type of cargo tank that had been previously used for that shipper.
When the driver arrived at the shipper’s location, mixed acid waste from two storage locations
was loaded into the cargo tank. The shipping papers described the cargo as “waste, acid liquid
n.o.s.” (UN 1760). While in transit, the driver had mechanical difficulties and was directed to go
to the nearest truck dealer for repairs. The driver parked the cargo tank in the dealer’s back lot
and detached it from the tractor. Shortly thereafter, employees at the dealership noticed orange
vapors escaping from the tank. However, no one notified the fire department until two hours
later.
When the fire department finally arrived, fire fighters evacuated the area and attempted to identify the components of the mixed acid waste. The shipper and the carrier provided conflicting
information as to the specific chemicals in the mixture. Meanwhile, vapors continued to escape
from the tank, and the tank shell became very hot. Although the vapors and the tank temperature
were reduced with a water spray, the acid mixture eventually eroded the shell and began to drain.
Questions
1.
What can you do when you have conflicting information about a chemical, particularly
chemical mixtures?
2.
What control actions would you take?
3.
How could the situation have been prevented?
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Pressure Cargo Tank Activity 4
In small groups, read the incident information below and review the Westville map. Select one
person to record the answers on the worksheet and report them to the class.
Incident Facts—Westville, USA
Environmental Factors
Weather Report: Clear. Temperature 85°F., winds from the south, 6-8 miles per hour
Proximity of the incident site to the nearest building: 200 feet
Zoning: Heavy industrial/commercial
Potential exposure area: 1400 hours, Wednesday
Other considerations: Storm drain openings nearby
Container
Type: MC331 Transport Truck with 10,000 gallon capacity
Condition of container: Internal liquid fill valve damaged and flowing 10 GPM of liquid propane
Features of container: Single shell uninsulated pressure vessel
Type of Flammable Gas Involved
Propane (LPG)
Properties:
Heavier than air (VD = 1.52)
Odorized gas
Liquid outside container will drop to -44°F
LPG is nontoxic but is an asphyxiant
DOT Information: ID# 1075
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Worksheet
1. Discuss the incident and assess the threat that this flammable gas poses.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Recommend spill control strategies.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. On the Westville map, indicate where you would establish the following areas:
•
•
•
•
•
Hot Zone
Warm Zone
Cold Zone
Decontamination Area
Incident Command
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Maysville Case Study Activity 5
The Associated Press January 1988
A fire swept through a fertilizer plant Sunday forcing thousands of people on both sides of the
Ohio River to evacuate their homes as tons of potentially explosive chemicals burned.
The Cargill Co. plant contained stockpiles of herbicides and pesticides and 420 tons of ammonium nitrate-a fertilizer used in making the bomb that destroyed the federal building in Oklahoma City. Authorities said there was a risk of explosion at the plant as the ammonium nitrate
burned.
“It’s a volatile substance in the state it’s in now with fire,” said Roy Raby, an assistant State Fire
Marshal. The fire broke out about 2:30 a.m. and emergency crews went door-to-door waking
people within a square-mile of the plant advising them to take shelter at area schools. About
2,500 people left their homes in Maysville and across the river in Brown and Adams counties in
southern Ohio.
Battling Blaze Futile
Authorities were letting the fire burn itself out, and a huge column of light gray smoke billowed
from the plant. The fire was expected to destroy the plant by afternoon. Light wind drifted the
smoke northward into Ohio. Loretta Wills, who lives in an apartment complex near the plant,
said she had to leave so quickly she put her slacks on backwards, and a neighbor left without her
dentures. “We just had to grab and go,” she said.
The fire shut down a nearby CSX rail line and closed the Ohio River between Maysville and
Manchester, Ohio, about 10 miles upriver. There was no production at the plant when the fire
broke out. Officials thought propane cylinders were the source.
A volunteer chief was hit by shrapnel after one explosion, said Steve Zweigart, local deputy
coordinator for the state Division of Disaster and Emergency Services. The shrapnel did not
penetrate the skin and the fire fighter was treated at a local hospital and released, he said.
