5/18/2016
Monitoring Training
How I got interested in monitoring…
Principles of Monitoring
Link Between Planning and Preparedness
Willia m A Sa n d s , Ph D,
FACSM , CSCS, EMT
Why Monitor Training?
Connecting the Dots
Ya’ gotta have dots to connect them
Why do coaches and athletes
resist connecting the dots?
Monitoring
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5/18/2016
Training is Complicated
Count the Number of Fs
• Evidence Based Coaching
– Requires ongoing assessment
– Why would anyone choose ignorance
over knowledge?
– Coaches are in the best position to know.
• But, information is often hidden, subtle, and
fragile.
How many did you count?
Count the Number of Fs
• Show of hands…
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
`
Answer: 6
Count the Passes
of Players Wearing White
If you’ve already seen this please
stay quiet.
Why Monitor?
• Training is a process
– to characterize the process.
• Long-term development
• Training is not entirely
predictable.
– Mistakes are expensive
• Avoid overtraining
• Avoid injury
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General volumes of annual preparation
Why Monitor?
Gymnastics-R
Running-MD
-
Fencing
-
Wrestling
Volleyball
Synchro.Swimming
Rowing
Kayaking
Swimming
Hours
V. Issurin, 2007
Total number of competition days per year
Classic version of annual
periodization
(adapted from Portman, 1986)
Cycling-Road
Running-MD
-
Fencing
-
Wrestling
Judo
Sailing
Rowing
Kayaking
Swimming
Number of days
V. Issurin, 2007
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5/18/2016
How should we cope with
these demands?
Transferabilit y – Men’s Triple Jump
•
•
It’s not a problem (the consensus-trance)…
– Anticipate that athletes will only last one or a few Olympiads and plan
for it.
– JIT approach – heavy emphasis on TID(youngsters) and natural
attrition
– Emphasize optimizing the final year of the quad
Try to extend the career of veteran athletes (paradigm shift)
– Keep athletes going at a world level longer.
– Prepare athletes more patiently and develop better training methods
(and understanding) for mature athletes.
– Emphasize long-term development with junior and “near” world level
athletes.
• Develop better understanding and training for young athletes to keep them
developing on a longer and higher preparation arc.
– Develop multiple teams for those with deep talent
– Plan competitions more carefully
– Recycle Athletes and Talent-ID in College for late maturing sports
Bondarchuk, 2007
Monitoring Training
• What is worth monitoring?
– Dose – Response
relationship
• What are skiing “doses?”
– Training diaries
– Regular tests
– Individuals vs Groups/Teams
– Others
What is worth monitoring?
• “Although researchers have suggested an
impressive array of sophisticated tests to detect
overtraining, the best measures continue to be
the simplest changes in performance and selfrated perception of fatigue and well-being.
• …A training diary which records and assesses
all of these elements in a systematic fashion
would seem essential.” (Schiffer, J. Overtraining, New Studies
in Athletics, 16(4), p 81).
What is worth monitoring?
Response to Stress – Characteristic but Idiosyncratic
• The search for markers…
– Lactate, heart rate variability, ammonia, glutamine, morning heart
rate, immune system, POMs, etc.
• Why univariate approaches haven’t worked.
– Anomaly detection
– The data are actually in the noise…
• What are we really trying to find out?
– Departures from stability
• Ideographic vs nomothetic approaches
– Group vs Single-Subject Designs
• Are you willing to devote the time and
energy?
Lacey,JI; Bateman,DE; VanLehn,R (1953): Autonomic response specificity: An experimental
study. Psychosomatic Med. 15(1), 8-21.
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5/18/2016
W hat is training
supposed to look
lik e?
Training Models
Lots of ideas…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sleamaker
Verhoshansky
Matveyev
Zatsiorsky
Nadori
Bompa
Bondarchuk
Counsilman
• If you’re doing the right things, how
would you know?
Reinforcing
Big Picture
Adaptation
Hypertrophy
Enabling
+ Reinforcement
RA
Training Theory - Models
• At least a dozen training models
– A “big picture” approach to training management
– Control of volume (how much) and intensity (how hard). And
lots of other stuff.
Short-Term
Responses
Fatigue
Training
Challenge
Recovery
Feedforward
Prediction
Adaptation
Readiness
Vigilance
≈Reinforcement
Maintenance
– Here are two:
I
V
-Reinforcement
RA
Maladaptation
Overtraining
V
I
Time
Time
Matveyev (1977)
Zatsiorsky (1995)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Training Adaptation Syndrome (TAS)
What are the typical
patterns of adaptation
to training?
