Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 11(2): 147 – 153 (2015)
© The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology
RESEARCH ARTICLE
L a i l a Me k k i
Ha s s a n Ma n s o u r
E l -S a yd a Ga ma l E l d e a n
A ma l A b d e l N a s s e r
EVALUATION OF ANTI -GENOTOXICITY OF THE ETHANOLIC PLANT EXTRACT
OF BETA VULGARIS MARITIMA USING ALLIUM CEPA ROOT ASSAY
ABSTRACT:
Beta
vulgaris
L.
subsp.
maritime
(Chenopodiaceae)
is
widely
distributed
throughout the world and used as an old
medicinal plant and traditional food. Red beet
(Beta vulgaris L.) plant is a rich source of
phenolic
compounds,
which
decrease
oxidative damage of lipids and improve
antioxidant status in humans. Anti -mutagenic
effects of ethanolic extract prepared using
dried wild plants of Beta vulgaris subsp.
maritima was studied. Allium cepa root tip
meristem cells treated with Magnesium sulfate
(MgSO 4 .7H 2 O) as mutagenic substance at
concentration 0.3%, which induced the
highest number of aberrations in Allium cepa
root tip cells. Three types of treatments were
applied,
pre,
post
and
simultaneous treatment. In the pre -treatment, roots were
treated with different concentrations of plant
ethanolic extract (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%),
separately for 3 h each, followed by treatment
with 0.3% MgSO 4 7H 2 O for 3 hours. The post
treatment, roots were first treated with 0.3%
MgSO 4 .7H 2 O for 3 h followed by the different
concentrations of the ethanolic plant extract
(0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) In the simultaneous treatment, Allium cepa roots were treated with
0.3%
MgSO 4 .7H 2 O
and
different
concentrations of plant ethanolic extract
(0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) at the same time. For
controls, roots were treated with 0.3%
MgSO 4 .7H 2 O for 3 hr. and distilled water
served as positive and negative control,
respectively. The data were statistically
analyzed which revealed that the ethanol
plant extract modulated the genotoxic and
clastogenic mutations, which were induced by
MgSO 4 .7H 2 O. The inhibition activity of the
highest concentration 1% of plant ethanol
extract with the post treatment was 55.4%,
with pre-treatment was 69% and was 69.9 %
with the simultaneous treatment.
KEY WORDS:
Beta vulgaris maritima, ethanol
antioxidant, genotoxic mutation,
ISSN: 1687-7497
extract,
CORRESPONDENCE:
L a i l a Me k k i
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez
Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
E-mail: [email protected]
Ha s s a n Ma n s o u r
E l -S a yd a Ga ma l E l d e a n
A ma l A b d e l Na s s e r
Botany Department- Faculty of Science, Suez
Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ARTICLE CODE: 16.02.15
INTRODUCTION:
Sea beet (Beta vulgaris maritima) family
Chenopodiaceae
is
widely
distributed
throughout the world and used as an old
medicinal plant and traditional food.
Beet root is a potential source of
valuable water-soluble nitrogenous pigments,
called betalains, which comprise two main
groups, the red betacyanins and the yellow
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Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 11(2): 147 – 153 (2015)
148
betaxanthins.
They
are
free
radical
scavengers and prevent active oxygen induced and free radical -mediated oxidation
of
biological
molecules
(Pedreno
and
Escribano, 2001).
Ethanol extract of beetroot pomace
possesses
very
high
contents
of
all
investigated phenols , betalains, considerable
amounts of phenolic compounds and radical
scavenging activity (Pedreno and Escribano,
2001).
Beet root ingestion can be one of useful
means to prevent cancer (Agarwal and Majee ,
2012). Kapadia et al. (1996) concluded that
oral ingestion of betanin in ICR mice inhibited
TPA- induced promotion of mice skin tumors.
They found tumor inhibitory effect compared
to control, they also tested a crude extract,
there is a 60% reduction of lung tumors was
found. These findings indicate that beetroot is
a useful cancer preventive vegetable.
Beta vulgaris L. leaves extract possess
potent
hepatoprotective
effect
against
ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity and it may
have a great potential role in the management
of alcoholic liver disease (Jain et al., 2012).