Cause Investigated
Fire investigators were on the scene trying to determine a cause of the fire. Maysville City
Manager Dennis Redmond said the fire engulfed a building that stored several different fertilizers
and chemicals, including the ammonium nitrate.
“By allowing the fire to burn, the pesticides and herbicides have been able to completely combust, which pretty much gets rid of the toxic effect of those chemicals,” Zweigart said.
“The ammonium nitrate stockpiles posed the chief threat,” Zweigart said.
But Raby, the assistant State Fire Marshal, said, “This is not an Oklahoma City situation.”
An explosive mix of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil was detonated outside the federal
building in Oklahoma City in April 19,1995. The blast killed 168 people. Unlike Oklahoma
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City, there was no accelerant, such as the fuel oil mixed with the ammonium nitrate at the
Maysville plant, authorities said. Another difference was the ammonium nitrate was not contained but was burning freely at the plant, they said.
The State Fire Marshal’s office feared that applying water or foam to the blaze would create huge
vapor clouds that would spread to more populated areas, Redmond said. Authorities also worried
about potential runoff of chemicals into the Ohio River if they fought the fire, he said. The plant
is about 600 yards from the river.
“The reality is it’s a matter of picking the lesser of two evils,” Redmond said. “The burning of
these chemicals in the atmosphere does have a negative effect on the environment. But that
effect is less than the vapor clouds.”
Raby said anther reason for letting the fire burn was the more intense the heat, the higher the
smoke would drift into the atmosphere.
Copyright 1997, The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Questions
1. This case study illustrates that sometimes the best action is no action at all. Would control
actions have been possible at any point in this incident? If so, when? What actions would
you have taken?
2. At what point do you determine that control actions are not possible?
3. Discuss other potential situations at facilities in your area in which no action would
be the best action.
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Appendix B
Miscellaneous
Mitigation Information
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Response Actions
Analyze the Problem
•
Determine the presence of hazardous materials
1. Review dispatch information
2. Note the occupancy or location
3. Look for container shapes and sizes
4. Look for placards, labels or markings
5. Review shipping papers
•
Initiate command and control activities
1. Implement an incident command system
2. Stage at a safe distance
3. Control access and shelter in place/evacuate
•
Survey the incident
1. Determine the type of container
2. Identify container markings
3. Determine the amount of hazardous material in the containers
4. List the name of each hazardous material involved
5. Identify which materials are released, their form, and the point of release
6. Sketch the position and orientation of each container involved
•
Collect information on each material’s hazards, physical and chemical characteristics, and
response recommendations
1. Obtain and record data on each material’s chemical, physical, and health hazards
2. Obtain and record overall potential hazards
3. Determine compatibility if multiple chemicals are involved
4. Determine decontamination requirements
5. Consult data resources
•
Evaluate the extent of damage to the container
1. Determine the construction material of the container
2. Identify the type and location of closures
3. Determine the type, location, and extent of damage
•
Predict the likely behavior of the container without intervention
1. Identify the type of stress or potential stress
2. Predict the way the container is likely to breach
3. Predict the way the contents are likely to be released
4. Predict the dispersion pattern
5. Predict the likely exposures and length of contact
6. Identify the hazards that will cause harm
7. Predict the most likely behavior of the release
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Estimate the potential outcomes within the release area
1. Predict the extent of physical, chemical, and health hazards under current conditions
2. Estimate the potential outcomes by type of harm within the affected area
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Hazardous Materials Data Sheet
Name of Hazardous Material _________________________________________________
(Proper Shipping Name)
Hazard Class ____________ (1-9) UN/NA ___ ___ ___ ___ Description _____________
__________________________________________________________________________
Specific Properties -- Physical, Chemical, Health:
Boiling Point_______F Flash Point_____F
NFPA 704
Ignition Temp______F
Flammable Limits LEL_________% to UEL_________% pH____(1-14)
PEL____ppm/mg/m3
TLV/Ceiling____ppm/mg/m3 IDLH____ppm/mg/m3 STEL____ppm/mg/m3
Physical State
Vapor Density
Specific Gravity
____Solid
____Heavier than Air (>1)
____Floats on Water
____Liquid
____Lighter than Air (<1)
_____Sinks in Water
____Gas
____Equal to Air (1)
Water Soluble ___Yes ___No
Overall Potential Hazards
Emits Radiation ___Alpha ___Beta ___Gamma
Subjectively (1-4 where 1= low and 4= high potential hazard)
