Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research
University of Baghdad
College of Science
Calculating the Central Meridian Longitude of
System Three (CMLІІІ) of Jupiter
A Thesis
Submitted to the Department of Astronomy and Space, College
of Science, University of Baghdad
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Astronomy and Space
By
Rasha Hashim Ibrahim
(B.Sc. in Astronomy and Space 2006)
Supervised by
Assis.Prof.Dr. Kamal Mohammed Abood
August-7-2011
Ramadan-7-1432
Dedication
To My Family
To My Close Friends
Rasha
2
3
4
5
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor
Dr. Kamal M. Abood for suggesting the topic of the thesis, continuous advice and
his guidance through out this work.
I would like to thank and to express my deep gratitude to Mrs. Maha Ahmed
for her help in programming.
I would like also to thank Mr. Nabeel Jameel at remote sensing unit, Mr.
Fouad Mahamood and Mrs. Huda Shakr for their help in programming.
I am grateful to the Dean of the College of Science, and the staff of
Astronomy Department and all friends for their valuable support and for making
all facilities necessary for the research available.
Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support and patience.
Rasha
6
Abstract
A program was designed for calculating the Central Meridian Longitude of
system ΙΙΙ of Jupiter (CMLΙΙΙ ), phase of Eye-Oh’s (Io) satellite (ФIo). In addition
calculation was made to predict the type of radio storm that related to position of
Io (Io-A,B,C,D), and unrelated to the position of it (non-Io-A,B,C,D) that was
emitted, as a result of the motion of Jupiter and Io with respect to the observer on
Earth. The prediction of these storms was taken for three different Iraqi locations
(Mousl, Baghdad and Basra).
Two Io-storm ranges were used in this program according to the standard
observations by the spacecrafts (Voyager1 and Voyager2). The input parameters
for this program were specified by the user (year, month, day and the observer’s
location). The output program result was in form of tables that provide the user
information about the day, the month and the Local Time (LT) of beginning and
end of each type of predicted storm.
The results according to the observations at year 2008 gave the observer
more types of radio storms as compared with the results that depending on the
observations at year 1976, these results indicated to the type of radio storm are not
changed for those locations, but their LT is changed, because it depends on the
longitude of the location. The difference between the begin and end of the storm
for Baghdad location was calculated to notice the difference in time interval along
the year, this difference is due to the motion of Jupiter and Io. In addition to the
number of storms, which were received by the observer on Earth along the day.
The rotation periods of Jupiter and Io were also tested.
7
The obtained results showed a good agreement as compared with the results
of Radio Jove. The calculations and results of this study were carried out by using
(Visual Basic 5.0) software.
8
Contents:
Chapter One: General Introduction and Review
1.1 Jupiter’s Brief Description …….……….…......………….……..…...….…12
1.2 Literature Survey ……........….…...…..…..……..…...……........................13
1.3 Jupiter’s Magnetic Field ………….…..….…..……….………..…….…….17
1.4 Jupiter’s Radio Radiation …………..………….……….……….…..……..20
1.5 Radio Bursts ………….…..……………..………………...……….…...….23
1.5.1 The Classification of S-Bursts ……….....…….………..……..................24
1.6 The Mechanism of the Radiation ….....……...….…......……......……........24
1.6.1 Io Flux Tube (IFT) ……........…………….…...….…………...……........26
1.7 Rotation Period ………….…..….…….……....….………...….……….…..27
1.8 The Coordinates Systems …....……...……....…………...…….…..............28
1.9 Jupiter’s Satellites ….….……..……….….…………….…………..............30
1.9.1 Io’s Satellite ....……………....………..……….……….….………..…....31
1.9.1.1 Phase and Longitude …..…..........…………...…….……...…....……...34
1.9.2 Europa’s Satellite ....…………........…..……..…..…….…...…..…...........35
1.9.3 Ganymede’s Satellite .......……………..….….…..………....….…....…...36
1.9.4 Callisto’s Satellite .....….....……….….………...……...…....…..…….….37
1.10 Aim of the Present Work ….......….….……….….……..…..…….…........37
1.11 Thesis Layout ……….……...….…….….....…….….….…..…………......38
Chapter Two: The Central Meridian Longitude (CML) System
2.1 Introduction …………………….……………….……..…………..….……40
2.2 Julian Date (JD) ………… ……...……………….…….…………..…..…..40
2.3 Universal Time (UT) and Local Time (LT) ………………………………..41
2.4 Orbital Elements ………..……….……..………………...……….....….….42
9
2.5 The Storms of Jupiter ……...…...…….………..………….…....…...….…..46
Chapter Three: Program Testing and Results
3.1 Introduction ……………………..…….…………...…….……...…..…..….50
3.2 Program Testing ..…….………….…….……..…..….…………..……..….50
3.3 The Results ……...………..……………………...……….…....…..………54
3.4 Testing of the Rotation Period of Jupiter and Io ….………….……………88
Chapter Four: Discussion, Conclusions and Future Work
4.1 Discussion and Conclusions …...…………..…………….….…......………92
4.2 Future Work ……………………………………………….…..........….......94
References ………….…….……….……………..……..…….…............….95
Appendix (A) …………………………………………………………..….... 102
Appendix (B) …………………………………………………………….......103
10
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbol
І
ІІ
ІІІ
ΦIo
λ
∆
ΨJ
AE
BJ
d
RE
RJ
ME
NJ
U
VJ
J
Abbreviation
CML
DAM
DIM
HOM
IFT
Io
JD
KOM
bKOM
nKOM
L
LT
N
S
SGC
U
Definition
System One of Jupiter
System Two of Jupiter
System Three of Jupiter
Phase of Eye-Oh’s Satellite
Longitude
Distance from Earth to Jupiter
Phase angle of Jupiter
Equation of center of Earth
Equation of center of Jupiter
Number of days
Radius of Earth
Radius of Jupiter
Mean anomaly for Earth
Mean anomaly for Jupiter
The angle of Io’s satellite
Argument of perihelion for the long period
Jupiter’s Planet
Description
Central Meridian Longitude
Decametric Radiation
Decemetric Radiation
Hectometic Radiation
Eye-Oh Flux Tube
Eye-Oh’s satellite
Julian Date
Kilometric Radiation
Broad-Band Kilometric Radiation
Narrow-Band Kilometric Radiation
Long Burst
Local Time
Narrow Burst
Short Burst
Superior Geocentric Conjunction
Universal Time
11
Chapter One
General Introduction and
Review
12
1.1 Jupiter’s Brief Description
Jupiter is the most massive planet. In fact, it makes up 70% of all planetary
matter in the solar system. It is also the largest planet; its diameter is
approximately 11 times as large as the diameter of the Earth’s, and 1/10 as large as
the Sun’s. Despite its huge size, and tremendous internal pressure, the density of
Jupiter is only 1330 kg/m3. Although the outer layers of it like other outer giant
planets consist of entirely of transparent gases, clouds of liquid, and solid droplets
producing a wealth of colored features. Alternating dark belts, and light zones
lying parallel to its equator [1,2], as shown in figure (1.1) [1].
Figure 1.1: Jupiter’s planet [1].
The colors of Jupiter’s surface range from reddish-pink to blue-gray
although it is certainly colorful. Its colors are much more quiet than those of Earth.
Its red is not as bright as an apple and its blue is not bright as a sky. Some
important properties of Jupiter are given in table (1.1) [1]. It has three coordinates
systems. System І, applies for regions near the equator, system ІІ, applies for
regions near the poles (far from the equator), these two coordinates systems are
related to the clouds motion while system ІІІ is related to the internal magnetic
13
field of it, for each of these three systems has a CML and a specific rotation period
[3].
Table 1.1: Properties of Jupiter [1].
Orbital Distance
5.2 AU
Orbital Period
11.9 years
Mass
318 ME
Escape Velocity
60 km/s
Surface Gravity
2.45 g
Global Temperature
125 K
Main Atmospheric Gases
He, H
Axial Tilt
3°
The decametric radio radiations from Jupiter are so intense, affected by the
rotational phase of it and the orbital phase of its innermost Galilean satellite Io.
Jupiter, Io’s satellite and the co-rotating plasma torus constitute a unique system
by this radiation [4,5]. This kind of radiation results from the acceleration of
electrons from Jupiter by cones along Io Flux Tube (IFT) and directed towards
Io’s satellite, then accelerated another time from Io to Jupiter. During this
radiation four types of storms are picked up at frequency 22.2 MHz, these storms
are A,B,C and D [6,7].
1.2 Literature Survey
The first discovery of radio radiation was by Burke and Franklin, in 1955,
which was found sporadic in nature, picked up at frequency 22.2 MHz [8]. This
immediately confirmed on Sydney records by Shain [9].
In 1958, Gardner and Shain also observed radiation from Jupiter. That was made
near Sydney from June 1955 to March 1956 and these observations occurred at
frequency 19.6 MHz, but some observations were also made at 14 MHz and 27
MHz. The reasons behind these observations were explained as: Jupiter radiation
14
appeared to be a random noise varying rapidly in intensity, large changes in
intensity took place in time as short as 0.2 sec, but no shorter, these appeared to be
from three sources on Jupiter. The radiation emitted from the main source (Astorm) was confined at angle 45° of central line [10].
In 1963, James proposed a method for deriving the location of Jupiter magnetic
filed from the DAM radiation of Jupiter. The magnetic axis was tilted 9° with
respect to its rotation axis, and directed towards system ІІІ at longitude of 200°
[11]. In the same year, he pointed out that certain spectral sources (landmarks)
always occurred at the same longitude to within ± 9° and he attributed this spread
to the radiation beaming into a narrow (half-angle) cone. His work was done
before the discovery of the Io’s effect [12].
In 1964, Bigg pointed out that Io the inner most of Jupiter’s large satellite, affects
the Jovian DAM radiation [13].
In 1966, Olsson and Alex pointed out the DAM radio bursts from Jupiter contain
pluses of milliseconds duration. Their studies showed that the distribution in the
Jovian longitude of these pluses was different from that of the more common
pluses of longer duration. The two classes of pluses also appear to be differently
affected by the position of inner most Galilean satellite [14].
In 1967, Barrow and Baart described the short duration (less than 50 milliseconds)
pluses that observed in the DAM radiation. For the period of observations (21
November 1965 to 17 March 1966), it seemed that this type of radiation was
associated with subsidiary B and C "storms" on Jupiter rather than with the main
source A [15].
15
In 1969, Goldreich and Lynden-Bell proposed that the satellite was a good
electrical conductor, and would set up an unusual current system, as it moves
relative to the Jovian magnetosphere [16].
In 1971, Schatten and Ness suggested the observations of the Io- modulated
Jovian DAM radiation, which have been compared with calculations of the angle
between Earth, and the magnetic field line near Io, and both the northern, and
southern intersections of the field line with the surface of Jupiter were undertaken.
Four radiations sources for DAM radiation were located by presuming that the
angle of intersection between the Earth and the north (or south) threaded field was
90°. These four storms correspond closely to the three major observed radiation
regions and to one region infrequently observed [17].
In 1974, Lecacheux studied the period of rotation of Jupiter, and the apparent
shifts of the positions of the sources of DAM radiation from data obtained
between the years (1960-1971), the result of the radiation period was (P=
h
m
s
s
9 55 29.67 ± 0.01 ) [18].