Red pigments extracted from red beet ( Beta
vulgaris, L.) used as natural antioxidant (Attia
et al., 2013). It is concluded that the extract
of Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) when
administered by gavage may reduce blood
glucose levels by regeneration of the B cells
(Bolkent et al., 2000). Beets demonstrate their
antioxidant uniqueness by getting their red
color primarily from betalain antioxidant
pigments
(and
not
primarily
from
anthocyanins). Beta vulgaris L is a very good
source of the antioxidant manganese and a
good source of the antioxidant vitamin C, the
unique phytonutrients in beets provide
antioxidant support in a different way than
other antioxidant-rich vegetables (Kapadia et
al., 2003). Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla has
potential as a good dietary source of phenolic
antioxidants. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and
naturally fermented beetroot juices from
organic
and
conventional
production:
metabolomics,
antioxidant
levels
and
anticancer activity
(Kazimierczak et al.,
2014).
Magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 .7H 2 O) is a
cytostatic and clastogenic compound which
capable of producing various chromosomal
abnormalities in higher concentration (Bhatta
and Sakya, 2008). The aim of the present
study is to evaluate the potential of the wild
type Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima L. crude
ethanol extract in modulating the genotoxicity
of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O using root tips of Allium cepa
assay.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Fresh and healthy plants of Sea beet
(Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) were collected
ISSN: 1687-7497
from different fields in Ismailia city. Seeds of
A. cepa Giza 20 were obtained from the
Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza,
Egypt.
Preparation of ethanolic extract:
Beta
vulgaris
subspecies
maritima
plants were washed with water, dried in the
air for 24 hr. then , in the oven at 60°C for 48
hr. and then grounded to fine powder
according to (Mekki, 20 14a).
Fifty grams were extracted initially with
300 mL of ethanol for 24 h at 23 ± 2 °C
followed by filtering with W hatman filter
paper. A subsequent extraction was also
carried out with the same amount of solvent
for another 24 h and filtered again. Extra cts
were
evaporated
using
rotary
flash
evaporator.
Antimutagenic potential of the extract was
tested as follows:
Ten milligram of dried solvent of extract
was dissolved in 1 mL of ethanol and used for
the preparation of different concentrations
(0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) of dilutions. Seeds of
Allium cepa were germinated to primary roots
of 1-2 cm long. Young roots were cut, treated
with different concentrations of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O
(1000-3000 ppm for 3 h) to find the maximum
abnormalities (40-65%) of the total cells. The
concentration of 3000 ppm MgSO4.7H 2 O was
selected as positive control (induced the
highest percentage of the nuclear and
chromosomal aberration).
Three modes of treatment were used: In
the first (pre-treatment), roots were first
treated with different concentrations (0.1%,
0.5%, and 1%) of ethanol extract for 3 h
followed by 3000 ppm MgSO 4 .7H 2 O for 3 h.
In the second (post-treatment), roots were
first treated with 3000ppm MgSO 4 .7H 2 O for 3
h. followed by ethanol extract concentrations
(0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) for 3 h each. In the
third (simultaneous) treatment, root tips were
treated with 3000 ppm MgSO 4 .7H 2 O and
different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%)
of ethanol extract at the same time. The
treatment of roots with distilled water and
3000 ppm MgSO 4 .7H 2 O served as negative
and positive control, respectively. Healthy
roots from at least 25 plants were used for
each treatment.
Root tips from the different treatment
groups were processed for mitotic preparation
as described by (Mekki, 2014b). Data were
calculated and statistically analyzed
Statistical analysis:
Data were statistically analyzed by using
IBM SPSS. 20.0 For window. Analysis of
variance
(ANOVA)
was
performed
to
determine the least significance difference
(LSD) with the level of significance at P <
0.05.
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Mekki et al., Evaluation of Anti-Genotoxicity of the Ethanolic Plant Extract of Beta Vulgaris Using Allium Cepa Root Assay
RESULTS:
The outcome data results for this study
illustrated
that
MgSO 4 .7H 2 O
induced
genotoxic revealed in the high frequency of
stickness, micronuclei, chromatin bridge and
lagging chromosome. Disturbed anaphase and
metaphase,
chromosome
and
chromatid
breakage C-meta and anaphase were also
observed at lesser frequency (Fig. 1). The
data in table 1 showed high percentage of
chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities in the
positive
control
(67.13
and
3.73%,
respectively), compared to (3.5 and 0.14%) in
the negative control. The data in table 1 also
showed
that the percentage of the total
nuclear and chromosomal abnormalities in the
root tip cells of Allium cepa decreased
significantly associated with the increasing of
the extract concentrations within each of the
149
three treatments against the positive control
(Table 1 & Fig. 2). The analysis of the data also
showed significant increase in the inhibition
percent (%) associated with the increasing of
extract concentrations from 0.1% to 1% within
each treatment. At pre-treatment the inhibition
percentage increased from 54.8% with conc.