Allostasis
“Stability through
change”
“Athletic Preparedness”
Overtraining
Fatigue Recover
Alarm
Overreaching
Verkhoshansky,YV (1985): Programming
and organization of training. (Translated
by A. Charniga, Published by Sportivny
Press, Livonia, MI, 1988.) Fizkultura i
Spovt, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Acquisition
of Athletic
Form
Resistance
Supercompensation
Stabilization of
Athletic Form
Exhaustion
Overtraining
Temporary Loss
of Athletic Form
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Optimization of the Training Load
Homeodynamic/
Allostatic State
How do you translate from GAS/TAS to Training?
Athletic Shape
Challenge
Optimal
Period of
Concentrated
Loading
Period of
Concentrated
Loading
Supercompensation
Training Load
Baseline
Training
Load
Challenge
Too Great
Training
Challenge
Training
Challenge
Mesocycle
Fatigue
Challenge
Too Little
Concentrated
Rest
Loading
1
2
3
4
Concentrated
Loading
1
2
Concentrated
Rest
Loading
Rest
3
4
1
2
3
4
Microcycles
Training
Challenge
Fitness and Fatigue
Training Load
An interplay of fitness and fatigue to
achieve peak performance…
Block
Periodization
Fitness
Peak
Pr o p o s e d M e t h o d t o C o p e wi t h
These New Demands
Fatigue
Training Load
Conditioning
Vault
Dance
Generalized Approach to Preparation – Work on Everything all the Time
Fitness
Gen
Condit
Max
Focus
Strength To Gym
Skill
Develop.
Combin
Develop
Routine
Develop
Competition
Conjugate Sequence System (Modified) – Use periods of training to maximize underlying physiological
functions. Sequence them so that each builds on the other. (Verkhoshansky)
Accumulation
Transmutation
Realization/Competition
Block 1
A
T R
Block 2
Block Periodization
Fitness
A
T R
Block 3
Time
Transition
• Follow the sequence :
basic abilities  more specific
abilities  tapering  Competition
Fitness?
Bars
Beam
Floor Ex
Transition
•Do not train concurrently;
train in sequence
Transition
Paradigm Shift
M a n a g i n g Tr a i n i n g L o a d
L o n g - Te r m f o r O p t i m a l P e r f o r m a n c e
A
T R
An attempt to cope
with modern training
and competition demands.
Elite athletes only
Block 4
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Annual Preparation Chart
Superposition of Residual
Training Effects – Timing
Blocksmesocycles
– Block Approach
Competition
Accumulation
Spring Cup
Winter Cup
Transmutation Realization
Realization
R
T
8-14 days
Residuals
Targetcompetition
International
competition
Transmutation
Accumulation
A
12-25 days
R
R
T
T
A
A
12-30 days
1st stage
V. Issurin, 2007
Annual Training Plan 2004-2005
Synchronized Swimming
Adviser: Prof.V.Issurin
Main
Competitions
17-20.3
Jerusalem
Cup
Ch-p
Israel
25-26.12
World Ch-p
Canada
17-22.7
6-9.06.05
25-26.02
National
Competitions
Tests & Small
Competitions
10
11
12
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9
1 10 17 24
3
4 31
5 7
6 14
7 21 28 10
5 12
11 19
12 26
13 2 15
9 16 23
17 30
18 19
6 13
20 20
21 27 23
6 13
24 20
25 27
26 27
3 10
28 17
29 24
30 31
1 32
8 15
33 22 29 36
5 12
37 19
38 26
39 40
3 10
41 17
42 24
43 31
44 45
7 14 21
47 28
48 49
4 11
50 18
51 25
52
Competition
Taper
Transmutation
Mesocycle
Accumulation
Mesocycle
Active Rest
Stages
Training
Camps
4th stage
Competition period
12-15.12
16-18.12
‫וינגייט‬
‫אילת‬
‫ירושלים‬
20-24.2
25-29.04
‫וינגייט‬
‫וינגייט‬
17-22.4
Know the athlete
See their future…
Version from 21.10.2004
European Cup
Moscow Int.Comp-n
5-9.05
Italy
Ch-p France
International
Competitions
Weeks
3rd stage
V. Issurin, 2007
Coaches: Svetlana Blekher and
Tatiana Tsim
Months
2nd stage
Preparation period
‫וינגייט‬
15-22.5
Canada
7-16.7
• What is the athlete going
to face in the next quad,
or the quad after that?
• What drives the athlete’s
development?
• Where are the
components of
performance headed?
– Physical
– Technical
– Tactical
– Psychological
– Theoretical/Logistical
Medical
Check-Ups
General
examination
Current exam
Current exam
Know your training…
Know the athlete
•
•
•
What is the athlete going to face in
the next quad, or the quad after
that?
