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Study of 20-21year-old girls' power- and speed-power ability parameters
Roman Evgenyevich Petrov
Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Shatunov
Kadriya Rafikovna Volkova
Kazan Federal University
423600, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Yelabuga, Kazan, 89
Abstract
Today the low level of physical operability of youth acts as a burning issue in Russia. Within the
solution of current situation in the country the All-Russian sports complex "Ready for Work and
Defense" (RWD) demanding optimum development of physical qualities that staticizes the real
scientific work is introduced. Research was carried out on the basis of the Yelabuga Institute of the
Kazan (Volga) Federal University in which students of the 3rd course at the age of 20-21 (n=26)
took part. Experiment consisted in testing physical fitness, measuring maximum alactic muscle
capacities of the lower extremities, anthropometries, as well as in carrying out the factorial
analysis of the received indicators. This complex of tests and measurements allowed to reveal the
level of physical development and physical fitness, as well as to define the major factors influencing
indicators of power and speed- and-power abilities of 20-21 year old girls. The analysis of test
indicators included in the RWD program confirmed a low development level of power and speedand-power readiness of 20-21 year old students. We received average values of indicators in tests:
standing long jump (177,69±18,25), dip up lying on a floor (5,73±6,85), dip up in hanging on a low
crossbeam (6,76±4,34), stoop and stretch lying on a back (38,34±5,87), 100-meters dash
(17,76±1,26). The factorial analysis of the studied indicators revealed the leading component
promoting manifestation of power and speed-and-power abilities of 20-21 year old girls; that is the
anthropometrical data and dynamic muscle force of a humeral belt. The second important
component is a speed-and-power endurance of the lower extremities muscles. Less significant are
the components 3 and 4 – maximum and explosive opportunities of muscles and speed-and-power
endurance of abdominal tension muscles. The received research results encourage us to act in
order to develop the technique aimed on power and speed-and-power readiness of 20-21 year old
students.
Keywords: power abilities, speed-and-power abilities, physical fitness, students, 20-21
year old girls.
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The main need and priority of any country is the healthy and physically developed youth.
The aspiration to physical activity forms the basis for healthy life. Data of scientific researches
confirm decrease in health state of the younger generation and deterioration in their physical fitness
[1, 2]. The role of physical training in the solution of problems in the field of public health care is
indisputable [3, 4, 5]. Potential of regular trainings and physical culture for health is confirmed by
numerous researches [6, 7].
Health of the person in many respects is based on a high development level of the
qualitative parties of the person's motive activity, force, speed, and endurance [8, page 70].
For human development and strengthening of the nation health the President of Russia V.
V. Putin issued the Decree "About Revival of the All-Russian Sports Complex "Ready for Work
and Defense" (RWD)" [9]. This complex was entered in 1931 in Russia and actively existed till
1991. The RWD complex represents a program and standard basis of physical training system of
various national groups of the Russian Federation which establishes the state requirements to
physical fitness and provides preparation and implementation of standards for 11 gender and age
steps.
The RWD tests for women from 18 to 24 years belong to the first age group of the 6th step
in which the main part of tests is directed to manifestation of speed-and-power and power abilities
(running broad jump or double beat standing long jump; 500 g implement put (throw), dip up from
a low crossbeam or dip up lying on a floor, stoop and stretch lying on a back (1 min.), and 100 m
dash). "Force as physical quality is basic for the person. The development level of power indicators
defines the development level of speed, endurance, flexibility and dexterity, i.e. forms all other
physical qualities of the pupil" [10, page 358]. All this defines the high importance of power
training.
However, according to research data, "most students (81%) have low indicators of body
muscle force; 14,3% are fit, that is estimated "below average" and only 4,8% of girls have average
force values" [11, page 45]. Weak power readiness of students negatively affects their physical
health as power training is a basic component of the general physical development.
According to the aforesaid, the research objective is to determine the level of power and
speed-and-power abilities for 20-21 year old students of higher education institutions.
Research methods
During research we used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodical
literature, pedagogical supervision, testing of physical fitness, anthropometry and math-statistical
data processing.