0.1% to 69% with conc. 1%, at post-treatment
inhibition percentage increased from 47.0% to
55.4% at conc. 0.1% and 1%, respectively. While
at simultaneous-treatment inhibition percentage
increased from 29.56% at conc. 0.1% to 69.89%
at conc. 1% (Fig. 3).
The present results illustrated that the
highest inhibition percent (69.89%) was induced
in the simultaneous treatment with the highest
concentration 1% followed (69%) in the pretreatment with the same concentration (Table 1 &
Fig. 2).
Table 1. The effect of ethanol extract of beet root on mitotic index, the percentage of nuclear and
chromosomal aberrations, the total percentage of aberrations and the inhibition per centage % in
Allium cepa root tips
tre
en
m
at
Different abnormalities percent (%)
MI
Bi.
Multi.
Lag
meta.
Lag
ana.
Total
Total
nuclear chromo
Dist.
Cbridag
so-mal
sticky
M.&A.
meta.
e
Abnor Abnor
Total
Inhibiti
1- way ANOVA
on
2-Way ANOVA
percent
(%)
Fp-value
F-ratio p-value
m. (%)
m. (%)
Control
Micro.
Inhibition percent
(% )
Total Abnormalities
negative
4691
258
5.50
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.78
0.39
1.55
0.39
0.78
0.14
3.5
3.64
positive
5000
286
5.76
3.60
0.20
0.06
5.94
11.54
11.19
25.17
4.20
9.09
3.73
67.13
70.86
Pretreatment
t
Total
Total
cells
mitosi
exami
s
ned
0.1
5000
250
5.00
1.1a
0.04
0.09
4.00
11.20
3.60
16.40
3.60
7.20
1.24
46.4
47.64
0.5
5000
237
4.74
0.7a
0.30
0.00
0.84
8.02
0.00
20.68
1.27
5.06
1.03
35.86
36.89
1
5000
274
5.48
0.6a
0.09
0.00
2.92
5.84
3.28
14.60
3.65
4.38
0.61
35.04
35.65
69
0.006*
0.09
0.17
0.990 0.008*
0.209 0.00*
47.1
--
Post-treatment
one way-ANOVA
-
65.5
0.001*
66.5
271
5.29
1.4a
0.18
0.00
3.32
11.07
3.69
21.40
4.80
5.54
1.38
49.82
51.2
0.5
5565
300
5.39
1.2a
0.09
0.02
2.33
11.33
5.00
21.33
3.33
5.00
1.16
48.67
49.83
5.43
a
0.7
0.10
0.01
2.94
11.03
5.51
19.12
4.04
5.15
0.9
47.79
48.69
55.4
0.019*
0.53
0.10
0.004*
29.56
5008
272
2.78 0.002*
203.3
0.0001*
833.9
8.600
45.7
190.7
0.0002*
63.8
0.0001*
1.45 0.002* 0.000*
0.1
6195
407
6.57
1.1a
0.06
0a
3.69
12.04
5.41
13.27
4.67
9.83
1.02
50.39
51.41
0.5
5765
363
6.29
0.9a
0.06
0a
1.65
9.64
2.48
10.74
4.13
5.51
0.78
34.16
34.94
1
5020
317
6.32
0.6a
0.03
0a
0.63
7.57
0.95
8.52
1.26
6.94
0.81
26.49
27.3
0.007*
0.07
one way-ANOVA
-
0.049* 0.005*
5125
1
-
54.8
0.1
one way-ANOVA
Simulatenous
--
21.5
0.010* 57.39
69.89
0.01** 0.194 0.002* 0.145 0.002* 0.061 0.006*
* Values significant at p < 0.05 by ANOVA
a Values significant at p < 0.05 by post hoc least significant (LSD)
MI = mitotic index, Micro. = micronucleus, Bi. = Binuclei, Multi. = Multinuclei, Lag meta. =Lag metaphase ,
Lag ana. =Lag anaphase, Dist. M. & A. = Disturbed metaphase & anaphase and C - Meta. = C Metaphase
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150
Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 11(2): 147 – 153 (2015)
Fig. 1. Shows chromosomal abnormalities induced by MgSO 4 .7H 2 O in root tips cells of Allium cepa plant (16) shows different micronuclei in the different phases (1- two micronuclei in interphase, 2- Big
micronucleus in interphase, 3- Micronucleus in prophase, 4- Big micronucleus in metaphase 5Micronucleus with bridge in late anaphase, 6- micronucleus in telophase), 7- Sticky metaphase, 8- Cmetaphase,
9- Disturbed metaphase with lagging , 10- Metaphase with lagging chromosomes, 11Disturbed metaphase with lost chromosome, 12- Disturbed anaphase, 13- Anaphase with multi-bridges
and multi-breaks,14- C- anaphase, 15- Multipolar anaphase with vagrant chromosome
Fig. 2. The inhibition percentage induced in the three different treatments with the different concentrations of ethanolic wild
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima plant extract
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Mekki et al., Evaluation of Anti-Genotoxicity of the Ethanolic Plant Extract of Beta Vulgaris Using Allium Cepa Root Assay
151
Fig. 3. The percentage of total chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities in the three different treatments (pre, post and
simultaneous) with the three concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 %)
DISCUSSION:
Plant test system is widely used for
monitoring genotoxicity of chemicals. Allum root
tip assay is treated as an easy model for
genotoxic studies (Kovalchuk et al., 1998;
Cotelle et al., 1999; Yi and Meng, 2003; Mekki,
2013; Mekki, 2014a&b). Several medicinal plant
extracts were tested for their antimutagenic
potential (Atefi and Erdoğrul, 2003; Agar and
Alpsoy, 2005; Bunkuva et al., 2005; Aqil et al.,
2008; Mekki, 2014a).