___Fire
___Highly Poison.....BY......
____Inhalation
___Explosive
___Moderately Poisonous.....BY......
____Absorption
___BLEVE
____Slightly Poisonous.....BY......
____Ingestion
___Toxic Combustion
___Gas cloud Potential
____Highly Reactive
____________________
___Leak Hazard
____Moderately Reactive...WITH...
____________________
___Corrosive
____Slightly Reactive
____________________
___Radioactive
Water
___Extreme Cold
____Yes ____No
COMPLETE COMPATIBILITY MATRIX FOR MULTIPLE CHEMICALS
Type of Packaging _______________________________________________________________
Amount of Product _______________________________________________________________
Shelter in Place
___Yes
___No
Evacuation/Isolation ____ feet in all directions initially (min.50 feet)
Follow-up ____feet/wide
____feet/miles downwind
Hot Zone at ___feet
Warm Zone at ____feet
Cold Zone at____feet
Required Protective clothing
___Structural
_____Level A*
_____Level B
______High Temp. _____Cryogenic
___Tyvek-Saranex
_____Butyl
_____PVC
______Neoprene
_____Polyurethane
____OTHER__________________________________________________________________________________
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Possible Extinguishing/Neutralizing Agents or Materials:
____Water
_____AFFF
____AFFF/ATC
____Dry Chemical (Acidic (ABC) or Alkaline)
Neutralizing Agents:
____Acid
Absorbent/Adsorption Materials:
_____Mats
____Granules
______Dry Powder (Class D)
_____Halon
____Vapor Suppression
____Alkaline
_____Solvents
____Booms
_____Pillows
____Particulates
____Rolls
____Sheets
_____Rags (cotton)
DECONTAMINATION REQUIREMENTS:
Decon Solution
Decon Chemicals
____A.
5% Sodium Carbonate and 5% Trisodium Phosphate
____B.
10% Calcium Hypochlorite
____C.
5% Trisodium Phosphate
____D.
Hydrochloric Acid
____E.
Detergent
____F.
Dry
____G.
Water
DATA RESOURCE:
____CSIS
____Local Emergency Response Plan
____MSDS
____D.O.T. Emergency Response Guidebooks
____SUI
____Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials
____Label
____in Surface Transportation
____NIOSH Pocket Guide
____Emergency Action Guidelines
____ACGIH -- TLV’s
____CHRIS
____SAX
____Rapid Guide to chemical Hazards in the Workplace
____CHEMTREC 1-800-424-9300
____NATIONAL RESPONSE
Center 1-800-424-8802
____NFPA Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials
____Manufacturer
____Fire Dept./Local Emergency Planning Commission
____Technical Assistant by__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Plan the Response
•
Determine response options that could favorably change the outcomes
1. Identify the stage of release (stress, breach, release, engulf, contact or harm)
2. Determine response objectives and strategies
3. Determine tactics
•
Identify appropriate personal protective equipment for the response options
1. Verify the chemical
2. Predict the types of exposures with each response option
3. Determine the level of protective equipment required
4. Identify chemically compatible PPE materials
5. Determine if available PPE is sufficient
•
Identify a decontamination plan
1. Identify the people and equipment that must be decontaminated
2. Determine the likely amount of contamination
3. Research the appropriate decontamination materials
•
Select the best response option
1. Identify the resources needed
2. Determine the availability of resources
3. Determine how to obtain necessary resources
•
Implement the response
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Reproduced from Introduction to Hazardous Material Incident Response, developed by
Union Pacific Railroad Company and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region VII, revised February 1991)
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Appendix C
Osceola, FL Fungicide Incident
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Osceola, FL Fungicide Incident
The incident began on March 23 at 0300. A pickup truck crossed the centerline of State Road
192 about 40 miles east of Walt Disney World in rural Florida. The pickup ran head-on into a
westbound tractor-trailer truck. The accident resulted in a fire that destroyed both trucks and
killed the driver of the pickup. The tractor-trailer was not a typical box trailer, but an intermodal
box placed on the frame of a trailer. This is common in an area where ships import goods from
European and South American countries. This intermodal box was made of heavy gauge steel.