Research was carried out on the basis of the Yelabuga Institute of the Kazan (Volga)
Federal University in which the students of the 3rd course at the age of 20-21 (n=26) who are not
exempted from PE took part. Experiment consisted in measuring indicators of power and speedand-power abilities of motive tests (Table 1) and in their subsequent comparison with standards of
the RWD complex tests. Further by the factorial analysis [12] the leading component promoting
manifestation of power and speed-and-power abilities of 20-21 year old girls is revealed.
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Research results
Table 1.
Ratio of power and speed-and-power abilities indicators of 20-21 year old girls with norms of RWD
Tests (units)
RWD norms for 18-24 year Girls
old girls
20-21 years old
gold
silver
bronze
(X±δ) n=26
standing long jump (cm)
195
180
170
177,69±18,25
Dip up from floor (quantity of times)
14
12
10
5,73±6,85
Hanging dip up on a low crossbeam (quantity of 20
15
10
6,76±4,34
times)
Stoop and stretch lying on a back (quantity of 47
40
34
38,34±5,87
times per 1 min.)
100-m dash (sec.)
16.5
17.0
17.5
17,76±1,26
Note: X – an arithmetic average, δ – a standard deviation
The long-jump from place
11,50%
30,80%
42,30%
15,40%
gold
silver
bronze
unsigned
Fig. 1. Percentage ratio of the "standing long jump" test indicators for 20-21 year old girls (n=26)
with norms of RWD
The flexion and the extension arms in
emphasis lying on the floor
19,20%
69,30%
3,80%
7,70%
gold
silver
bronze
unsigned
Fig. 2. Percentage ratio of the "Dip up from floor" test indicators for 20-21 year old girls (n=26)
with norms of RWD
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The flexion and the extension arms in vise on
the low beam
3,80%
26,90%
69,30%
gold
silver
bronze
unsigned
Fig. 3. Percentage ratio of the "Hanging dip up on a low crossbeam" test indicators for 20-21 year
old girls (n=26) with norms of RWD
The flexion and the extension of the body from
the position lying on the back
11,50%
19,20%
26,90%
42,40%
gold
silver
bronze
unsigned
Fig. 4. Percentage ratio of the "Stoop and stretch lying on a back" test indicators for 20-21 year
old girls (n=26) with norms of RWD
The running 100 meters
7,70%
26,90%
46,20%
19,20%
gold
silver
bronze
unsigned
Fig. 5. Percentage ratio of the 100-m dash test indicators for 20-21 year old girls (n=26) with
norms of RWD
Table 2.
Factorial scales matrix for 20-21 year old girls
Test name
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Interpretation of the allocated factors
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Leg length
Hight
Hand length
Hanging dip up on a low crossbeam
Body mass
Lying dip up
100-m dash
100-m dash
Standing long-jump
Lower extremities muscle MAP
Benchpress
Lower extremities muscle MAP W/kg
1 kg ball throw from behind the head
1
factor
,943
,935
,890
-,678
,674
-,655
,131
,114
-,076
-,051
-,091
-,342
,225
2
factor
-,044
,008
-,099
,407
-,344
,149
-,895
-,833
,724
,344
-,020
,519
,385
3
factor
,024
,053
-,142
,298
,544
,112
-,094
-,118
,268
,879
,823
,633
,561
4
factor
-,202
-,037
,089
,299
-,068
,522
-,022
-,014
,417
-,134
,215
-,064
,230
Stoop and stretch lying on a back (per 1 min.)
-,143
,088
,050
,888
Dispersion overall yield in %
38,6%
22,6%
10,4%
8,4%
Note: MAP – Maximum alactic power
Table 3.
Main indicators for 20-21 year old girls
Factors
Major factors
%
Dispersion
overall yield
1
Anthropometrical data and dynamic force of humeral belt muscles
38,6%
2
Speed-and-power endurance of the lower extremities muscles
22,6%
3
Maximum explosive muscle capabilities
10,4%
4
Speed-and-power endurance of the abdominal muscles
8,4%
Dispersion overall yield in %
80%
Research results and discussion
The comparative analysis of power and speed-and-power abilities indicators for 20-21 year
old girls with norms of RWD (Table 1) allows to say that:
1) average value of the "Standing long jump" test indicators corresponds to a bronze sign
(177,69±18,25);
2) testing in dip up lying on a floor defined that average value of 20-21 year old girls
indicators does not meet the standard (5,73±6,85);
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3) an arithmetic average value when testing indicators of dip up in hanging on a low
crossbeam is also below norm (6,76±4,34);
4) to a bronze sign average value of motive test indicators in the "Stoop and stretch lying on
a Back" is equated (38,34±5,87);
5) average value of indicators on 100 meters dashis below norm (17,76±1,26).