In 1975, Alexander pointed out that the DAM radiation, that was recorded up to ~
12 years displayed a high degree of repeatedly at the same CML to within ±
10°.This was due to variations in the precise field geometry or plasma distribution
near the source, which control the radiation pattern, and the escape of radiation
from the source region [19].
In 1977, Jorma pointed out that B-region for S-bursts exhibits a drift in longitude
similar to that for L-bursts. The Io’s phase profile for S-bursts has a maximum in
the vicinity of 80° in B region, and 230° in C region [20].
In 1979, Desselar and Hill, found the Jovian longitude controlled over the Iomodulated radiation, the orbital phase of Io as seen by the observer from Earth
16
with respect to Jupiter from the SGC are known (ΦIo-A= 240°±20°, for the main
storm, and ΦIo-B= 90°±20°, for the early storm) [4].
In 1981, Barrow recorded the DAM radiation from Jupiter by Voyager Planetary
Radio Astronomy (VPRA) experiment since 1979. The events have been read
from the Voyager spectral records in the frequency range (15-40) MHz [21].
In 1985, Aubier and Genova estimated ΦIo, CMLІІІ and plotted them in a diagram.
Furthermore the control of Io on the radiations was pointed out [22]. In the same
year, they studied the location of the sources of the Io dependent emission in the
northern and southern hemispheres and complementally information was deduced
from the analysis of the radiation cone [23].
In 1987, Boischot et al. pointed out that the structure and the position of the
storms of radiation and the localization of Io-(A and B) storms on opposite sides
of Jupiter. Furthermore non-Io-(A and B) storms were shown, which behave
exactly like the Io-storms. They concluded that the non-Io emissions come from
sources along magnetic field lines, seen at a large distance from the central
meridian, on the East for the (non-Io-B) storm, and on the West for the (non-Io-A)
[24]. In the same year, Genova et al. estimated the probability of observing Io
independent Jovian DAM radiation from Nancy to be highly variable. This
implies the non-Io DAM events originate from the same storms regions at high
latitudes in the Jovian magnetosphere [25].
In 1990, Andrew and Peter pointed out that Alvén wave was modeled in a realistic
magnetic field, and torus density distribution. The wave pattern produced
downstream from the satellite exhibits periodic structure over a range of scales. In
terms of the Jovian longitude of a stationary observer, it was > 60° for large
structure, and < 6° for small scale structure [26].
17
In 1994, Leblanc et al. pointed out a new probability for the location of the source
of radiation and better understanding the Io excitation from observations of
complete polarization state of the radiation, and from parallel theoretical studies
[27].
In 1995, Boudjada et al. analyzed Io-C storm that was observed at Nancy
observatory (France). The morphology of it was studied from the dynamic
spectra, which allowed to re-occurrence of fine emission features in the same
region of the CML-Io diagram, the Io-C storm occurs when Io’s phase in the
vicinity of 240°, and the CML range between (60-80)° [28].
In 1998, Lecacheux et al. combined the observations from waves radio waves
experiment on board the wind spacecraft at frequency range (1-13.8) MHz with
Wind/Waves observations made by Nancy decametric array at frequency range
(10-40) MHz, in order to understand the beam geometry in the frame of available
models, and usual assumption on the radiation mechanism [29].
In 2000, Aubier et al. studied the statistical distribution model of the Jovian DAM
radiation that observed from space and from ground in the same period when the
meridian transit of Jupiter at Nancy was mainly during the night [30].
In 2008, Bose et al. studied Io’s satellite, location of the storms (Io and non-Io)
related to emission, and their characteristics (shape of beam). Electric noise, and
field aligned current sources at Earth, and Jupiter was also studied [31].
1.3 Jupiter’s Magnetic Field
Although little is known about the interior structure of Jupiter, several
things are clear. First, the low average density of the planet requires that its
interior structure consists of mainly of hydrogen and helium; the lightest elements.
18
Second, the temperature and pressure in the deep interior region of it must be very
high. Under such extremes of temperature and pressure, the hydrogen gas takes on
other forms, it transits from gas to liquid. The electrons within the hydrogen
molecules are squeezed away from the hydrogen protons, and become free to flow
out the liquid; this state of hydrogen is called metallic hydrogen[1,32], as shown in
figure (1.2)[32]. The electrons in metallic hydrogen can move freely through the
liquid, so metallic hydrogen is a very good electrical conductor. This means that
large electrical currents can flow within Jupiter [1,32].
Figure 1.2: The internal structure of Jupiter [32].
The rapid rotation and vigorous induction within it drive these currents, generating
the planet’s large magnetic field. The tilt of the dipole with respect to the spin axis
is of the order of 10° [1,32]. The magnetic field at Jupiter surface is 14 times as
strong as the magnetic field at the surface of Earth [1]. The magnetosphere of
Jupiter generally resembles the Earth’s. It obstructs the flow of the solar wind, just
as the Earth’s magnetosphere does and causes it to flow around it. The solar wind
19
compresses the magnetic field on the sunward side and stretches it to great lengths
on the night side. The strong magnetosphere is much larger than Earth’s [1,33], as
shown in figure (1.3) [34]. Jupiter’s magnetosphere produces a glowing area
covering the area of the full Moon. The magneto-tail of Jupiter extends at least
(650×106) km behind Jupiter [1].
Figure 1.3: The magnetosphere of Jupiter [34].
20
1.4 Jupiter’s Radio Radiation
Jupiter emits two types of radio radiations thermal and non-thermal
radiation. Thermal radiation from the atmosphere, which is occurred at high
frequency range is caused by the interactions between electrons and atoms or
molecules in a hot dense medium. The amount of radiation emitted depends on the
temperature of the material producing it. Non-thermal radiation results from the
radio bursts originating on Jupiter’s surface, it is called non-thermal, because it
does not originate from the energy that every object with a temperature above
absolute zero is radiating at all times [7,33,34]. This kind of radiation is divided
into decimetric (DIM) and decametric (DAM) (bursts) radiation both of these two
radiations considered as a part of synchrotron radiation, which is produced when
charged particles in the speed of light flow through a strong magnetic field [2,34],
as shown in figure (1.4)[34].
Figure 1.4: The synchrotron radiation [34].
The DAM radiation occurs at wavelength of tens of meters, and frequency
range (10-40) MHz, which is described as a complex and highly organized in the
21
frequency time domain. The observations of Jovian DAM radiation is the only one
that can be observed from Earth. The studies of the Jovian radiation show, in
particular, its great variability. Many kinds of changes of radiation are observed
with time scales from milliseconds to days [7,35,36]. The DIM radiation occurs at
wavelength range (1-10) cm and frequency range (40-400) MHz, which is more
constant than the DAM radiation. It is thought to be caused by electrons orbiting
along magnetic field lines and interacting with the motion of Io’s satellite. These
two kinds of radiation remain the main components. No other planets in the solar
system emit these two radiations, at frequency below about 10 MHz the
hectometric radiation (HOM) is occurred [7,33]. In addition to another type of
non-thermal radiation is occurred at frequency below about 1 MHz, is called
kilometric radiation (KOM), which is divided into broad-band and narrow-band
(respectively bKOM and nKOM). These radiations are probably more directly
linked to the Io torus itself, or its close environment [36]. Figure (1.5) illustrates
the bands of radiation from Jupiter [7].
Figure 1.5: The bands of radiation emitted from Jupiter [7].
22
Electromagnetic radiation is emanating from the high latitudes of the planet
(or polar latitudes) are generally referred to "auroral emission". The auroral
emission of Jupiter is a natural emitter of radio waves, which is increased as the
aurora rotates with the magnetic field of it. It results from the precipitation of
energetic charged particles from a Jupiter’s magnetosphere. It plays an important
role in the energy balance between incoming solar radiation (both photons and
solar wind particles), and out coming planetary radiation, a bright spot is formed
from this, at both hemisphere of Jupiter [37-39], as shown in figure (1.6) [40].
Figure 1.6: The auroral emission at
poles of Jupiter [40].
It consists of a bright main oval, which encircles the magnetic poles in each
hemisphere, footprints of the Galilean satellites and polar emissions laying within
this oval [5], as shown in figure (1.7) [5]. The electromagnetic interaction with Io
not only produce a bright spot, but an emission trail, that extends in the longitude
from Io’s magnetic footprint [41].
23
Figure 1.7: The aurora in Jupiter’s northern
hemisphere [5].
1.5 Radio Bursts
On the surface of Jupiter a huge storms are occurred, which can last from a
few to several hours. During these storms three types of bursts can be recevied.
Long bursts (L-bursts), short bursts (S-bursts or millisecond bursts), and narrow
bursts (N-bursts). These types of bursts are caused by the oscillations in the
inosphere of Jupiter [31,42]. Long bursts, that vary slowly in intensity with time
are lasting from few seconds to several tens of seconds, with a bandwidth of
several MHz. Short bursts are sporadic spikes. The duration of such pulses varies
from (1-200) millisecond, with a bandwidth of few hundreds KHz. In the dynamic
spectra of Jovian DAM radio radiation, the most commonly observed components
are the long bursts, while short bursts account for a relatively small fraction of
about 10% [31,36,43].
In general, the occurrence probability of detecting DAM radio radiation is
depending on two parameters: the first CML of Jupiter (system ІІІ) facing Earth,
which is related to the magnetic field of Jupiter, the second phase of Io’s satellite
with respect to the observer on the ground [27,44].
24
1.5.1 The Classification of S-bursts
Since the discovery of short bursts of Jupiter, three interesting
classifications have been found based mainly on the observations. Riihimaa has
used alphabetical number to each type to distinguish the shape of one S-burst from
another [44], as shown in figure (1.8) [44].
Figure 1.8: The shapes of S-bursts [44].
1.6 The Mechanism of the Radiation
As Io moves through the co-rotating plasma torus, it disturbs the magnetic
field as well as the particles distribution in its vicinity. The nature of this
disturbance depends on the conductivity of its intrinsic magnetic field, the
parameters of the surrounding plasma, and the boundary conditions imposed by
the Jovian ionosphere. The DAM radiation is emitted in a thin hollow cone, whose
axis is parallel to the magnetic line, the radiation can only be detected at Earth, if
25
the thin walls of the cone intersect the direction of Earth [45,46], as shown in
figure (1.9)[31].
Figure 1.9: The mechanism of the DAM radiation [31].
The opening angle of the hollow cone seems to be around (70-80)°. The
electrons are accelerated from Jupiter in spiral motion and directed towards Io’s
satellite in form of Alvén waves (low frequency waves). The frequency of the
accelerated electron from Jupiter should be above the geofrequency of it, at
frequency f3 to reach at Io at frequency f1 [6,36,47], as shown in figure (1.10) [47],
then the electrons are accelerated from Io ascending the (IFT) after having
mirrored near the top of the Jovian ionosphere [48].
26
Figure 1.10: The acceleration of electrons from Jupiter
to Io [47].
1.6.1 Io Flux Tube (IFT)
The decametric radiation from Jupiter consists of numerous separate
features, called decametric arcs, which are observed at all Jovian longitudes. In
general these arcs are produced by an interaction of Io’s satellite with Jupiter’s
ionosphere [47], as shown in figure (1.11) [47].