What drives the athlete’s
development?
Where are the components of
performance headed?
– Physical
– Technical
– Tactical
– Psychological
– Theoretical/Logistical
– Educational
•
•
•
•
Training Design
Monitoring
Transferability of Training Tasks to Performance
The Garden of Performance
– Career Advancement and Development Plans
– Quad Plans
– Annual Plans
– Mesocycle (monthly) plans
– Microcycle (weekly) plans
– Training lesson plans
– The roles of volume, intensity, density, frequency, recovery/adaptation
Stone, M.H., Stone, M.E., Sands, W.A., (2007). Principles and practice of resistance training.
Champaign, IL., Human Kinetics. 376 pages.
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5/18/2016
•
Psycho-physiological Capacities and States
What about process?
Homeostasis
–
–
–
–
•
Set point regulation
Narrow range of change
Survival importance
Reactive
Allostasis
– Internal viability through bodily
change
– Feedforward
– Predictive
•
Allostatic State
– Chronic over-activation, beyond
set points
• Allostatic Overload
– Pathological overstimulation
Boundary of Adaptability
Danger Zone when stress exceeds capacities
Allostatic Load
Glucocorticoids
Allostasis
“Normal”
Currents and
Variation of
Stress Response
Catecholamines
Other Responses
Applied Stress
Homeostasis
O2 tension, BP, pH, Temperature
Time
You need to monitor…E verything
Boundary of Adaptability
Glucocorticoids
Allostatic Overload
Catecholamines
Allostatic Load
Other Responses
Glucocorticoids
Catecholamines
Other Responses
Applied Stress
Allostasis
“Normal”
Currents and
Variation of Stress
Response
Homeostasis
O2 tension, BP, pH, Temperature
Time
Winter Sports:
Different Pattern
Track and Field Examples
r=
Intercept
Slope
SEE
Men's Shot Put
28
0.961888
-163.982
0.093285
0.935621
r=
Intercept
Slope
SEE
-0.97529
118.5018
-0.04858
0.06959
600
24
-0.96668
264.476
-0.11425
0.736479
550
22
Time (s)
20
18
16
14
500
450
400
12
350
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
300
1900
Year
Distance (m)
Regression
+2SEE
-2SEE
r=
-0.6111
Intercept 198.414
Slope
-0.0891
SEE
0.72489
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
Year
Time (s)
30
r=
0.76428
Intercept -197.28
Slope
0.10962
SEE
1.71702
1920
Women's Shot Put
Regression'
Regression
Women's Speed Skating 5000M
+2SEE
-2SEE
475
450
25
Time (s)
10
1880
Distance (m)
Distacne (m)
r=
Intercept
Slope
SEE
Men's Speed Skating 5000M
26
20
15
425
400
375
10
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Distance (m)
Regression
+2SEE
-2SEE
Regression'
2020
r=
Intercept
Slope
SEE
-0.74263
3919.852
-1.74904
11.73269
350
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Year
Time (s)
Regression
+2SEE
-2SEE
8
5/18/2016
Monitoring Isometric
Breaking Strength and
Body Composition
Isometric knee extension breaking strength
Sum of Four Skinfolds
University of Utah
Women’s Gymnastics
Team (2nd NCAA)
Sands,WA; Irvin,RC; Major,JA
(1995): Women's gymnastics: The
time course of fitness acquisition. A
1-year study. J. Str. and Cond. Res.
9(2), 110-115.
Weekly Competitions
1. Weekly tests
2. One academic year
3. Entire team
Skinfold Sums
Four sites
Sum the mm
Reflective of Change
in body composition
Wilmore, JH (1985). Ross Conferences on Medical Research 6.
Body-composition assessments in youth and adults, Ross Laboratories,
Columbus, OH. 6. 78-86.
Bosco Test - Average Power Trends
Response: Weightlifting
Women's Gymnastics - Sydney 2000
(Female)
D a i l y Tr a i n i n g – N a t i o n a l Te a m - U S O C
80
Deteriorating performance
No Change
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Training Cam ps (Months )
75
12
10
Mass
8
70
6
65
4
RHR
60
2
POMS
0
55
-2
Magnitude (Small Values)
Improving Performance
Magnitude (Large Values)
Ave Power (W/kg)
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
Mass
PrePracHR
POMsScore
SleepDuration
SleepDistScore
NumInj
Illness
Linear (PrePracHR)
Linear (Mass)
Linear (POMsScore)
50
-4
38290 38295 38300 38305 38310 38315 38320 38325
Time (Excel Date Codes)
Sands WA. Olympic Preparation Camps 2000 Physical Abilities Testing. Technique 20(10): 6-19, 2000.
