1
2
Golcuk, Turkey (60
mile east of
Istanbul) after the
magnitude 7.4
earthquake of
August 17, 1999
Earthquake Hazards and Risk Reduction
Impact of earthquakes on human life
Chapter 18 Understanding
Earth
Other Effects of Earthquakes
What can people do?
- understanding where earthquakes happen
- understanding the risks from future earthquakes
- being prepared to reduce the risks
Kobe, Japan after the
magnitude 7.2 earthquake of
January 16, 1995
News, articles, etc. on Earthquakes - updated often by Dr. Kuehn
https://www.diigo.com/outliner/6sb025/Earthquakes?key=v47wexo8fp
Impact of earthquakes on human life
Deadliest earthquakes each year 1998-2014
Year
Date
Magnitude
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
3-Aug
24-Sep
2-Jun
11-Mar
12-Jan
30-Sep
12-May
15-Aug
26-May
8-Oct
26-Dec
26-Dec
25-Mar
26-Jan
4-Jun
17-Aug
30-May
6.2
7.7
6.7
9
7
7.5
7.9
8
6.3
7.6
9
6.6
6.1
7.7
7.9
7.6
6.6
Fig. 18.18 Understanding Earth
3
Wenping, China
Awaran, Pakistan
Philippines
northern Japan
Haiti
Southern Sumatera, Indonesia
Eastern Sichuan, China
Near the Coast of Central Peru
Java, Indonesia
Pakistan
Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra
Southeastern Iran
Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan
India
Southern Sumatera, Indonesia
Turkey
Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region
7.8 189km WNW of Chichi-shima, Japan 2015-05-30
7.5 130km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 2015-05-05
7.8 36km E of Khudi, Nepal 2015-04-25
more than 8,500 killed (greatest in Nepal history)
7.5 53km SE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 2015-03-29
Go to: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php (not updated since 2014)
Show latest earthquakes in Google Earth http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/catalogs/
Impact of earthquakes on human life
4
7.7 SW of Agrihan, Northern Mariana Islands 2016-07-29 21:18:24 (UTC) 196.0 km
7.8 SSE of Muisne, Ecuador 2016-04-16 23:58:36 (UTC) at least 350 killed
7.8 Southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia 2016-03-02 12:49:48 UTC 24.0 km
7.6 211km S of Tarauaca, Brazil 2015-11-24 22:50:54 UTC 620.6 km
7.6 173km WNW of Iberia, Peru 2015-11-24 22:45:38 UTC 606.2 km
7.5 45km E of Farkhar, Afghanistan 2015-10-26 09:09:42 UTC 231.0 km
8.3 46km W of Illapel, Chile 2015-09-16
about 12 killed
Fatalities Location
729
825
113
20,896
222,570
1,117
87,587
514
5,749
80,361
283,106
31,000
1,000
20,023
103
17,118
4,000
Biggest in 2015-2016
Map and list generated at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/
5
Earthquake Effects
6
Intrinsic parts of the earthquake itself
California & Iran in 2003
Dec. 22: Only 2 killed by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in California
Dec. 26: More than 30,000 killed by a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Iran
• Displacement: fault movement
• Surface rupture: displacement that reaches the ground surface
• Energy release: seismic waves / shaking (also heat from friction on fault)
http://news.discovery.com/earth/south-american-cities-moved-in-chile-quake.html Chile displacement
Secondary effects
Haiti & Chile in 2010
Jan. 12: >220,000 killed by a magnitude 7.0 in Haiti
Feb. 27: >500 killed by a magnitude 8.8 in Chile
The same thing is seen again and again.
Why?
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvJ8j2vkzKo
Eureka, CA
Ground subsidence and cracking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJPS4lokxtw
Changes in wells, springs, rivers
Kobe, Japan
Landslides
Liquefaction
Tsunamis (in oceans) and seiches (in lakes)
Effects on human infrastructure
− collapse of buildings
− damage transportation, communication, electrical, gas, water, sewer,
dams, etc.
− fire and flooding
− economic disruption
1
Surface displacement during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
The fault moved about 3 meters (10 feet).
7
Fault scarp created during the magnitude 7.8 Pleasant
Valley earthquake in 1915.