Figure 1.11: The decametric arcs [47].
27
These type of radiations are remarkable, because these arcs consist of
narrow-band radiations drifting either upward or downward in frequency, so
Alvén wave or sometimes is called (Io Flux Tube) (IFT) will result from Io’s
satellite, which produces a standing magnetospheric disturbance. It is continuing
the currents through Io (or rather its ionosphere), by the unipolar inductor effect
due to Io’s motion within the plasma [47,49,50], as shown in figure (1.12) [51].
The reflected Alvén waves may heat the plasma torus and the Jovian ionosphere as
well as produce an increase of diffusion of high-energy particles in the torus. They
act like an external conductance to travel from Jupiter to Io and back again to
Jupiter [50].
Figure 1.12: The Alvén wave containing the
currents passing through Io[51].
1.7 Rotation Period
The rotation period of Jupiter can be found by measuring how long it takes
the obvious atmospheric features to return to the same spot on the disk of the
planet. The surface of Jupiter consists of bands, these bands are sub-divided into
28
zones, which are high, cool, light colored, and belts, which are low, warm dark
colored. They are seen to move around Jupiter with different speeds, if these are
made for features near the equator of it, it is found that Jupiter rotates eastward
h
m
s
with a rotation period of 9 50 30 , but for features at higher latitudes (at poles),
h
m
s
the rotation period is 9 55 41 . The 5 minutes difference in rotation period
between the equator and poles means that the clouds near the equator rotate
eastward faster than those at poles [1,32].
Astronomers found that electrons trapped in Jupiter’s magnetic field emit
radio waves. They also found that the radiation varies with a period of
h
m
s
9 55 29.71 , the time it takes for Jupiter’s field to rotate about its axis, when the
radio bursts are emitted. Because Jupiter’s magnetic field is produced in the
interior of the planet, the period of radiation is assumed to be the rotation period of
the parts of it deep beneath the visible clouds layers. The internal rotation rate of it
is slower than its equatorial rotation rate. This means that the equatorial regions
rotate eastwards faster than the interior of the planet [1,52].
1.8 The Coordinates Systems
Latitude and longitude coordinates are usually established relative to some
solid surface. The coordinates systems of Jupiter are not complicated or cabalistic,
but they are different from the other planets in the solar system. This comes from
the whole structure of it are a gaseous elements rather than the solid parts, which
exist under the visible clouds. Longitudes of a planet are fixed, but well defined
prime (zero longitude meridian).The selection of this meridian, as the prime or
zero longitude meridian was initially arbitrary, but the problem is the rotation
period changes with latitude not longitude. A spin equator is rather easily made
out from observation of the cloud motion [53,54]. The equatorial regions rotate
29
faster then the temperate, and the polar regions, because the materials distributed
near the equator regions are much more, as to be compared with those in the polar
regions, so the solution was to chose two separate systems, these system are
h
m
s
system І which applies for regions near the equator (rotation period 9 50 30 ) and
system ІІ which applies to regions at poles (far form the equator) (rotation period
h
m
s
9 55 41 ). Both of these systems are related to the clouds motion of Jupiter
[1,3,54], as shown in figure (1.13)[55].There is another system related to the
internal magnetic field of the planet called system ІІІ (rotation period
h
s
9 55m29.71 ) [2,6], as shown in figure (1.14) [54]. In this figure the longitude is
measured clockwise from the prime meridian [54].
Figure 1.13: System І and ІІ of Jupiter [55].
This system is divided into two types: one is related to the position of Io’s
satellite, at frequency extending to 40 MHz, while the other is not related to the
position of Io’s satellite, at frequency extending to 30 MHz. For each of these
types there is a special CML, which is defined as the longitude of the planet facing
to Earth at a certain time [54-57].
30
Figure 1.14: The CML of Jupiter (system ІІІ) [54].
1.9 Jupiter’s Satellites
Jupiter’s satellites can be divided into two groups: regular satellites
containing the small satellites inside the orbits of the Galilean satellites, and
irregular satellites outside the orbit of the Galilean satellites. It has 63 satellites.
There are four main of them discovered by Galileo in 1610, namely Eye-Oh (Io),
Eourpa, Ganymede, and Callisto [1], as shown in figure (1.15) [38].
Figure 1.15: The size of the Galilean satellites as
compared with Jupiter[58].
31
Some important properties of the Galilean satellites are given in table (1.2) [1].
Table 1.2: Properties of the Galilean satellites [1].
Name of
Orbital Distance Orbital Period
Diameter
Density
Satellite
(km)
(days)
(km)
(kg/m3)
Io
421,600
1.77
3630
3570
Europa
670,000
3.55
3138
2970
Ganymede
1,070.000
7.16
5262
1940
Callisto
1,883,000
16.69
4800
1860
1.9.1 Io’s Satellite
It has relatively large size, proximity to Jupiter, numerous volcanic eruption
and hot spots show that it is the most geologically active solid body known in the
solar system. Volcanic activity on it is so intense, that it rapidly changes its surface
features. Regardless of this it does not have a huge volcanic activity mountains,
the surface of it contains dark spots, and volcanic calderas with surrounding lava
flows[1], as shown in figure (1.16)[1]. Also there is a bright feature extending
above its edge, this proved to be volcanic plume, like the one rising hundreds of
kilometers above its edge. The color of the surface is yellow, orange and black.
These colors are referred to sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide SO2. Molten
sulfur is very fluid, so it has been suggested that some of the longer flows may be
sulfur rather than silicate rock [1-3].
32
Figure 1.16: Io’s satellite [1].
Two possible models for its interior have been proposed. In one model, a
thin rigid crust covers an entirely molten interior. In the other models a thin rigid
crust covers a thin molten, or partially molten layer, solid metal is believed to be
beneath this molten layer. In both models, Io has an iron rich core extending out to
half of its radius [1]. It has a strong magnetic field generally produced by the
dynamo inside it. It is controlling on the DAM radiations. This results from the
motion of Io and high electrical conductance through the Jovian magnetic field
leads to the acceleration of the particles from Io to the ionosphere of Jupiter
[59,60], as shown in figure (1.17)[58].
33
Figure 1.17: The interaction of Io’s satellite with Jupiter [58].
The interaction between Io and Jupiter is unique in the solar system. This
comes from the fact of the strong magnetic field of Jupiter. Jupiter is the fastest
rotating planet, and Io is the most volcanically active satellite. Io’s interactions can
be divided into two kinds: local interaction and far-field interaction. Local
interaction occurs within a few satellite radii, which mean Io’s atmosphere. The
far field interaction includes the plasma torus of Io, Jupiter ionosphere and the
high latitudes [40,61], as shown in figure (1.17) [58]. These two interactions
regions are strongly coupled as one. The interaction between Io's satellite and
Jupiter’s planet has been studied extensively since of Io-controlled DAM
radiation. The electrodynamics process is occurred by the effect of the solar wind
with the elements that exist at the top of Jupiter form a glowing area, from this
area the emission is occurred [40,61]. Io’s atmosphere losses matter into Jovian
magnetosphere, where the mass arrives partially ionized and partially neutral. The
neutral is ionized by UV radiation from the Sun or due to electron impact. The
new ions and electrons accumulate around the orbit of Io, and form the plasma
34
torus. The new plasma forms a thick and relatively cool ring of charged particles,
which is swept around Jupiter (Io is embedded into it). The plasma mainly consists
of SO2 gases, with a temperature between (100,000-1,000,000) K, which is much
lower than that of particles in the radiation belts (100×106) K. It flow past Io,
because the plasma originates from Io. This flows of magnetized plasma past the
obstacle of Io, because its thin atmosphere acts as an engine of Io’s plasma
interaction [5,61,62,63].
1.9.1.1 Phase and Longitude
The orbital position of Io’s satellite around Jupiter’s planet is called "phase
of Io". The phase is measured counterclockwise from Superior Geocentric
Conjunction (SGC), as shown in figure (1.18). It is zero degrees when it is directly
after Jupiter, and it increases to be 180 degrees when it crosses before Jupiter, as
the observer seen from Earth [54].
Figure1.18: The orbital phase of Io [54].
The longitude is measured clockwise around Io’s satellite starting from the
meridian that point in the direction of Jupiter. This definition of a prime meridian
35
is possible for the Jovian satellites, because the same side of a given satellite
always faces Jupiter [54], as shown in figure (1.19)[54].
Figure 1.19: The longitude of Io with respect
to Jupiter[54].
1.9.2 Europa’s Satellite
It is the smallest of the Galilean satellites, a little smaller than the Moon. Its
surface is smooth, and covered with ice. Only a few impact craters have been
found indicating that the surface is young[2], as shown in figure (1.20)[1].
Figure 1.20: Europa’s satellite [1].
36
It is renewed by fresh water, trickling from the internal ocean. It has a very weak
magnetic field. The field varies periodically, as it passes through Jupiter’s
magnetic field. This shows that there is a conducting material beneath its surface,
most likely a salty ocean that could even be 100 km deep. At the center, there is a
solid silicate core [1].
1.9.3 Ganymede’s Satellite
It is the largest satellite in the solar system. It is larger than the planet
Mercury. The age of craters on the surface varies, indicating that there are areas of
different ages. Its surface is partly very old, highly cratered dark regions, and
somewhat younger, but still ancient lighter regions marked with an extensive array
of grooves and ridges. They have a tectonic origin, but the details of the formation
are unknown [1], as shown in figure (1.21) [2].
Figure 1.21: Ganymede’s satellite [1].
About 50% of the mass of it is water or ice, the other half being rocks. Contrary to
Callisto, Ganymede is differentiated a small iron or iron, and sulfur core
surrounded by a rocky silicate mantle with an icy (or liquid water) shell on top. It
has a weak magnetic field [1,2].
37
1.9.4 Callisto’s Satellite
It is the outermost of the Galilean satellites, nearly the same size as
Mercury, with slight increase of rock towards the center. About 40% of it is ice,
and 60% is rock, and iron. No signs of tectonic activity are visible. However, there
have been some later processes, because small craters have been obliterated, and
ancient craters have collapsed [1,2], as shown in figure (1.22) [2].
Figure 1.22: Callisto’s satellite [1].
1.10 Aim of the Present Work
The present work aims to predict the type of radio storms that are related to
the position of Io (Io-Storm) and unrelated (Non-Io-Storm) to its position, which
are emitted from Jupiter at specific LT for three different Iraqi locations (Mousl,
Baghdad and Basra) with respect to the observer on Earth. Visual basic software is
used in our calculations by designing a program and using equations to obtained
the results. Such prediction results from the CML of Jupiter and the rotation of
Io’s satellite with respect to Jupiter at specific angles. Calculation of the time
interval of storm and their distribution along the year 2011. In addition to testing
for the rotation periods of Jupiter and Io.
38
1.11 Thesis Layout
1. Chapter one gives a general introduction and review about the radio radiation
from Jupiter, phase, CML, and literature survey.
2. Chapter two gives the equations that are used to calculate the CML of Jupiter,
phase of Io and the ranges of the radio storms.
3. Chapter three contains the application windows for the program testing and
Results.
4. Chapter four contains discussion of the results, conclusions as well as the
future work.