In the present study, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O was
used as a genotoxicant in Allium cepa plant to
evaluate the antigenotoxic potential of the crude
ethanolic
extract of Beta vulgaris L. subsp.
maritime. Different kinds of chromosomal and
nuclear aberrations were observed with the use
of 3000 ppm concentrations of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O. The
induction of aberrations might be due to
disturbance in process of DNA and protein
synthesis or during RNA translocation. The
highest frequently chromosomal aberration
observed was stickiness, chromatin bridge and
lagging chromosomes. Stickness is may be due
to the inhibition of spindle formation (Amer and
Ali, 1986), the improper folding of chromosome
fibres that makes the chromatids connected by
subchromatid bridges led to form sticky
chromosomes (McGill et al., 1974).
The percentage of the total chromosomal
and nuclear abnormalities was decreased
significantly from 67.13% (chromosomal) and 3.73%
ISSN: 1687-7497
(nuclear) in the positive control (Table 1) to
26.49% and 0.81%, respectively with the use of
the highest concentration of beet extract in the
simultaneous treatment.
The inhibitory effect with using ethanol
extract of beet root detected in this study can be
attributed to the wide range constituents of beat
root plants. The ethanol extract obtained from
beet root has been already found to possess
considerable amounts of phenolic compounds,
betalains, vitamin C and a significant radical
scavenging activity by Kujala et al. (2000, 2001,
& 2002), Pyo et al. (2004), Čanadanović-Brunet
et al. (2011), and Kazimierczak et al. (2014).
Phenolics are believed to act as antioxidant,
anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, antiallergic,
anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory (Aqil et al.,
2008; Chakole et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2014).
The antioxidant capacity of beet has been
associated with the constitutive presence of
phenolic compound.
Beets
are
a
unique
source
of
phytonutrients called betalains, betanin and
vulgaxanthin are the two best-studied betalains
from beets, and both have been shown to
provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and
detoxification support (Čanadanović-Brunet et
al., 2011).
Beet (Beta vulgaris) extracts used as a
natural colorant for food products have been
shown
to
possess
effective
antioxidant
properties, reducing lipid oxidation in cooked
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Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 11(2): 147 – 153 (2015)
152
pork. Pedreno and Escribano (2001) reported
that betanines have antioxidant, antimicrobial
and antiviral activity. Fariss (1991) had depicted
that free radicals scavenger and antioxidants are
useful in protecting against toxicity. Phenolic
compounds are very important plant constituents
because their hydroxyl groups confer scavenging
ability.
Beet (Beta vulgaris) extract used as a
natural colorant for food products have been
shown
to
possess
effective
antioxidant
properties, reducing lipid oxidation in cooked
pork. (Nilsson, 1970; Mornement, 2002).
There for, in the present study it is clear
that the inhibition of chromosomal and nuclear
aberrations with the use of ethanolic extract of
Beta vulgaris subsp maritima plant
is
the
presence of more than major phytocompounds
like phenols, petalains, flavonoids and tannins
which are most likely candidate for providing the
antimutagenic effect. These natural compounds
present in the plants may interact directly with
the genotoxicant and inactivate them by chemical
reaction. It is also possible that these
compounds compete to interact with the
nucleophilic sites in DNA, thus altering the
binding of the mutagen to these sites protecting
DNA from damage. However, the inhibition of
mutagenesis is, often complex, acting through
multiple mechanisms (Aqil et al., 2008).
Premanath et al. (2011) reported that
polyphenols plant components like flavonoid
compounds, gallic acid and tannins can modulate
effect of many genotoxicant.