9
5/18/2016
Aerials Skiers National Team
Response: Force-Time Curves
Weightlifting
1800
March
February
January
1600
1400
Sleep Quality
1200
Jan. 9
Jan. 18
Jan. 23
22-Feb
27-Feb
6-Mar
1000
800
Fatigue
600
400
Weekly Static Vertical Jumps
USA Weightlifting National Team - USOC
200
0
1
39 77 115 153 191 229 267 305 343 381 419 457 495 533 571 609 647
RESTQ - Aerials
Individual Athlete
REST Q
Athlete
Mean Males
4
3
2
Self-Efficacy
Self-Regulation
Personal Accomplishment
Injury
Being In Shape
Sleep Quality
Disturbed Breaks
Emotional Exhaustion
General Well-Being
Success
Social Recovery
Physical Recovery
Physical Complaints
Fatigue
0
Lack of Energy
1
Social Stress
Sport
Recovery
5
Conflicts/Pressure
Non-specific
Recovery
6
Emotional Stress
Sport Stresses
General Stress
Life Stresses
Scale Magnitude
7
Sub-Scales
Individual Athlete
Local Monitoring
REST Q
Athlete
• Monitoring Local Dose/Response
is also important
• Dose
Mean Females
5
– Runs counts
4
• Attempted vs completed
3
– Turns counts
2
• Attempted vs completed
Self-Efficacy
Self-Regulation
Injury
Being In Shape
Personal Accomplishment
Emotional Exhaustion
Sleep Quality
Disturbed Breaks
Physical Recovery
General Well-Being
Success
Social Recovery
Physical Complaints
Fatigue
Lack of Energy
Social Stress
Conflicts/Pressure
0
General Stress
1
Emotional Stress
Scale Magnitude
6
– Altitude change
– Compliance with drills
• Response
Sub-Scales
10
5/18/2016
Recovery Center Soreness Report
Recovery Center Soreness Report
Data Collected Between 7-23-07 and 2-20-08
Sport:
Data Collected Between 7-20-07 and 10-27-07
WGT Number of Athletes:
29
Sport: ___FIGURE SKATING Number of
Number of Reports: 620
Front Right
23%
Weightlifting (M/W)
Front Left
Back Left
32%
31%
Back Right
18%
19%
18%
16%
Bilaterally symmetrical
Note: Quads>Back
7%
22%
21%
39%
54%
8%
4%
6%
34%
19%
3%
4%
40%
2%
2%
72%
72%
42%
46%
16%
14%
18%
22%
6%
6%
8%
7%
KEY: 0-20%= #
21–40% =
#
41-60%=
#
Front Right
Figure
Skating
36%
57%
4%
7
Number of Reports: 37
Front Left
Back Left
14%
38%
0%
0%
47%
47%
22%
20%
34%
Athletes:
61-80%= #
16%
5%
8%
0%
38%
65%
0%
76%
0%
0%
0%
19%
3%
0%
46%
54%
0%
0%
51%
32%
49%
62%
16%
22%
14%
14%
8%
8%
3%
81-100%= #
51%
54%
3%
3%
35%
Back Right
49%
5%
5%
KEY: 0-20%= #
3%
21–40% =
#
41-60%=
#
61-80%= #
81-100%= #
Recovery Center Soreness Report
Data Collected Between 7-23-07 and 2-20-08
Sport:
CYC
Number of Athletes:
10
Number of Reports: 75
Front Right
Track Cycling
Front Left
5%
1%
Back Left
1%
1%
5%
1%
11%
3%
15%
1%
NOT bilaterally
Symmetrical!!!
29%
11%
37%
15%
29%
52%
4%
4%
31%
Back Right
29%
5%
Obesa contavit
3%
32%
4%
4%
3%
60%
68%
3%
3%
76%
88%
60%
67%
57%
68%
57%
61%
29%
27%
29%
29%
Questions?
KEY: 0-20%= #
#
21–40% =
41-60%=
#
61-80%= #
81-100%= #
Once they’re serious
athletes…
National
Deliberate Practice
700
Total Hours/Year
• How much/long should they
improve (Bondarchuk, 2007)
– 20 cycles = Olympic level
– 15 cycles = high national,
low international level
– 10 cycles = national level
– <10 cycles = developing
or no talent
Deliberate Play
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Age
(Jean Coté, [email protected])
National/
International
World & Olympic
20
17 18 19
14 15 16
11 12 13
10
9
7 8
4 5 6
1 2 3
Local
11