5. References used in this work are given at the end of thesis.
39
Chapter Two
The Central Meridian
Longitude (CML) System
40
2.1 Introduction
The present chapter is mainly concerned with equations that are used to
calculate LT. In addition to calculation the CML of system ІІІ of Jupiter, and
phase of Io from the astronomical elements, the motion of Earth, Jupiter, and Io’s
satellite is taken into account. The ranges of storms are given according to the
standard observations by the spacecrafts and discussed in details.
2.2 Julian Date (JD)
The CMLІІІ and phase change for each instant so it is necessary to express
them in terms of Julian Date (JD) and Universal Time (UT) for each instant. The
Julian Date can be defined, as the interval of time in days and fractions of a day
since January 1st 4713 B.C.. That is midday, as measured on the Greenwich
meridian [64]. The year is chosen from the calendar and it is converted to JD.
Considering that (Y) is the year of the calendar date, then calendar date can be
converted to JD as follow [3]:
If the calendar date is equal to or greater than (15-10-1582), which is the
Gregorian calendar, then:
A  INT
( Y 1 )
100
B  2  A  INT (
..………………………….. (2.1)
A
) …………………………..... (2.2)
4
If the calendar date is after than (15-10-1582), it is necessary to calculate A and B.
The required JD for specific year, month and day is given by:
JD  INT 365.25 Y  INT 30.6001M  1  D  B  1720994.5 ...(2.3)
41
Where:
M: is the number of month.
D: is the number of day.
The above equation is applied to convert the calendar date of January 1990 to JD.
The required equation that used in our program to calculate the CMLІІІ and phase
along the year for each second is given by:
JD  INT(365.25 Y)  1720994.5 B
………………. (2.4)
The number of days is given in terms of JD [3]:
d  JD  2415020 …………………….……………... (2.5)
2.3 Universal Time (UT) and Local Time (LT)
The UT is an important for civil life, based on the rotation of Earth with
respect to the axis. Countries laying on east or west of Greenwich do not use UT
as their LT, but for greater accuracy in time UT will add the longitude of the city.
If the city lies in the east or will subtract the longitude, if the city lies on the west;
therefore the world is divided into time zones each zone usually corresponding to
a whole number of hours and small countries or part of large countries laying
within a zone [3,64].
It is often convenient in making astronomical calculations to use UT to
deduce the LT in hours by [64]:
LT  UT  (
λCity
15
)
…………………………………... (2.6)
Where:
42
UT: is the universal time measured in hours, λCity: is the longitude of the city
measured in degrees.
Table (2.1) gives the longitudes of the cities (all lie on the east direction) [65],
which was used in equation (2.6). It is necessary to add the zone correction,
because the LT is cross 24h, so it is necessary to make it, if the LT is greater than
24h, subtract 24h, if the LT is negative then add 24h. The result of the LT is
expressed in hours, but it should convert it to hours, minutes, and seconds. The
integer part of LT is the number of hours, the fractional part of hours is taken, and
multiply by 60, the integer is the number of minutes, also the fractional part of
minutes is taken and multiplied by 60 this gives the number of seconds [65].
Table 2.1: The longitude of the cities [65].
The City Longitude (Degrees)
Mousl
43
Baghdad
44
Basra
48
2.4 Orbital Elements
The motion of the planets around the Sun and of the satellites around their
planets, are controlled by the action of the gravity that is by mutual force of
attraction between masses. Orbital elements are the parameters required to
uniquely identify a specific orbit, as shown in figure (2.1). In celestial mechanics
these elements are generally considered in classical two body systems [64].
43
Figure (2.1): Explains the orbital elements[64].
 Argument of perihelion (VJ ) for the long-period term in the motion of Jupiter,
which can defined as the orientation of the ellipse (in which direction it is
flattened compared to a circle) in the orbital plane, as an angle measured from
the ascending node to the semimajor axis is given by [3]:
VJ  134.63  0.00111587 d ......…………………....... (2.7)
 Mean anomaly for Earth ( ME ) and Jupiter ( NJ ), defines the position of the
orbiting body along the ellipse at a specific time are given by [3]:
M E  358.476  0.9856003d …………….……………. (2.8)
N J  225.328  0.0830853d  0.33 sin (VJ ) .……………. (2.9)
 Difference (J) between the mean heliocentric longitude of Earth and Jupiter is
given by [3]:
44
J  211.647  0.9025179d 0.33 sin(VJ ) …………..…. (2.10)
Where:
VJ, M E, NJ, and J are expressed in degrees.
 Equations of center of Earth (AE), and Jupiter (BJ), they are also expressed in
degrees, are given by [3]:
A E  1.916 sin (M E )  0.020 sin (2M E )
BJ  5.552 sin ( NJ )  0.167 sin ( 2NJ )
……..............… (2.11)
.….……...…..…... (2.12)
 And use another relation, which is (K) to link the difference, equations of center
of Earth and Jupiter as [3]:
K  J  AE  BJ
……………………….…………….…... (2.13)
 Radius vector of Earth (RE) and Jupiter (RJ) are given by [3].
R E  1.000014  0.01672cos (M E )  0.00014cos (2M E )
R J  5.20867  0.25192cos (N J )  0.0061cos( 2N J )
……..….. (2.14)
……….…....... (2.15)
 Distance (∆) from Earth to Jupiter is given by [3]:
  (R J )2  (R E )2  2R J R Ecos (K)
……………….………..… (2.16)
Where:
RJ, RE, and ∆ are expressed in Astronomical Units (AU) and the distance from
Earth to Jupiter always be positive.
 Phase angle of Jupiter (ΨJ), which is the angle in phase from Jupiter with
respect to the observer on Earth measured in degrees is given by [3]:
sin J  (
RJ
) sin(K) ………..….….………………..…..…. (2.17)

45
 The equations of CML for the three systems (system Ι, ΙΙ and ΙΙΙ) of Jupiter
respectively are given by [66]:
CML Ι, ΙΙ  150.4529 ( d 
Δ
Δ
)  870.4529 ( d 
)
173
173
CML ΙΙΙ  274.319 Ψ J  B J  CML Ι,ΙΙ
….. (2.18)
…………………..... (2.19)
Where:
Δ
: is the correction for the light time, expressed in days, and the denominator
173
173 results from the fact, that the light time for unit distance is 1/173 day, which
is the time required for light to reach Earth form Jupiter. The CML of Jupiter
should be reduced to the interval (0-360)°.
 The angles of the Galilean satellites are measured from the inferior conjunction
with Jupiter ( when Io between Jupiter and Earth), so that U=0° corresponds to
satellites inferior conjunction, U=90° with its greatest western elongation,
U=180° with the superior conjunction, and U=270° with the greatest western
elongation, the angles of Io’s satellite are given by [3]:
U1  84.5506  203.0405863 (d 
U 2  41.5015  101.291632 (d 

)  J  B J
173

)  J  B J
173
…….…………… (2.20)
…………..…......…. (2.21)
 The equation of the Io’s phase is given by [3]:
 Io  0.472 sin2( U 1  U 2 ) ……………………..………… (2.22)
Where:
46
U1,U2 and ФIo are measured in degrees and should be reduced to the interval (0360)°.
2.5 The Storms of Jupiter
The emission mechanism that determines the phase and CMLІІІ does not
depend only on the detailed emission process, but also on the propagation
characteristics within the Jovian ionosphere and magnetosphere. The orbital phase
controls in terms of an emission mechanism, that determines the radiation within a
small range of angles with respect to the magnetic field direction, and the CML,
with respect to Jupiter, from this the storms are determined [4], as shown in figure
(2.2) [4].
Figure 2.2: (a): The phase of A (ΦIo-A), (b): The phase of B (ΦIo-B) [4].
when the probability of reception, as well as the overall energy of the signals
received from Jupiter are higher than the average, there is a probability of
existence of these storms [67]. All the radio signals from Jupiter are divided into
two types "storm" and "non-storm" events. Each storm consists of Io-related and
47
Io-unrelated (non-Io) component according to Io’s position has a strong, weak or
non-existence influence respectively [31], as shown in figure (2.3) [47].
Figure 2.3: Explains how the strong and weak radiations are affected by the position of Io
[47].
These storms are main (Io-A), early (Io-B), wake (Io-C) and fourth storm
(Io-D) [7,68]. The Earth based observations showed that the exact location varies
slowly depending on frequency, these observations from above Earth were
continued by the spacecrafts, but the transition in CMLІІІ and ФIo are limited by
the interference in frequency and the speed of the spacecraft. The probability of
observing (non-Io) from Nancay was shown to be high variable, and there are the
same storm regions in Jovian magnetosphere. Data from the United Radio and
Plasma Wave (URAPW) experiment were used to determine the angular size and
the direction of the radio storms. The URAPW observations of Jovian radio
radiations greatly improved the determination of storm locations [19]. The ranges
of the storms that depend on the program to obtain the results are given in tables
48
(2.2) and (2.3), these tables are found according to the standard observations at
years 2008 and 1976 [31,67].
Table 2.2: Ranges of storms [31].
Type of Storm CML ІІІ (Degrees)
Io-A
180 -300
Io-B
15-240
Io-C
60-280
Io-D
0-200
non-Io-A
200-300
non-Io-B
80-200
non-Io-C
300 -360
non-Io-D
0-200
ФIo (Degrees)
180-260
40-110
200-260
95-130
0-360
0-360
0-360
0-360
Table 2.3: Ranges of storms [67].
Type of Storm CMLІІІ (Degrees)
Io-A
210 -270
Io-B
110 -190
Io-C
20-320
49
ФIo (Degrees)
220-260
65-105
220-260
Chapter Three
Program Testing and Results
50
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the program system is tested by using visual basic software,
the input parameters to predict of occurrence probability of radio storms that
emitted from Jupiter and their LT. The results of the storms are given in tables for
three different Iraqi locations (Mousl, Baghdad and Basra) according to the
standard observations. The time interval of storm was calculated for Baghdad
location to notice the difference in the intervals of continuity of the storm. In
addition to testing for the rotation periods of Jupiter’s planet and Io’s satellite were
made.
3.2 Program Testing
The program testing is very important to make sure that the program is
operating well, visual basic software is used in our program, the flowchart of the
program that calculates the predicted storm at specific LT is given in appendix
(A). The application window of the main program is shown in figure (3.1), which
shows the occurrence probability of radio storm that emitted from Jupiter at
specific LT.
Figure 3.1: The application window of the main program.
51
The input parameters are the desired year in text (YYYY) and the desired
location of the city (Mousl, Baghdad, and Basra), which is determined by three
commands for each one of them, the user will press on any command, as he wants
to select the location. In this testing Baghdad location was chosen to predict the
type of radio storm, then he will press on command "Prediction of Radio Storm in
all Years". The program will save all files in years (in 365 days or 366 days
according to the year). The longitude of the selected city will appear after finishing
of saving all files, as shown in figure (3.2).
The operation of saving lasts a few minutes, after that the user inputs in the
month in text (MM), and the day in text (DD) then presses on command
"Prediction of Radio Storm in Specific Day and Month", the result of occurrence
radio storm is given at once, explains "There is no radio storm" according to the
day, and month that the user input and ask him to select another day, or month in
the year, as shown in figure (3.3). In some of these days one type of radio storm is
occurred, while other days more than one type is occurred, as shown in figures
(3.4) and (3.5).