The percentage ratio of indicators in the studied motive tests demonstrates that:
1) 11,5% of girls meet the"gold sign" standard in standing long jump, "Silver sign" – 42,3%
of girls, "Bronze sign" – 15,4% of girls and 30,8% meet none (Fig. 1);
2) in the "Dip up lying on a Floor" test 19,2% of girls met the standard "Gold sign", 3,8% –
"Silver sign", 7,7% – "Bronze sign", 69,3% of girls have indicators below norm (Fig. 2);
3) testing of indicators in dip up in hanging on a low crossbeam did not reveal the indicators
meeting "Gold sign" standards, the standard "Silver sign" was met by 3,8% of girls, "Bronze sign" –
26,9% of girls, "No sign" – 69,3% of girls (Fig. 3);
4) 11,5% of girls met the standard "Gold sign" in the "Stoop and stretch lying on a back"
test, 26,9% – "Silver sign", 42,4% – "Bronze sign" and 19,2% of girls did not hit a qualifying
standard of RWD (Fig. 4);
5) in 100-meters dash 7,7% of girls met the standard "Gold sign", indicators of 26,9% of
girls met "Silver sign" standards, "Bronze sign" - 19,2% of girls , and 46, 2% of girls did not meet
the standard of RWD (Fig. 5).
According to the obtained data of the factorial analysis (Table 2), in group of 20-21 year old
girls the following results were received.
The share of the 1st factor makes 38,6% of the general dispersion of selection (Table 3).
This factor makes the greatest contribution to the generalized selection dispersion which we
designated as "anthropometrical data and dynamic muscle force of a humeral belt". In this factor the
following tests were defined: leg length; height; arm length; dip up in hanging on a low crossbeam;
body weight; dip up lying. At the moment it testifies to the high importance of anthropometry and
dynamic muscle force of a humeral belt in manifestation of power and speed-and-power abilities.
The 2nd factor (22,6% of the general dispersion of selection) is characterized as "speed-andpower endurance of muscles of the lower extremities" (Table 3). This factor consists of the
following indicators: 100 m dash; 10 m dash; standing long jump. This factor is the second for the
importance, defining power and speed-and-power abilities of 20-21 year old girls.
Less significant in manifestation of power and speed-and-power abilities of 20-21 year old
girls are the 3 and 4 factors given below.
The 3rd factor (10,4% of the general dispersion of selection) is defined as "maximum and
explosive muscle capacity" (Table 3). This factor consists of the following indicators: MAP
(maximum alactic power) of the lower extremities muscles; bar press; MAP muscles of the lower
extremities in W/kg; throwing of 1 kg of a stuffed ball from behind the head.
We designated the 4th factor (8,4% of the general selection) as "speed-and-power endurance
of muscles of an abdominal tension" (Table 3). This factor consists of the test: stoop and stretch,
lying on a back per 1 min.
Summary
Empirical research allowed to define low indicators of average values in tests: standing long
jump (177,69±18,25) that corresponds to a bronze sign of RWD norms; dip up lying on a floor
(5,73±6,85) that does not meet standards of RWD; dip up in hanging on a low crossbeam
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(6,76±4,34) that is below norms of RWD; stoop and stretch lying on a back (38,34±5,87) that meets
the requirements of a bronze sign; 100 m dash (17,76±1,26) that is below the minimum
requirements of RWD standards.
The carried-out factorial analysis demonstrates that in manifestation of power and speedand-power abilities the factor "Anthropometrical data and dynamic muscle force of a humeral belt"
dominates.
Conclusion
Thus, these researches testify to low power and speed-and-power readiness of 20-21 year
old girls expressed in discrepancy with norms of RWD that gives rise to need for development of
the technique aimed on developing power and speed-and-power readiness of 20-21 year old
students.
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