8
This earthquake occurred on a normal fault in the Basin & Range
region and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Nevada.
Surface rupture with displacement occurred over 59 km (37 mi) of
the fault. The average vertical movement was 2 m (6 ft), and the
maximum was 6 m (20 ft)! The quake affected groundwater
causing large changes in the flow of springs (& streams) throughout
northern Nevada. The quake was felt at least as far away as San
Diego, CA, and it was followed by about 100 aftershocks.
UP
The fault
line is
here
DOWN
Fig 18.2 Understanding Earth
9
10
1989 magnitude 7 Loma Prieta
(a.k.a. world series) earthquake
The 1994
Northridge
earthquake in
California
triggered many
landslides
USGS OFR 95-213
USGS DDS-29
12
11
Damage to an
elevated highway
from the 1995, Kobe
earthquake.
Source:
National Information Service
for Earthquake Engineering,
at the University of
California, Berkeley
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/
Liquefaction features
resulting from the
magnitude 7.1 Loma
Prieta earthquake in
1989.
USGS DDS-29
2
13
14
Tilting of apartment buildings due to liquefaction
1964 magnitude 7.5 Niigata earthquake, Japan
NASA
Cracking and subsidence of
soft ground resulting from the
1995, Kobe, Japan earthquake
National Information Service for
Earthquake Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley
More about liquefaction: http://cee.uiuc.edu/sstl/education/liquefaction/
http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/main.html
16
15
Tsunami - Papua New Guinea, 1998
Fig. 18.9b Understanding Earth
Fires
Tsunami – Sumatra, 2004
USGS
AP/Choo Youn-kong
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDOuwMj7Xzo
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/video/tsunami-indonesia2004.mov
(NOAA)
Chile 2010
More images:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100301-chile-earthquake-tsunami-quake-pictures/#025974_600x450.jpg
http://images.google.com/images?q=1906+San+Francisco+Earthquake&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search
Impact of earthquakes on people
Northern Japan – March 11, 2011 – Magnitude 9.0
* Japan earthquake: Footage of moment tsunami hit
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12725646
* Raw Footage – Tsunami hits port town (from building)
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7359871n&tag=cbsnewsVideoArea;cbsnewsVideoArea.0
* Tsunami blankets Japan coast (from air)
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7359299n
Earthquake Is Biggest in Japan s Recorded History (graphic shows wave height)
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/biggest-japanese-earthquake/
NOAA Tsunami animation
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/honshu20110311/20110311Houshu.mov
Google Earth view of Fukushima plant
http://academics.concord.edu/sckuehn/Geo101/Sum11/JapanNuclearPlant.kmz
Video shows tsunami crashing into Fukushima nuclear site
http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/japan.nuclear.reactors/index.html?hpt=T2
Sound of the Japan earthquake
http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/Japan_03112011_HTAH.mov
Japan Earthquake: before and after (photos)
* http://www.abc.net.au/news/specials/japan-quake-2011/
Tsunami causes millions in damage and several deaths in California
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/03/11/BAEU1I9993.DTL
Tsunami magnet: California town hit 34 times since '34
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42077667/ns/world_news-asia-pacific/ns/world_news-asiapacific
Proposed GOP budget cuts targeted tsunami warning centers
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20042264-503544.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100309-chile-earthquake-tsunami-aerial-pictures/#chile-tsunami-earthquake-aerials-boat-washed-up_13661_600x450.jpg
17
18
Generation of a tsunami by underwater fault movements.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3dDE
Fig. 18.19 Understanding Earth
NOAA PMEL Tsunami-related videos
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3BDBAAAA7D4EB2DA&feature=plcp
More from 2011 Japan earthquake & tsunami from NOAA http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/honshu20110311/
3
Mag ~9.2
1964
Tsunami Travel 19
time in hours across
the Pacific Ocean
Can a 9.0 megaquake & tsunami occur on the US West Coast?
20
Drowned forest on the Pacific
Northwest coast
Around 9:00 PM on January 26,
1700, these trees and others at
locations hundreds of miles apart
were killed as the land suddenly
subsided and parts of the coast
were flooded by sea water during a
magnitude ~9 earthquake on the
Cascadia subduction zone.