The result applies the type of the storm, and the local time (HH, MM, SS)
of beginning and end of each type, when the user wants to input another year, and
selects another location he should press on command "Clear All" to make sure that
all the previous files were deleted, then continue the operation.
The user can select any location instead of Baghdad like Mousl or Basra to
notice the difference in time during of receiving radio storm from Jupiter. The
results that display in program testing according to table (2.2) ( which are the
observations at the year 2008), the user can change the ranges of storms in the
program (can take table (2.3), which are the observations at the year 1976) to
notice the difference in type and its number. The program that designed gives
52
facility for the user to input any location as he wants, not only for the three Iraqi
locations to predict the type of radio storm that emitted from Jupiter at specific
time and input any year.
In general the storm from Jupiter is occurred, but the time of receiving
these storms are different due to the longitude of the location.
Figure 3.2: The application window of input parameters.
53
Figure 3.3: The application window explains that the observer
can not receive any storm.
Figure 3.4: The application window of occurrence probability
Io-B storm in one day.
54
Figure 3.5: The application window of occurrence probability
Io-A and Io-C storms in one day.
3.3 The Results
According to the ranges of storms that were given in chapter two, which are
the basic ranges that used in our program to predict of occurrence probability of
radio storm that emitted from Jupiter at specific LT, these ranges are changeable
depending on the standard observations by the spacecrafts. The first month in the
year 2011 was taken for three different Iraqi locations (Mousl, Baghdad, and
Basra) and two different ranges were used in the results, to notice the differences
in their number and time of occurrence of radio storm with respect to the observer
on Earth, which change due to the longitude of the location. The results were
given in tables providing the user information about the location (the longitude),
the desired year, the month, the day and the LT of beginning and end of each
predicted storm. The results according to table (2.2) showed the observer can
receive radio storm in all days in the month, but there is a probability that in one
55
day the observer can receive at least two types of storms regardless of their type.
This is opposite to the results according to table (2.3), which showed there are
days in the month when the observer can not receive any radio storm, but there are
days the observer receive at least one type. The program gives the user the facility
to display the occurrence probability of the storms at any year and at any location,
as explained in program testing, not only for Iraqi locations.
The results according to tables (2.2) were:
 Zone: Iraq, Mousl, longitude = 43 °.
 Year: 2011.
56
Table 3.1: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
9
11
11
17
19
21
21
23
3
5
7
8
11
12
15
16
19
22
1
2
5
5
9
11
12
13
13
15
18
21
22
3
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
26
44
30
9
34
45
26
5
23
23
27
21
0
40
58
47
17
56
8
27
12
52
4
20
27
8
47
12
30
53
18
4
43
41
59
39
51
9
55
34
47
21
52
18
34
23
10
4
19
49
40
41
37
53
8
40
36
11
27
47
31
57
13
33
7
36
30
46
35
18
3
38
4
33
19
50
6
27
58
24
40
1
6
9
11
11
17
19
21
21
23
2
5
6
8
11
12
15
16
19
22
1
2
5
5
9
11
12
13
13
15
18
21
22
0
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
23
57
43
28
7
34
45
24
3
23
17
34
19
59
40
58
47
15
54
8
25
11
50
4
20
27
6
46
12
30
53
16
2
41
22
58
37
51
8
53
33
47
49
11
37
53
22
9
24
40
48
39
32
57
12
7
39
35
31
46
47
51
17
32
32
6
35
50
6
34
17
2
58
24
53
47
10
26
26
18
44
0
0
15
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Table 3.1: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
1
4
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
19
22
0
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
20
4
6
8
11
14
16
17
20
21
0
16
17
4
7
10
11
12
18
20
21
49
10
30
55
0
1
46
26
38
48
23
42
21
52
38
17
29
48
33
12
37
29
8
21
6
25
4
43
15
35
20
4
43
12
30
16
55
48
30
11
51
16
16
26
16
4
18
45
0
21
51
46
17
33
39
5
20
41
13
38
54
43
12
41
2
28
0
14
30
58
7
33
14
30
8
39
20
35
42
58
54
9
1
2
4
8
9
12
14
16
18
19
22
0
2
8
10
12
15
18
20
20
2
6
8
11
14
16
17
20
21
0
1
17
20
7
10
11
12
18
20
21
23
58
10
49
55
0
59
45
24
38
48
23
40
19
33
36
15
29
46
31
11
37
29
7
21
6
23
2
43
15
33
18
58
43
15
28
14
53
48
30
10
49
21
15
31
15
3
38
5
20
20
50
45
37
53
53
25
40
40
32
58
14
42
20
1
1
27
18
34
29
57
26
52
8
29
57
59
39
55
41
57
13
29
53
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Table 3.1: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
3
5
6
7
9
12
14
16
17
19
23
1
5
7
10
11
13
13
13
15
17
19
21
23
1
4
7
9
11
14
17
19
21
0
1
3
5
5
9
10
21
22
25
7
46
26
44
46
3
42
55
13
58
50
18
13
54
34
49
58
33
52
4
50
29
41
27
45
25
37
55
41
20
33
51
48
37
16
41
59
47
54
1
40
26
42
6
51
24
23
38
0
31
56
33
35
34
29
0
58
48
48
32
52
17
33
54
20
50
6
27
58
40
55
16
47
29
12
27
17
7
19
0
5
6
7
9
12
14
16
17
19
23
1
2
7
10
11
13
13
13
15
17
19
21
23
1
2
7
9
11
14
17
19
21
0
1
1
5
5
9
10
13
59
3
25
5
45
26
44
46
1
40
54
11
57
29
18
13
52
32
49
58
29
56
3
48
27
41
18
44
23
37
54
39
19
33
50
48
56
14
41
59
45
31
29
39
46
2
5
50
23
43
58
59
50
16
16
34
33
49
19
57
47
47
31
11
37
52
53
24
10
26
26
18
59
14
15
6
28
16
47
16
6
39
5
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
Table 3.1: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
15
17
20
23
1
3
6
9
11
13
16
19
20
3
5
6
9
12
12
15
16
18
21
22
22
1
4
8
11
12
14
19
20
22
4
6
8
10
13
16
32
12
24
10
28
7
45
38
24
3
15
34
19
58
34
15
54
7
25
55
11
50
29
48
14
21
6
58
16
2
41
47
17
57
37
8
53
33
12
30
44
45
1
22
3
34
50
25
41
7
23
44
15
41
56
35
29
45
6
37
35
3
19
34
5
42
10
51
28
59
25
41
46
4
59
14
22
48
3
19
49
39
15
17
20
23
1
2
6
9
11
13
16
19
20
21
5
6
9
12
12
15
16
18
21
22
22
1
2
8
11
12
14
19
20
22
1
6
8
10
13
16
16
60
10
24
10
26
6
47
37
22
1
15
32
18
57
24
13
53
7
23
55
9
48
29
48
14
19
5
44
15
0
40
47
17
56
35
21
52
31
12
30
44
47
21
21
2
54
10
5
1
27
43
43
35
0
16
0
49
5
5
57
34
23
39
33
4
41
31
12
28
19
45
1
45
3
18
34
21
8
23
18
48
38
41
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
Table 3.1: Continued .
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
16
18
20
23
4
6
9
10
12
14
14
17
19
22
0
4
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
22
5
4
6
6
11
14
15
18
20
0
3
5
7
10
11
14
17
49
28
40
59
24
36
17
59
40
19
44
28
50
36
15
17
13
32
11
23
42
27
6
19
9
23
2
27
58
19
58
10
56
14
33
44
24
10
49
2
20
21
36
57
28
9
47
50
48
43
58
48
45
51
17
32
9
19
6
21
42
13
40
55
16
19
13
29
17
59
2
18
39
5
36
6
0
43
9
24
2
33
18
20
23
2
6
9
10
12
14
14
17
19
22
0
2
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
22
1
8
6
6
11
14
15
18
20
0
1
5
7
10
11
14
17
20
61
26
40
57
43
36
17
59
39
18
44
18
49
34
13
27
13
30
9
23
40
26
5
19
36
26
0
27
58
17
56
10
56
12
52
43
23
8
47
2
18
4
56
56
48
14
46
49
47
3
18
47
44
10
36
52
52
18
26
41
41
33
0
15
15
7
26
48
16
58
22
38
38
4
55
11
59
2
28
44
1
53
19
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Table 3.1: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Storm of Type
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
21
4
6
7
8
9
13
15
17
19
22
0
3
5
9
11
13
15
16
20
21
23
23
3
4
7
9
11
11
14
17
19
21
3
5
7
10
11
11
13
5
45
20
1
40
51
53
11
57
36
16
34
14
32
44
3
48
27
40
47
3
44
23
48
22
54
40
19
31
47
17
35
14
27
31
10
23
41
17
46
26
59
14
37
32
47
15
8
48
30
45
1
32
45
19
40
11
37
53
13
27
32
27
43
32
9
35
1
16
37
35
3
33
49
28
24
40
1
31
43
2
57
21
22
5
7
8
9
13
14
17
19
22
0
1
5
9
11
13
15
16
20
21
23
23
0
4
7
9
11
11
14
17
19
21
0
5
7
10
11
11
13
15
62
43
17
59
39
51
53
10
55
35
16
34
14
51
44
1
46
26
40
47
3
42
22
48
59
52
38
17
31
47
17
33
13
27
44
8
22
39
17
46
25
4
35
23
52
7
14
7
8
19
5
0
31
44
23
39
31
57
12
12
26
31
47
2
31
24
55
21
36
36
34
2
53
9
26
18
59
59
51
42
1
17
32
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.1: Continued .
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
19
20
23
3
5
9
10
12
13
16
19
20
23
5
6
7
13
15
16
18
22
22
1
4
7
7
8
10
12
14
18
20
22
5
6
8
10
13
16
6
31
28
37
22
14
59
18
57
36
14
28
13
53
5
9
49
13
24
5
44
56
15
25
0
19
38
44
11
56
35
48
6
52
31
6
47
27
52
58
43
12
2
59
5
47
24
49
21
36
52
19
28
55
10
31
45
0
50
23
18
34
54
26
27
52
23
11
36
16
42
58
19
49
16
31
54
48
22
33
13
39
15
19
20
23
1
5
9
10
12
13
16
19
20
23
2
6
7
13
15
16
18
22
22
0
2
7
7
8
10
12
14
18
20
22
0
6
8
10
13
16
18
63
31
28
35
21
0
59
16
55
36
14
26
12
51
5
22
47
13
24
3
42
56
13
15
59
38
38
44
9
55
34
48
5
50
29
17
46
25
52
56
41
21
1
57
24
8
23
48
40
56
51
17
48
14
30
30
39
20
49
22
38
53
53
45
26
11
27
10
35
36
2
18
18
9
35
51
32
8
42
32
33
59
14
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.1: Continued .
