CKS REPORT FOR CONGRESS
CONGRESS AN11 F O R E I G N POI,l CY: SELECTED REFERENCES
S h e r r y B. S h a p i r o
Senior Bibliographer, Foreign A f f a i r s
Library Services Division
J a n u a r y 1988
I tit
UNIVERSITY
OF TEXAS AT AtJBTIN
GENERAL LIBRARIES
~cmnC~-CIDv
The Congressional Research Service works exclusivelv for
the Congress, conducting research, analyzing legislation, and
providing information at the request of committees, Members, and their staffs.
T h e Service makes such research available, without partisan bias, in many fbrms including studies, reports, compilations, digests. and background briefings. LTpon request. CRS
assists committees in analyzing legislative proposals and
issues. and in assessing the possible effects of these proposals
and their alternatives. The Service's senior specialists and
subject analysts are also available for personal consultations
in their respective fields of'expertise.
ABSTRACT
T h i s r e a d i n g l i s t p r e s e n t s l i t e r a t u r e on t h e r o l e o f C o n g r e s s i n t h e c o n d u c t
of
foreign
between
relations.
C o n g r e s s and
Citations
include
the executive,
foreign policy decisions.
such
r o l e of
topics
as
and
relationship
the
impact of
The f o c u s i s on t h e c u r r e n t l i t e r a t u r e ,
but o l d e r
m a t e r i a l s a r e included t o provide h i s t o r i c a l
committees,
the
background on t h i s t o p i c .
r e p o r t s u p e r s e d e s L0753.
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o t h a n k Martha L e d e r e r f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s
bi b l iography
.
This
CONGRESS AND FORElCN POL1 CY: SELECTED REFERENCES
Abshire, David M.
Foreign policy makers: President vs. Congress. Beverly Hills Calif., Sage
Publications [I9791 80 p. (The Washington papers, 66)
LRS79-9479
Contents.--In the beginning, congressional government.--The emergence of
Presidential government.--The powers ot the Commander in Chief.--Neecongressional government.--Prospects tor the future.
"Examines the historical background to the American predilection for
congressional government, and the subsequent alternating periods of
congressional and presidential domination in foreign policy."
Barnes, Michael D.
The Constitution and foreign policy: the role of Congress. In Renewing the
dream: National Archives Bicentennial '87 lectures on contemporary
constitutional issues. Edited by Ralph S. Pollock. Landham, Md.,
University Press of America, copublished by arrangement with the National
Archives Volunteers Constitution Study Group, c1986. p. 67-72. LRS86-13648
Lecture given in Nov. 1984 discusses the War Powers Resolution, its
application to Reagan administration policy in Central America, and the
pocket veto case pertaining to Salvadoran military assistance.
Bax, Frans R.
The legislative-executive relationship in foreign policy: new partnership
LRS77-1179
or new competition. Orbis, v. 20, winter 1977: 881-904.
It
Neither branch of government is the fount of all, or even most,
wisdom....
The new era in legislative-executive relations in foreign
policy must not be another form of closed politics, and it need not be a
new partnership. I t must mean a new style of legislative-executive
competition," concludes the author.
Bell, Griffin B. Foy, H. Miles.
The President, the Congress, alld the Panama Canal : an essay on the powers
o f the Executive legislative branches in the field of foreign affairs.
Georgia journal of international and comparative law, v. 16, 1986: 607-654.
LRS86-13669
II
The Framers of the Constitution
established in the tirst four
articles of the Constitution an elaborate structure that gave the executive
and legislative branches specitic roles to fulfill
Even today, the
peculiar shape of United States government influences foreign and domestic
pol icy."
...
....
tknnet, Douglas J., Jr.
Congress in foreign policy: who needs it? Foreign attairs, v. 57, fall
1978: 40-50.
LRS78-11654
The author's thesis is that active congressional participation in foreign
policy is "both desirable and unavoidable, and that the executive and
Congress share responsibility for making it constructive.''
B e r g n e r , J e f f r e y T.
O r g a n i z i n g t h e Congress f o r n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . Comparative s t r a t e g y , v. 6 ,
no. 3 , 1 9 8 7 : 281-304.
LRS87-6437
I1
The f o r e i g n p o l i c y s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e l e g i s l a t i v e a n d e x e c u t i v e
b r a n c h e s , however, h a s n o t o c c u r r e d s i m p l y o v e r enumerated powers.