Mag ~9.5
1960
USGS
Photo: USGS
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/02/tech/main6259564.shtml?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea
21
See: http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/ttt/ttt.htm
So, how do we know the day and time of an
earthquake that hit the west coast 310 years ago?
What can people do to be prepared?
What happened to Samatra and the
Indian Ocean coastline in 2004, to
Alaska in 1964, to Chile in 1960
and 2010, and to Japan in 2011 has
happened here too. And, it will
eventually happen again.
How northwest earthquakes work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_belQwGNolY&feature=youtu.be
Scenario for the next
Cascadia
Subduction Zone
earthquake.
22
FEMA best-case scenario:
10,000 casualties. A million
people could be displaced. In
coastal towns, the roads and
bridges may be impassable.
Rebuilding might take years,
even decades.
x
Anticipating the next mega-quake
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/anticipating-the-next-mega-quake/
S.F. Chronicle Tsunami article:
http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/06/13/MNGTND7JQJ1.DTL
23
1. Understand where earthquakes happen – Where, How often, How big?
Earthquakes in the U.S.
Larger dots indicate bigger earthquakes.
Compare California to Alaska.
See also EQ lists and maps at:
USGS Fact Sheet 176-95
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/large_usa_7.php
Global EQ Density Map http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_density.php
4
1.
Understand where earthquakes happen
– Where, How often, How big?
25
Going beyond historical records to geologic records of older earthquakes
26
What can people do to be prepared?
2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...
From USGS Fact Sheet 152-99
27
28
What can people do to be prepared?
2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...
Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php
7.3 magnitude in 1886
Most of the high hazard areas are at or near plate boundaries.
The others have been difficult to explain, until recently:
Tugging, pushing deep within Earth may explain mysterious earthquakes
http://www.npr.org/2016/08/29/490239181/when-the-biggest-earthquake-ever-recorded-hit-chile-it-rocked-the-world?sc=tw
29
Simplified 2014 Hazard Map (PGA, 2% in 50 years)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/products/conterminous/
http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2015/08/tugging-pushing-deep-within-earth-may-explain-mysterious-earthquakes
Assessment of
earthquake
hazard
and
locations of
major faults in
the San Francisco
Bay region
Map: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140717-usgs-earthquake-maps-disaster-risk-science/
2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...
30
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf
The probability of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake in this region sometime during the next
50 years is about 25-40%
http://ema.alabama.gov/earthquakebook/Earthquake_7.htm
USGS 2014
http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/most-dangerous-fault-america
5
Seismic hazard and risk maps:
an important guide when preparing for earthquakes
31
32
Intensity and duration of shaking vary with the type of ground
Seismic hazard and risk maps often take into account:
• Locations of faults
• Earthquake frequency/probability
• Potential earthquake magnitudes
• Type of ground – e.g. sediments vs. bedrock
• Peak ground movement possible
• Human populations and infrastructure
USGS Fact Sheet 176-95
Who uses these maps?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcFEg4mHAhY (SAF rupture near LA, shaking in basin)
What are they used for?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xioHswbahPc (wider view)
33
3. Make buildings safer by building stronger and avoiding the most 34
hazardous areas
USGS Fact Sheet 176-95
Earthquake
requirements in
building codes have
increased over time as
scientists and
engineers have
obtained new
information.
Note that recent
requirements in place
in many locations
specify separate
criteria for different
ground types.
USGS Fact Sheet 176-95
http://projects.seattletimes.com/2016/seismic-neglect/
http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/times-watchdog/buildings-that-kill-the-earthquake-danger-lawmakers-have-ignored-for-decades/
Building collapse – the number one
cause of death during earthquakes
36
35
Building design is a major factor in determining the degree of earthquake damage.
This building was destroyed during the 1995 magnitude 6.9 earthquake near Kobe, Japan. This
earthquake caused 5,480 deaths, and totally destroyed more than 192,000 houses and buildings.