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
18
20
23
2
4
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
5
5
8
10
12
13
15
18
20
22
4
5
8
11
14
15
16
21
0
22
2
24
14
18
30
49
35
14
26
47
49
30
9
59
22
40
26
5
18
48
3
22
1
13
17
56
9
27
13
52
17
29
8
54
11
42
0
28
49
37
3
19
39
57
43
37
53
27
11
44
10
26
4
8
30
1
17
38
35
51
11
41
17
41
30
57
59
20
23
2
2
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
0
5
5
8
10
12
13
15
18
19
22
1
5
8
11
14
15
16
21
0
1
 Zone: Iraq, Baghdad, longitude = 44 °.
 Year: 2011.
64
2
22
13
37
30
47
33
12
26
47
49
28
8
34
22
39
24
3
18
48
3
20
59
13
30
55
9
26
11
51
17
29
7
46
9
41
59
32
48
57
23
39
38
56
42
57
12
41
10
4
30
45
3
7
29
21
36
37
28
10
10
1
27
1
29
56
19
35
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.2: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
Local Time
Day Month
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Begin
End
Type of Storm
HH MM SS HH MM SS
3
6
9
11
11
17
19
21
21
23
3
5
7
8
12
12
15
17
19
22
1
2
5
5
9
11
12
13
13
15
18
21
22
3
7
8
10
14
16
18
20
30
12
34
13
38
49
30
9
27
21
31
25
4
44
2
51
21
0
12
31
16
56
8
24
31
12
51
16
34
57
22
8
47
45
3
43
55
13
59
38
51
21
31
18
34
23
9
4
19
49
40
41
37
53
8
40
36
11
27
47
31
57
13
33
7
36
30
46
35
18
3
38
4
33
19
50
6
27
58
24
40
1
6
9
11
11
17
19
21
21
23
2
5
7
8
12
12
15
16
19
22
1
2
5
5
9
11
12
13
13
15
18
21
22
0
7
8
10
14
16
18
20
23
65
47
32
11
38
49
28
7
27
39
38
23
3
44
2
51
19
58
12
29
15
54
8
24
31
10
50
16
34
57
20
6
45
26
2
41
55
12
57
37
51
53
11
37
53
22
9
24
40
48
39
32
57
12
7
39
35
31
46
47
51
17
32
32
6
35
50
6
34
17
2
58
24
53
47
10
26
26
18
44
0
0
15
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Table 3.2: Continued.
ateD
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
1
4
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
19
22
0
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
20
4
6
8
11
14
16
17
20
21
0
16
17
4
7
10
11
12
18
20
21
53
14
34
59
4
5
50
30
42
52
27
46
25
56
42
21
33
52
37
16
41
33
12
25
10
29
8
47
19
39
24
8
47
16
34
20
59
52
34
15
55
16
16
26
16
4
18
45
0
21
51
46
18
33
39
5
20
41
13
38
54
43
12
41
2
28
0
14
30
58
7
33
14
30
8
39
20
35
42
58
54
9
1
2
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
19
22
0
2
8
10
12
15
18
20
20
2
6
8
11
14
16
17
20
21
0
2
17
20
7
10
11
12
18
20
21
23
66
14
53
59
4
3
49
28
42
52
27
44
23
37
40
19
33
50
35
15
41
33
11
25
10
27
6
47
19
37
22
2
47
19
32
18
57
52
34
14
53
25
15
31
15
3
38
5
20
20
50
45
37
53
53
25
40
40
32
58
14
42
20
1
1
27
18
34
29
57
26
52
8
29
57
59
39
55
41
57
13
29
53
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
3
5
6
7
9
12
14
16
17
19
23
2
5
7
10
11
13
13
14
15
17
19
21
23
1
4
7
9
11
14
17
19
21
0
1
3
5
5
10
10
25
26
29
11
50
30
48
50
7
46
59
17
2
54
22
17
58
38
53
2
33
56
8
45
33
45
31
49
29
41
59
45
24
37
55
52
4
20
45
3
51
54
1
40
26
42
6
51
24
23
38
0
31
56
33
35
34
29
0
58
48
48
32
52
17
33
54
20
50
6
27
58
40
55
16
47
29
12
27
17
7
19
0
5
6
7
9
12
14
16
17
19
23
2
2
7
10
11
13
13
14
15
17
19
21
23
1
2
7
9
11
14
17
19
21
0
1
2
5
5
10
10
13
67
7
29
9
49
30
48
50
5
44
58
15
1
40
22
17
56
36
53
2
33
56
7
52
31
45
22
48
27
41
58
43
23
37
54
52
0
18
45
3
49
35
29
39
46
2
5
50
23
43
58
59
50
16
16
34
33
49
19
57
47
47
31
11
37
52
53
25
10
26
26
18
59
14
15
6
28
16
47
16
6
39
5
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
yDa Month
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Begin
End
Type of Storm
HH MM SS HH MM SS
13
15
17
20
23
1
3
6
9
11
13
16
19
2
3
5
6
9
12
12
15
16
18
21
22
22
1
5
8
11
12
14
19
21
22
4
6
8
10
13
16
36
16
28
14
32
11
49
42
28
7
19
38
23
56
38
19
58
11
29
59
15
54
33
52
18
25
10
2
20
6
45
51
21
1
41
12
57
37
16
34
48
45
1
22
3
34
50
25
41
7
23
44
15
41
21
35
29
45
6
37
35
3
19
34
5
42
10
51
28
59
25
41
46
4
59
14
22
48
3
19
49
39
15
17
20
23
1
2
6
9
11
13
16
19
21
28
5
6
9
12
12
15
16
18
21
22
22
1
2
8
11
12
14
19
21
22
1
6
8
10
13
16
16
68
41
28
14
30
10
51
41
26
5
19
36
22
1
28
17
57
11
27
59
13
52
33
52
18
23
19
48
19
4
44
51
21
0
39
25
56
35
16
34
48
51
21
21
2
54
10
5
1
27
43
43
35
0
16
0
49
5
5
57
34
23
39
33
4
41
31
12
28
19
45
1
45
3
18
34
21
8
23
18
48
38
41
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
16
18
20
0
4
6
9
11
12
14
14
17
19
22
0
4
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
22
5
4
6
6
12
14
16
18
21
0
3
5
7
10
11
14
17
53
32
44
3
28
40
21
3
44
23
48
32
54
40
19
21
17
36
15
27
46
31
10
23
17
27
6
31
2
23
2
14
0
18
37
48
28
14
53
6
24
21
36
57
28
9
47
50
48
43
58
48
45
51
17
32
9
19
6
21
42
13
40
55
16
19
13
29
17
59
2
18
39
5
36
6
0
43
9
24
2
33
18
20
0
2
6
9
11
12
14
14
17
19
22
0
2
5
8
10
12
15
18
20
22
1
8
6
6
12
14
16
18
21
0
1
5
7
10
11
14
17
20
69
30
44
1
47
40
21
3
43
22
48
32
53
38
17
31
17
34
13
27
44
30
9
23
40
34
4
31
2
21
0
14
0
16
56
47
27
12
51
6
22
8
56
56
48
14
46
49
47
3
18
47
44
10
36
52
52
18
26
41
41
33
0
15
15
7
26
48
16
58
22
38
38
4
55
11
59
2
28
44
1
53
19
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
21
4
6
7
8
9
13
16
17
19
22
0
3
5
9
11
13
15
16
20
21
23
23
3
4
7
9
11
11
14
17
19
21
23
3
4
7
9
11
11
9
49
24
5
44
55
57
15
1
40
20
38
18
36
48
7
52
31
44
51
7
48
27
52
26
58
44
23
35
51
21
39
18
31
52
26
58
44
23
35
51
59
14
37
32
47
15
8
48
30
45
1
32
45
19
40
11
37
53
13
27
32
27
43
32
9
35
1
16
37
35
3
33
49
28
32
9
35
1
16
37
35
21
22
6
7
8
9
13
15
17
19
22
0
1
5
9
11
13
15
16
20
21
23
23
1
4
7
9
11
11
14
17
19
21
0
1
4
7
9
11
11
14
70
47
21
3
43
55
57
14
59
39
20
38
18
55
48
5
50
30
44
51
7
46
26
52
3
56
42
21
35
51
21
37
17
31
48
3
56
42
21
35
51
21
35
23
52
7
14
7
8
50
5
0
31
44
23
39
31
57
12
12
26
31
47
2
31
24
55
21
36
36
34
2
53
9
26
18
24
55
21
36
36
34
2
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
17
19
21
3
5
7
10
11
11
13
15
15
19
20
23
3
6
9
11
12
13
16
19
20
23
5
6
7
13
15
16
19
22
22
1
4
7
7
8
11
21
39
18
31
35
14
27
45
21
50
30
10
35
32
41
26
18
3
22
1
40
18
32
17
57
9
13
53
17
28
9
48
0
19
29
4
23
42
48
15
0
3
33
49
28
24
40
1
31
43
2
57
12
2
59
5
47
24
49
21
36
52
19
28
55
10
31
45
0
50
23
18
34
54
26
27
52
23
11
36
16
42
17
19
21
0
5
7
10
11
11
13
15
15
19
20
23
1
6
9
10
12
13
16
19
20
23
2
6
7
13
15
16
19
22
22
1
2
7
7
8
10
12
71
37
17
31
48
12
26
43
21
50
29
8
35
32
39
25
4
3
20
59
40
18
30
16
55
9
26
51
17
28
7
46
0
17
29
3
42
42
48
13
59
38
53
9
26
18
59
59
51
42
1
17
32
1
57
24
8
23
48
40
56
51
17
48
14
30
30
39
20
49
22
38
53
53
45
26
11
27
10
35
36
2
18
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
Io-A
n non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
14
18
20
22
5
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
23
2
4
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
3
5
5
8
10
12
13
15
18
20
22
4
6
8
11
14
39
52
10
56
35
10
51
31
56
2
47
26
6
24
18
22
34
53
39
18
30
51
53
34
13
3
26
44
30
9
22
52
7
26
5
17
21
0
13
31
17
58
19
49
16
31
54
48
22
33
13
39
54
11
42
0
28
49
37
3
19
39
57
43
37
53
27
11
44
10
26
4
8
30
1
17
38
35
51
11
41
7
14
18
20
22
0
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
23
2
2
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
0
5
5
8
10
12
13
15
18
20
22
1
5
8
11
14
15
72
52
9
54
33
21
50
29
56
0
45
25
6
24
17
41
34
51
37
16
30
51
53
32
12
38
26
43
28
7
22
52
7
24
3
17
34
59
13
30
15
55
18
9
35
51
32
8
42
32
33
59
14
9
41
59
32
48
57
23
39
38
56
42
57
12
41
10
4
30
45
3
7
29
21
36
37
28
10
10
1
27
1
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.2: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
31
31
31
31
1
1
1
1
15
16
21
0
56
21
33
12
41
30
57
59
16
21
0
1
2
33
11
50
29
56
19
35
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
 Zone: Iraq, Basra, longitude = 48 °.
 Year: 2011.