The study concludes that ethanol extract of
Beta vulgaris maritima modulated the total
aberrations induced by MgSO 4 .7H 2 O (3000 ppm)
by 69.89% (simultaneous-treatment), 69.00%
(pre-treatment) and 52.90% (post-treatment) at
the highest concentration 1% (Figs 1, 2 & Table
1). These results agree with the previous studies
of Kapadia et al. (2003), Klewicka (2010), and
Premanath et al. (2011) who concluded that the
antioxidative and anticarcinogenic activity of
beetroot is due to betalains, and in particular
betanin and isobetanin which could modulate the
effect of many genotoxicant. Arkko et al. (1980)
and Kapadia et al. (2003) found also that betanin
revealed high protechtive capacity in supportive
treatment of cancer, preventing mutagenesis that
leads to negative changes at the level of DNA
(Haveland-Smith, 1981) and do not induce any
chromosomal aberrations (Ishidate et al., 1984).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
The authors would like to thank Dr.
Abdelghafar Abu- Elsaoud for his kind
assistance in statistical analysis.
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‫تقييم المستخلص اإليثانولى لنبات البنجر األحمر كمضاد للسمية الجينية باستخدام جذور نبات‬
‫البصل‬
‫ أمل عبد الناصر‬،‫ السيدة جمال الدين‬،‫ حسن منصور‬،‫ليلى مكى‬
‫ مصر‬،‫ جامعة قناة السويس‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم النبات‬
‫ ساعات ثم معاملتهم بتركيزات‬3 ‫المطفره أوال لمدة‬
‫ واخيرا المعامله‬،‫ ساعات‬3 ‫المستخلص النباتى لمدة‬
‫) حيث معامله الجذور‬simultaneous-treatment( ‫الثالثه‬
‫بالماده المطفره والتركيزات المختلفه من المستخلص‬
‫ تم عمل‬.‫ ساعات‬3 ‫النباتى معا فى وقت واحد لمده‬
‫( بمعامله جذور البصل‬positive control( ‫الكنترول الموجب‬
‫بكبريتات المغانسيوم المختلفة للحصول على أعلى نسبة‬
‫ ساعات‬3 ‫) لمده‬%0.3( ‫طفرات وقد وجد أن التركيز‬
‫ وتم عمل الكنترول السالب‬.‫أعطى أعلى نسبة طفرات‬
‫ لقد‬. ‫) بمعامله الجذور بالماء المقطر‬negative control(
‫أظهر تحليل النتائج احصائيا ان المستخلص االيثانولى لنبات‬
‫االبنجر البرى يقوم بتثبيط عمل المادة المطفرة ووجدت‬
‫ للمستخلص‬%1 ‫اعلى نسب للتثبيط عند التركيز األعلى‬
‫ المعامله‬, )%52.9 ( ‫حيث كان التثبيط فى المعامله الثانيه‬
‫) اما فى حاله المعامله الثالثة فكان معمل‬%69( ‫االولى‬
.)%69.9( ‫التثبيط‬
ISSN: 1687-7497
Beta vulgaris supsp. ( ‫ينتشر نبات البنجر البرى‬
‫) والذى ينتمى للعائلة الرمراميه فى مختلف‬maritima
‫ ويستخدم كنبات طبى وغذاء تقليدى‬،‫انحاء العالم‬
‫) مصدر غنى‬Beta vulgaris ( ‫ يعتبر البنجر االحمر‬.‫لإلنسان‬
‫بالمواد الفينوليه والتى يمكنها تقليل االكسده الضاره‬
.‫للدهون وتحسين الحاله كمضادات لالكسده فى االنسان‬
‫لقد تم دراسه التأثير المضاد للطفرات للمستخلص‬
‫ حيث تم معامله‬،‫االيثانولى لنبات البنجر البرى المجفف‬
‫خاليا القمم الناميه لنبات البصل كنظام بيولوجى بماده‬
% 0.3 ‫كبريتات الماغنسيوم كمادة مطفرة عند تركيز‬
.‫حيت أحدثت نسبة عالية من الطفرات أثناء انقسام الخاليا‬
(pre-treatment( ‫لقد قمنا بتطبيق ثالثه معامالت؛ االولى‬
‫والذى يتم فيها معامله جذور البصل بثالث تركيزات من‬
‫) لمده ثالث‬%1، %0.5 ، %0.1( ‫المستخلص النباتى‬
،‫ ساعات ايضا‬3 ‫ساعات ثم معاملتهم بالماده المطفره لمد‬
‫( حيث معامله الجذور بالماده‬post-treatment( ‫والثانيه‬
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