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Section 1
The Age of
Reform
1897 - 1920
A
Progressivism
Video (7 min)
Progressivism
spirit of reform in
the early 20th
century
 Focused on urban
problems, poor
sanitation, and
corrupt
governments
 Urban, educated,
Progressives
were:
Progressives
were:
upper-middle class
Americans
 Thought government
could solve problems,
but needed to be fixed
first.
 Strong faith in science
and technology
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Muckrakers
Muckrakers
 Term
Muckrakers
coined by
Theodore Roosevelt
that described
investigative
journalists
 They raked up the
muck, or filth, of
society
 Exposed
Lincoln Steffens
corruption
in big city
governments in his
book The Shame of
the Cities (1904)
Lincoln Steffens
 Photographed
Jacob Riis
the
urban poor in his book
How the Other Half
Lives
 Showed upper-class
Americans the dark
side of
industrialization
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Jacob Riis
 Wrote
The Octopus
fictional work
showing the
stranglehold of
railroads over
California farmers
A
Frank Norris
Frank Norris
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Ida Tarbell
Ida Tarbell
Ida Tarbell
 Author
of “History
of the Standard Oil
Company” in
McClure’s Magazine
 Portrayed
Rockefeller as a
ruthless
businessman
Muckraking Novels
 The
Muckraking books
Muckraking books
muckrakers
began writing
detailed articles too
long for a magazine,
so they began
publishing novels
 Painted negative
pictures of the
industrial world
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 Progressive
Robert La Follette
Robert La Follette
Governor of
Wisconsin
 Challenged the
hold that political
bosses had on party
conventions.
 Direct Primary –
party members vote
on candidates for
general election.
Initiative
Initiative
 Gave
Initiative
voters the
power to introduce
legislation.
 Requires the
legislature to vote
on this citizenintroduced idea.
 Used in state and
local government
Referendum
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Referendum
 Allows
Referendum
Recall
citizens to
vote on proposed
laws directly
 Often used in state
and local
government to stop
tax hikes
 Can also overturn
legislation
Recall
 Enables
Recall
voters to
remove an elected
official from office
by calling for a
special election.
 Especially used in
local elections – city
councils and school
boards
17th Amendment
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 Constitutional
17th Amendment
17th Amendment
amendment that
gave voters the
power to elect their
senators directly.
(1913)
 However, did
remove a
constitutional check
on federal power…
Compulsory
Education Laws
Compulsory
Education Laws
 Laws
Compulsory
Education Laws
that required
parents to send their
children to school
 Helped control
problem of child
labor.
Prohibition
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 Prevented
Prohibition
Prohibition
the sale
or manufacture of
alcohol
 The goal of the
temperance
movement
 Saw liquor as cause
of poverty and
crimes against
women and
children
 Led
Frances Willard
Frances Willard
the Women’s
Christian
Temperance Union
 Worked for
moderation of
alcohol
 The WCTU was
also active in
women’s suffrage,
prison reform, and
child labor
legislation
18th Amendment
18th Amendment
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 Barred
18th Amendment
the
manufacture, sale,
and distribution of
alcohol
 An unexpected
result of this was the
creation of a new
type of crime called
Organized Crime
(and NASCAR)
Susan B Anthony
A
Susan B Anthony
Susan B Anthony
prominent
American civil
rights leader who
played a pivotal role
in the 19th century
women's rights
movement to
introduce women's
suffrage
NAWSA
NAWSA
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 National
NAWSA
American
Woman Suffrage
Association
 Founded in 1890
 Led by Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony
 Purpose: Women’s
voting rights.
 The
Lobbying
19th Amendment
act of
persuading
legislators to vote
for legislation or
supporting your
cause.
 Financially support
a political candidate
in exchange for
legislation that
lobbyists want.
Lobbying
Lobbying
19th Amendment
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 Constitutional
19th
Amendment
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
19th
Amendment
amendment that
granted women the
right to vote. (1919)
 A result of
successful lobbying
and women’s efforts
during World War I.
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
 New York, 1911
 Locked
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
exit doors
and bad fire
escapes led to
deaths of 146
garment workers
 Changed public
ideas about unions
and worker
protection laws.
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Muller v. Oregon
Muller v. Oregon
 An
Muller v. Oregon
employer
challenged the
Oregon 10-hour
work day law for
women
 The Supreme Court
upheld state’s right
to limit hours for
female workers
Progressives
Vs
Big Business
 Progressives
believed
government should
break up big business to
restore competition
Progressives  Sherman Antitrust Act –
1890
Vs
Big Business  Interstate Commerce
Commission to regulate
railroads
 The end of LaissezFaire?
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