They are usually air and watertight.
When the Holopaw Fire Department unit arrived from approximately 2.5 miles away, the trucks
were heavily involved in fire, with flames impinging onto the intermodal trailer. The next unit
was 15 miles away responding from a neighboring community in Osceola County. Holopaw Fire
Department is a small, one station, volunteer department that is part of Osceola County Fire
Department. (Osceola County FD is a mixed paid/volunteer department.) The first fire apparatus
staged about 15 feet from the burning trucks and used the on-board tank to extinguish the fire.
After extinguishing the burning trucks, the trailer was opened to check for extension. A small
amount of smoke was noted toward the top of the trailer, so the response was upgraded to include additional fire suppression units and Orange County’s Squad 1 (Orange County’s Haz Mat
Unit).
Referencing the chemical was immediately difficult because the shipping papers burned during
the initial truck fire. Furthermore, the trailer was placarded with Class 9, Miscellaneous placards, displaying the DOT #1609, which did not appear in the NAERG. Within a short time, these
stick-on style plastic placards melted from the trailer and were no longer readable. However, the
tractor-trailer driver suffered only minor injuries during the crash, and was able to give the
responders the name of the shipper, who was eventually contacted by phone.
The shipper provided the name Diethane, which was later found to be an incorrect spelling.
Diethane could not be found in the reference sources, so that even after this initial contact, the
on-scene personnel did not have information to guide them during the incident. It was not until
the MSDS was faxed to their headquarters station and transported to the scene that good information was at hand. The MSDS revealed the name Dithane DF Fungicide. The truck contained 772
bags of dry chemical on pallets, or 38,000 pounds of dithane. The chemical dithane is produced
in France and entered Florida at Port Everglades. Rohm Haas, the company importing the
chemical, manufactures the precursor chemicals for this compound, then brings the finished
product back to the U.S. for distribution. Because of the recent flooding in the state, the only
west-to-east road open across the state was SR 192. This was an unusual route for this material
to take, and an unfamiliar road to the driver.
By the time the data sheet arrived, the units on the scene had attempted extinguishment with
water. The water appeared to initially work, but each application was followed by freeburning
fire from the rear of the trailer. It was also noted that the drops of concentrated runoff created a
bubbling effect when dropped on the roadway. Later, AFFF foam was used with the same results.
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The Rohm Haas hazmat team responded to the scene to assist Osceola County with the extinguishment and cleanup of the chemical. Once on the scene, the Rohm Haas team fired the
cleanup company initially under contract with them and received permission to hire a company
with the proper capabilities to deal with a spill of this magnitude. This was a day-long process.
By this time, the fire had burned for three days with no end in sight and SR 192 remained closed.
The next plan for extinguishment included dumping two 450-pound cylinders of carbon dioxide
into the box. This was done on the fourth night. Although the intensity of the smoke decreased,
it was obvious that the fire continued to burn. The final plan was to flow water nonstop into the
trailer until the fire went out. After thousands of gallons, the fire was finally extinguished.
Runoff gathered in the roadside canal and marsh area.
The trailer was eventually towed to a yard in Tampa, where the remaining material was offloaded and disposed of. The contaminated soil was, for the most part, excavated and disposed of.
(It was reported that at least 29 tractor-trailer dirt haulers were used.) Even now, several months
after the incident, the vegetation in the area is dead or dying, with the accident site plainly visible
from the road.
The fire burned for a total of five days, and SR 192 remained closed for six days. The long-term
effects from possible exposure to the smoke have not been determined. Reference materials
indicate that combustion of this material gives off toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides.
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Appendix D
Slide Script
(for Instructors)
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