Table 3.3: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
7
9
11
11
18
19
21
21
23
3
5
7
9
12
13
15
17
19
22
1
3
5
46
4
50
29
54
5
46
25
43
37
47
41
20
0
18
7
37
16
28
47
32
12
24
21
52
18
34
23
10
4
19
49
40
41
37
53
8
40
36
11
27
48
31
57
13
33
7
9
11
11
18
19
21
21
23
2
5
7
9
12
13
15
17
19
22
1
3
5
5
73
3
48
27
54
5
44
23
43
37
54
39
19
0
18
7
35
14
28
45
31
10
24
40
11
37
53
22
9
24
40
48
39
32
57
12
7
39
35
31
46
47
51
17
32
32
6
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
9
11
13
13
13
16
18
21
23
4
7
8
11
14
17
18
21
0
1
4
5
8
10
13
14
16
19
19
23
0
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
20
4
6
40
47
28
7
32
50
13
38
24
3
1
19
59
11
29
15
54
7
9
30
50
15
20
21
6
46
58
8
43
2
41
12
58
37
49
8
53
32
57
49
28
7
36
30
46
35
18
3
38
4
33
19
50
6
27
58
24
40
1
16
16
26
16
4
18
45
0
21
51
46
18
33
39
5
20
41
13
38
54
43
12
41
9
11
13
13
13
16
18
21
23
0
7
8
11
14
17
18
21
0
1
3
5
8
10
13
14
16
19
19
23
0
2
8
10
12
16
18
20
20
2
6
8
74
47
26
6
32
50
13
36
22
1
42
18
57
11
28
13
53
7
9
30
9
15
20
19
5
44
58
8
43
0
39
53
56
35
49
6
51
31
57
49
27
41
35
50
6
34
17
2
58
24
53
47
10
26
26
18
44
0
0
15
15
31
15
3
38
5
20
20
50
45
37
53
53
26
40
40
32
58
14
42
20
1
1
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
11
14
16
18
20
21
0
16
18
4
7
10
12
13
18
20
22
23
3
5
6
8
9
12
15
16
18
20
23
2
6
7
10
12
13
14
14
15
18
19
41
26
45
24
3
35
55
40
24
3
32
50
36
15
8
50
31
11
41
42
45
27
6
46
4
6
23
2
15
33
18
10
38
33
14
54
9
18
49
12
24
2
28
0
14
30
58
7
33
14
30
8
39
20
35
42
58
54
9
54
1
40
26
42
6
51
24
23
38
0
31
56
33
35
34
29
0
58
48
48
32
52
11
14
16
18
20
21
0
2
18
20
7
10
12
13
18
20
22
23
0
5
6
8
9
13
15
16
18
20
23
2
2
7
10
12
13
14
14
15
18
19
22
75
26
43
22
3
35
53
38
18
3
35
48
34
13
8
50
30
9
41
23
45
25
5
46
4
6
21
0
14
31
17
49
38
33
12
52
9
18
49
12
23
8
27
18
34
29
57
26
52
8
29
57
59
39
55
41
57
13
29
53
29
39
46
2
5
50
23
43
58
59
50
16
16
34
33
49
19
57
47
47
31
11
37
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
23
2
4
8
9
11
15
18
19
21
1
2
3
5
6
10
11
13
15
17
20
23
1
4
6
9
11
13
16
19
21
3
5
7
9
12
13
15
17
18
10
49
1
47
5
45
57
15
1
40
53
11
8
57
36
1
19
7
52
32
44
30
48
27
5
58
44
23
35
54
39
18
54
35
14
27
45
15
31
10
49
17
33
54
20
50
6
27
58
40
55
16
47
29
12
27
17
7
19
45
1
22
3
34
50
25
41
7
23
44
15
41
56
35
29
45
6
37
35
3
19
34
23
2
2
8
9
11
15
17
19
21
1
2
2
5
6
10
11
13
15
17
20
23
1
3
6
9
11
13
16
19
21
21
5
7
9
12
13
15
17
18
22
76
47
1
38
4
43
57
14
59
39
53
10
8
16
34
1
19
5
51
30
44
30
46
26
7
57
42
21
35
52
38
17
44
33
13
27
43
15
29
8
49
8
52
53
25
10
26
26
18
59
14
15
6
28
16
47
16
6
39
5
21
21
2
54
10
5
1
27
43
43
35
0
16
0
49
5
5
57
34
23
39
33
4
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
22
22
1
5
8
11
13
15
19
21
22
4
7
8
10
13
17
17
18
21
0
4
6
9
11
13
14
15
17
20
22
0
4
5
8
10
12
16
18
20
8
34
41
26
18
36
22
1
7
37
17
57
28
13
53
32
50
4
9
48
0
19
44
56
37
19
0
39
4
48
10
56
35
37
33
52
31
43
2
47
26
5
42
10
51
28
59
25
41
46
4
59
14
22
48
3
19
49
39
21
36
57
28
9
47
50
48
43
58
48
45
51
17
32
8
19
6
21
42
13
40
55
22
22
1
3
8
11
13
15
19
21
22
1
7
8
10
13
17
17
18
21
0
3
6
9
11
12
14
15
17
20
22
0
2
5
8
10
12
16
18
20
22
77
34
39
25
4
35
20
0
7
37
16
55
41
12
51
32
50
4
7
46
0
17
3
56
37
3
59
38
4
48
9
54
33
47
33
50
29
43
0
46
25
39
41
31
12
28
19
45
1
45
3
18
34
21
8
23
18
48
38
41
56
56
48
14
46
49
47
3
18
47
44
10
36
52
52
18
26
41
41
33
0
15
15
Io-A
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day thMon
HH MM SS HH MM SS
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
5
4
6
6
12
14
16
18
21
0
3
6
7
10
12
14
17
20
22
4
6
8
9
10
13
16
17
19
22
0
3
6
9
12
13
16
17
20
22
23
39
33
43
22
47
18
39
18
30
16
34
53
4
44
30
9
22
40
25
5
40
21
0
11
13
31
17
56
36
54
34
52
4
23
8
47
0
7
23
4
43
16
19
13
29
17
59
2
18
39
5
36
6
0
43
9
24
2
33
59
14
37
32
47
15
8
48
30
45
1
32
45
19
40
11
37
53
13
27
32
27
43
1
8
6
6
12
14
16
18
21
0
2
6
7
10
12
14
17
20
22
22
6
7
9
10
13
15
17
19
22
0
2
6
9
12
13
16
17
20
22
23
0
78
56
50
20
47
18
37
16
30
16
32
12
3
43
28
7
22
38
24
3
37
19
59
11
13
30
15
55
36
54
34
11
4
21
6
46
0
7
23
2
42
8
7
26
48
16
58
22
38
38
4
55
11
59
2
28
44
1
53
19
35
23
52
7
14
7
8
19
5
0
31
44
23
39
31
57
12
12
26
31
47
2
31
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
3
5
8
9
11
12
14
17
19
21
3
5
7
11
11
12
13
15
15
19
20
23
3
6
9
11
12
13
16
19
21
23
5
7
7
13
15
17
19
22
8
42
14
0
39
51
7
37
55
34
47
51
30
43
1
37
6
46
26
51
48
57
42
34
19
38
17
56
34
48
33
13
25
29
9
33
44
25
4
16
35
32
9
35
1
16
37
35
3
33
49
28
24
40
1
31
43
2
57
12
2
59
5
47
24
49
21
36
52
19
28
55
10
31
45
0
50
23
18
34
54
26
1
5
7
9
11
12
14
17
19
21
1
5
7
10
11
12
13
15
15
19
20
23
1
6
9
11
12
13
16
19
21
23
2
7
7
13
15
17
19
22
22
79
19
12
58
37
51
7
37
53
33
47
4
28
42
59
37
6
45
24
51
48
55
41
20
19
36
15
56
34
46
32
11
25
42
7
33
44
23
2
16
33
45
24
55
21
36
36
34
2
53
9
26
18
59
59
51
42
1
17
32
1
57
24
8
23
48
40
56
51
17
48
14
30
30
39
20
49
22
38
53
53
45
26
Io-B
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-B
Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
Table 3.3: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
1
4
7
8
8
11
12
15
18
21
22
5
7
8
11
14
17
18
20
23
2
4
6
10
12
14
16
19
21
22
0
3
5
6
8
10
12
14
15
18
45
20
39
58
4
31
16
55
8
26
10
51
26
7
47
12
18
3
42
22
40
34
38
50
9
55
34
46
7
9
50
29
19
24
0
46
25
38
8
23
42
27
52
23
11
36
16
42
58
19
49
16
31
54
48
22
33
13
39
54
11
41
0
28
49
37
3
19
39
57
43
37
53
27
11
44
10
26
4
8
30
1
1
2
7
8
8
11
12
15
18
21
22
0
7
8
11
14
17
18
20
23
2
2
6
10
12
14
16
19
21
22
0
0
5
5
8
10
12
14
15
18
20
80
19
52
58
4
29
15
54
8
25
10
49
37
6
45
12
16
1
41
22
40
33
57
50
7
53
32
46
7
9
48
28
54
24
59
44
23
38
8
23
40
19
11
27
10
35
36
2
18
18
9
35
51
32
8
42
32
33
59
14
9
41
59
32
48
57
23
39
38
56
42
57
12
41
10
4
30
45
3
7
29
21
36
Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-A
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
non-Io-C
Table 3.3: Continued.
eDat
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
22
4
6
8
11
14
16
16
21
0
21
33
37
16
29
47
33
12
37
49
28
17
38
35
51
11
41
7
41
30
57
59
22
1
6
8
11
14
16
16
21
0
2
33
50
15
29
46
31
11
37
49
27
6
37
28
10
10
1
27
1
29
56
19
35
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
non-Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
non-Io-D
Io-B
non-Io-A
non-Io-C
The results according to tables (2.3) in chapter two were:
 Zone: Iraq, Mousl, longitude = 43 °.
 Year: 2011.
Table 3.4: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
meLocal Ti
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
1
2
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
11
11
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
8
4
6
21
21
23
16
15
10
13
4
5
6
8
23
11
11
30
8
10
51
14
37
45
10
34
40
16
54
18
10
32
57
58
33
44
0
52
19
58
21
30
13
58
33
26
9
16
12
6
7
21
1
1
20
17
13
14
5
6
8
9
23
81
22
47
8
17
50
46
25
15
8
34
46
16
54
17
23
59
13
35
32
9
59
16
33
57
14
29
23
57
32
15
26
59
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Table 3.4: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
e of StormTyp
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
13
14
15
16
16
16
18
18
19
21
21
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
28
28
30
30
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
17
17
12
14
15
6
7
9
19
23
14
15
16
18
8
9
3
3
21
0
1
16
17
18
1
39
45
9
20
58
38
40
4
39
24
9
6
44
8
39
50
13
15
39
14
47
9
30
54
10
26
9
27
27
3
49
49
27
44
10
9
41
16
11
25
59
12
13
12
19
55
34
44
39
2
22
17
14
15
16
7
11
11
23
0
15
16
18
18
13
12
7
3
0
1
2
17
20
20
11
14
54
20
58
44
40
14
15
24
14
6
44
6
53
14
1
44
44
10
47
13
30
44
54
51
41
20
26
2
38
48
40
24
9
44
40
15
58
16
17
39
35
10
18
54
59
43
17
12
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
 Zone: Iraq, Baghdad, longitude = 44 °.
 Year: 2011.