Ecuador – April 2016
National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Credit: Agencia de Noticias ANDES, CC-BY-SA 2.0 https://eos.org/research-spotlights/a-new-view-of-theplate-dynamics-behind-earthquakes-in-ecuador
EQ shock absorbers on new LA building https://www.wired.com/2016/09/wilshire-grand-taking-risk-seismic-strategy/
Italy building collapse: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37522660
6
37
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/floating-buildings-fdn-save-people-from-climate-change-and-tsunamis-291630521.html
Tsunami Safe Buildings
Tsunami Safe Buildings
and warning systems
and warning systems
38
First U.S. tsunami
shelter planned for town
in the Oregon coast
Spend to upgrade West Coast earthquake-detection system | The Seattle Times
Rebuilding Japan: After the deluge
Japan is rebuilding its coastal cities to protect people from the biggest tsunamis.
http://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/editorials/spend-to-west-coast-upgrade-earthquake-detection-system/
http://www.nature.com/news/rebuilding-japan-after-the-deluge-1.10172
What if Japan's tsunami happened here? Experts say Oregon coast is not as prepared as it should be
(2011)http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-
39
4. Make emergency plans and preparations
• City, state, and federal agencies
• emergency supplies (e.g. food, water, a light source, first aid,
prescription medications, extra clothes, walking shoes)
• know how to turn off the natural gas line if there s a leak
• know where to go for safety
• etc.
short-term prediction (minutes to months) - don’t know how, yet
• precursors (poorly understood, predictions unreliable)
• an active area of research
5. Educate people about earthquakes!!
For example:
Disaster Lessons: What You Don’t Know Can Kill You
http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-39.htm
very short-term warnings (seconds) - some places do this already
after the earthquake has begun at the focus, but before most of the
shaking arrives in populated areas
6. Build early warning systems (next slide)
Lots more at:
https://www.diigo.com/outliner/6sb025/Earthquakes?key=v47wexo8fp
New Yorker articles on the expected “big one” in the Pacific Northwest
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-to-stay-safe-when-the-big-one-comes
There's A Way to Make Big Earthquakes Safer. The US Won't Pay For It.
http://gizmodo.com/theres-a-way-to-make-big-earthquakes-safer-the-us-wont-1717576674
Nepal quake death toll highest on record in country
40
long-term prediction (years) - do this routinely
• locations of faults
• earthquake histories and seismic gaps
• probabilities of future earthquakes
• local nature of the earth s surface material
• hazard maps and risk maps
• Prepare yourself:
Recent Earthquake News
Earthquake prediction and warning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCNC6ZRTAnY
http://gizmodo.com/theres-a-way-to-make-big-earthquakes-safer-the-us-wont-1717576674
41
Explore Online
42
http://www.iris.edu/hq/retm Recent Earthquake Teachable Moments
http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recent/index.html
Real-time earthquake maps
Real-time seismogram displays
Major historic quakes with lots of photos
Earthquake hazards and being prepared
Lots more
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/
Earthquake lists and maps:
Largest in the U.S., Largest in the world, Most deadly, etc.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/17/us-quake-nepal-idUSKBN0O20LL20150517
Nepal earthquake videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btc020siGBo (people on road, can’t walk)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em3OEa6LmPY (building collapse)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y79V-XMYQwA (swimming pool)
Millions Evacuated After Massive Chile Earthquake
http://www.wired.com/2015/09/10-dead-millions-evacuated-massive-chile-earthquake/
Chile confronts major quake with fortified buildings, alerts
http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_CHILE_EARTHQUAKE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-09-16-19-08-26
Native American oral about Cascadia earthquakes: The Great Quake and the Great Drowning
http://www.hakaimagazine.com/article-long/great-quake-and-great-drowning
Vital seconds: The journey toward earthquake early warning for all (via cell phone app)
http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/vital-seconds-journey-toward-earthquake-early-warning-all
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/dyfi/
Did you feel an earthquake? Report it or look for details.
http://www.scec.org/
Southern California Earthquake Center (Includes Earthquake Myths and
Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country , videos, etc.)
http://www.npr.org/search/index.php?searchinput=earthquake&tabId=all&sort=date
NPR stories on recent earthquakes
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124361777 Charles Darwin witnessed 1895 Chilean quake
http://www.nature.com/news/archive/keyword/earthquakes.html
Variety of earthquake-related news and information
Chile: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100309-chile-earthquake-tsunami-aerial-pictures/#chile-tsunami-earthquake-aerials-landslide-sea_13660_600x450.jpg
7