Table 3.5: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
1
2
4
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
14
8
4
6
21
15
15
34
12
14
32
57
58
33
44
16
12
6
7
21
82
26
51
12
21
54
13
35
32
9
59
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Table 3.5: Continued.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
16
16
18
18
19
21
21
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
28
28
30
30
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
21
23
16
15
10
13
4
5
6
8
23
0
17
17
12
14
16
6
7
9
19
23
14
15
16
18
8
9
3
3
21
0
1
16
17
18
55
18
41
49
14
38
44
20
58
22
14
5
43
49
13
24
2
42
44
8
43
28
13
10
48
12
43
54
17
19
43
14
51
13
34
58
0
52
19
58
21
30
13
58
33
26
9
10
26
9
27
27
3
49
49
27
44
10
9
41
16
11
25
59
12
13
12
19
55
34
44
39
1
1
20
17
13
14
5
6
8
9
0
2
22
17
14
16
16
7
11
11
23
0
15
16
18
18
13
12
7
3
0
1
2
17
20
20
 Zone: Iraq, Basra, longitude = 48 °.
 Year: 2011.
83
50
29
19
12
38
50
20
58
21
27
3
15
18
58
24
2
48
44
18
19
28
18
10
48
10
57
18
5
48
48
14
51
17
34
48
58
16
33
57
14
29
23
57
32
15
26
59
51
41
20
26
2
38
48
40
24
9
44
40
15
58
16
17
39
35
10
18
54
59
43
17
12
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Table 3.6: Prediction of radio storms.
Date
Local Time
Begin
End
Type of Storm
Day Month
HH MM SS HH MM SS
1
2
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
16
16
18
18
19
21
21
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
28
28
30
30
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
8
4
6
21
22
23
16
16
10
13
5
5
7
8
23
0
17
18
12
14
16
6
8
9
19
23
14
15
17
18
8
10
3
3
21
0
2
16
17
19
31
31
50
28
30
11
34
57
5
30
54
0
36
14
38
30
21
59
5
29
40
18
58
0
24
59
44
29
26
4
28
59
10
33
35
59
30
7
29
50
14
32
57
58
33
44
0
52
19
58
21
30
13
58
33
26
9
10
26
9
27
27
3
49
49
27
44
10
9
40
16
11
25
59
12
13
12
19
55
34
44
39
16
13
6
7
22
2
1
20
17
13
15
5
7
8
9
0
2
22
18
14
16
17
8
11
11
23
0
15
17
18
19
13
12
8
4
0
2
2
17
21
21
84
42
7
28
37
10
6
45
35
28
54
6
36
14
37
43
19
31
34
14
40
18
4
0
34
35
44
34
26
4
26
13
34
21
4
4
30
7
33
50
4
14
13
35
32
9
59
16
33
57
14
29
23
57
32
15
26
59
51
41
20
26
2
38
48
40
24
9
44
40
15
58
16
17
39
35
10
18
54
59
43
17
12
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-B
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-A
Io-C
Io-B
Form the results obtained, the difference between the begin and the end of each
(Io-storm), from tables (3.4-3.6) was calculated for three locations. It was found it
is constant because the radio storm occurred in the solar system and the time of
receiving this storm is different due to the location of the observer. The difference
of begin and end for Baghdad location for the first month in the year 2011 was
taken to find the differences in the time interval of continuity of storm. Form
figure (3.6) which explains the time interval of storm as a function of number of
days, the maximum time interval of storm is 4.61h in the second day, while the
minimum time interval is 0.15h in the fifteenth day. The difference between the
two values refer to the motion of Jupiter and Io which produces the type of storm.
In a maximum value of time interval Jupiter and Io start with motion at the same
time (the motion of Jupiter and Io covered all the ranges of CMLІІІ and phase).
The minimum value means that there is some delay in the motion of Jupiter or the
motion of Io around Jupiter, so there is some missing amount in the ranges of
CMLІІІ and phase. As result of this, there is a difference between the maximum
and the minimum value. The same behavior also appeared for the other months in
the same year, this means the time interval of continuity of storm is different along
the year. Similar notes are found for the maximum and the minimum values, as
shown in figures (3.7-3.17).
Figure 3.6: Time interval as a function
Figure 3.7: Time interval as a function of
85
number of days for the first month.
number of days for the second month.
Figure 3.8: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the third month.
Figure 3.9: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the fourth month.
Figure 3.10: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the fifth month.
Figure 3.11: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the sixth month.
86
Figure 3.12: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the seventh month.
Figure 3.13: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the eighth month.
Figure 3.14: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the ninth month.
Figure 3.15: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the tenth month.
Figure 3.16: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the eleventh month.
Figure 3.17: Time interval as a function of
number of days for the twelfth month.
The average was also calculated from equation (3.1) for each month to find
the time of continuity of the storm. Table (3.7) shows the average, which is not
constant, but there is a little difference in values along the year, as shown in figure
(3.18). This difference in values refers to the rotation of Jupiter and Io as
mentioned previously, and there is a probability for the observer on Earth to
87
receive during the day one or more than one storm. This means that the number of
storms is also not a constant, which is the reason of difference in average values.
Average 
1 N
 Time Interval of Storm
N i
………………………………….. (3.1)
Where:
N: is the number of time interval of storm in the month.
i: is the number of each day in the month.
Table 3.7: Average of time interval of storm
for one year.
The Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
The Average (Hours)
2.05
2.03
1.91
1.95
1.78
1.87
1.91
1.97
2.14
1.98
1.97
2.20
88
Figure 3.18: Average of time interval of storm as a function of number of
months.
3.4 Testing of the Rotation Period of Jupiter and Io
Another program was also designed in visual basic software to calculate the
CMLІІІ of Jupiter and ФIo with respect to the Sun (as a solar system), so the time
that used in the calculations is the UT. In addition to testing of the rotation periods
of Jupiter and Io were made.
The input parameter of the program is the desired year, which chosen by the
user. The flowchart program is given in appendix (B). The obtained results of
CMLІІІ and phase from the program change for each second indicating that Jupiter
completes one rotational period from (0-360)° during 9.92h, which is equivalent to
(9h55m29.71s) [31]. This is rotation period of system ІІІ, as shown in figure (3.19).
Io’s satellite completes one rotational period from (0-360)° around Jupiter's planet
during time 42.48h, which is equivalent to (1.77 day) [1]. The time required for Io
to rotate around Jupiter is shown in figure (3.20), the results of CMLІІІ and phase
show good agreement with theoretical values of rotation period of system ІІІ and
rotation of Io with respect to Jupiter, so when Io completes one rotational period,
89
Jupiter completes four rotations with respect to the observer, as shown in figure
(3.21).
Figure 3.19: CML of Jupiter as a function UT for one rotational
period.
Figure 3.20: Phase of Io as a function of UT for one rotational
period.
90
Figure 3.21: Phase and CML as a function of UT with respect to
the rotation period of Io.
91
Chapter Four
Discussion, Conclusions, and
the Future work
92
4.1 Discussion and Conclusions
According to the results of the study, discussion and conclusions for several points
can be stated as follows:
1. Two different assumptions can accounted for (Earth-Jupiter-Io) geometry:
a. The radiation comes from Jupiter in specific ranges when Jupiter interacts with
Io's satellite. From this many types of storms that related and unrelated to the
position of Io are seen. This is the mechanism responsible for the generation
and the escape of this radiation from Jupiter, when different angular sizes or
bandwidths are taken for these storms. They are located at large distance from
CML of Jupiter and come from the northern hemisphere of the planet. The
main and early storms occur near the edge of the plasma torus. A wide range of
longitude, perhaps all longitudes, is excited by Io, but the radiation is beamed
(either at the emission point or during the propagation) and is received only
when the Earth crosses the radiation beam.
b. The difference in IFT means variation in plasma torus density and source
region. Such variation will affect the orientation of the radiation of the
emission as it is generated, or affect the escape of radiation after propagation
through the Jovian plasma. These variation are caused by the strength of Io
interaction at a certain point along its orbits.
2. The program is based on two types of radio storms according to the standard
observations by the spacecrafts [31,67]. These ranges are chosen in this
research for two reasons:
a. To indicate the differences in calculation of the storm occurrence.
b. To explain that the storm may be occurred or not occurred according to the
different ranges.
93
4. The results from this program were given in tables (3.1-3.6), it can be shown
that there are no occurrence for any type of storm in some days, while there is
one type or more than one type occurred in other days.
5. The time interval of occurrence Io-A storm in the day (4-1-2011) for example
from table (3.2) is (3:45:19 to 7:2:10) which gives a predicted observation time
of approximately 4 hours, but from table (3.5) it is (4:34:58 to 6:12:32), which
gives a predicted observation time of approximately 2 hours. This means that
the time interval of occurrence Io-A storm from table (3.2) is longer than the
time from table (3.5), which is much for receiving a storm.
6. The type of the predicted storm is constant for the three locations, but the time
interval of occurrence change due to the longitude of the location. For example
the first day from table (3.4) for Mousl location the (Io-B) storm occurred,
where the same type of the storm also occurred for Baghdad and Basra, but the
time of occurrence changes because it depends on the longitude of the location.
7. The difference in time for the three locations (Mousl, Baghdad and Basra) is
constant. For example if the local time of beginning and end of the storm that
occurred in the day (7-1-2011) is taken for Baghdad and Basra from tables
(3.5) and (3.6) respectively (16:41:19 to 20:19:57) and (16:57:19 to 20:35:57),
the difference between them is 16 minutes. If the local time of beginning and
end of the storm that occurred in the same day is taken for Mousl and Baghdad
from tables (3.4) and (3.5) respectively (16:37:19 to 20:15:57) and (16:41:19 to
20:19:57), the difference between them is 4 minutes. If the local time of
beginning and end of the storm that occurred in the same day is taken for
Mousl and Basra from tables (3.4) and (3.6) respectively (16:37:19 to
20:15:57) and (16:57:19 to 20:35:57), the difference between them is 20
minutes.
8. The larger interval of observation for the storm occurrence gives more type of
storms prediction. For example from table (3.2) in the day (7-1-2011) more
94
than one type occurred (Io-A), (Io-C), and (Io-C) with different times intervals,
while the same day from table (3.5) one type of the storms occurred, which is
(Io-C).
4.2 Future Work
According to our results, the following ideas are suggested:
1. Other ranges of storms can be used to predict the type of radio storms that
emitted from Jupiter, because these ranges are not constant, they will change
due to the observations.
2. This program is not only applies for Iraqi locations, but also can be applied for
other locations around Iraq.
3. The previous years can be used in our program to obtain the data of radio
storms, which can compare with the data of Radio Jove.
4. Make a network of radio observations to predict the type of radio storms from
different locations.
95
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Appendix (A)
The flowchart of the program that calculates the predicted storm (A,B,C and D) at
specific LT.
Start
Input Year,
Location,
Day, Month,
Calculate JD and LT using equations (2.4) and (2.6)
Calculate CMLΙΙΙ and ФIo using equations (2.19) and (2.22)
Determination of
the type of
predicted storm
Io-A or Io-B or
Io-C
Display Output Result
Type of Storm, Hour,
Minute, Second
End
103
Appendix (B)
The flowchart program that calculates the CMLІІІ, ФIo and UT.
Start
Input Year
Calculate UT
Calculate CMLΙΙΙ and ФIo using equations
(2.18) and (2.21)
Display Output
Results UT
CMLΙΙΙ and ФIo
End
104