In
A r t h u r S c h l e s i n g e r , J r . ' s w o r d s , 'The s t r u g g l e b e g a n i n t h e s i l e n c e s o f t h e
T h e h i s t o r i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e two b r a n c h e s
Constitution
h a s b e e n o n e of b o t h harmony and t u r m o i l . "
....
Bestor, Arthur.
R e s p e c t i v e r o l e s o t S e n a t e a n d P r e s i d e n t i n t h e making a n d a b r o g a t i o n o f
t r e a t i e s - - t h e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t of t h e f r a m e r s of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n
h i s t o r i c a l l y e x a m i n e d . W a s h i n g t o n l a w r e v i e w , v. 5 5 , no. 1, 1979-1980:
4-135.
LRS79-17416
Bundy, W i l l i a m P.
The n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y p r o c e s s .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , v. 7 , w i n t e r
1982-83: 94-109.
LRS82-16685
The a u t h o r , who s e r v e d u n d e r f i v e P r e s i d e n t s , r e f l e c t s on f o r e i g n a n d
n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y d e c i s i o n making p r o c e s s e s o f e a c h a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s i n c e
World War 11. He c o n s i d e r s e x e c u t i v e - c o n g r e s s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g
f o r e i g n p o l i c y and s u g g e s t s " t h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l t h a t c a n b e done w i t h i n
t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h , a n d b e t w e e n t h e e x e c u t i v e a n d C o n g r e s s , t h a t would
make A m e r i c a n f o r e i g n p o l i c y l e s s u n c e r t a i n a n d more e f f e c t i v e . "
C a r r o l l , Holbert N.
The House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and F o r e i g n a f f a i r s .
Greenwood P r e s s [ I 9 8 4 1 c1958.
365 p.
W e s p o r t , Conn.,
JK1319.C3
1984
C a r t e r , R a l p h G.
C o n g r e s s i o n a l f o r e i g n p o l i c y behavior: p e r s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s of t h e postwar
period.
P r e s i d e n t i a l s t u d i e s q u a r t e r l y , v. 1 6 , s p r i n g 1986: 329-359.
LRS86-5 3 5 4
"The c o n v e n t i o n a l v i e w of t h e c o n g r e s s i o n a l r o l e i n A m e r i c a n f o r e i g n
p o l i c y m a k i n g h a s l o n g been t h a t Congress i s a minor a c t o r a t b e s t . The
If that pattern has
congressional r o l e is t o follow t h e President's lead.
c h a n g e d a t a l l , i t i s presumed t o h a v e c h a n g e d o n l y r e c e n t l y a s a r e s u l t of
t h e u n p o p u l a r i t y of t h e V i e t n a m War."
Christian, Shirley.
F o r e i g n d a n g e r . A t l a n t i c m o n t h l y , v. 2 5 2 , O c t . 1983: 3 6 , 38-40.
LRS83-13735
Shows how i n q u e s t i o n s of f o r e i g n p o l i c y , Members o f C o n g r e s s c a n g e t
i n t o p o l i t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t s , " i n some c a s e s b e c a u s e
o f p o s i t i o n s t a k e n , i n o t h e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e p e r c e p t i o n t h a t time s p e n t o n
t r y i n g t o d e v e l o p f o r e i g n p o l i c y i s time t h a t c o u l d b e b e t t e r s p e n t o n l e s s
e x o t i c matters."
The a u t h o r l o o k s a t e x a m p l e s i n v o l v i n g r e l a t i o n s w i t h
N i c a r a g u a a n d r a t i f i c a t i o n of t h e Panama C a n a l T r e a t y .
C h r i s t o p h e r , Warren.
C e a s e f i r e b e t w e e n t h e b r a n c h e s : a compact i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s .
Foreign
a f f a i r s , v. 6 0 , summer 1982: 989-1005.
LRS82-10124
T h e a u t h o r , who was Deputy S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f r o m 1977 t o 1 9 8 1 , e x a m i n e s
t h e ways t h e c o u r t s a n d t h e C o n g r e s s h a v e r e c e n t l y i n t e r a c t e d w i t h t h e
E x e c u t i v e b r a n c h on i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a t t e r s , and p r o p o s e s a new compact
between t h e E x e c u t i v e b r a n c h and C o n g r e s s on f o r e i g n p o l i c y
d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g , b a s e d on m u t u a l l y r e i n f o r c i n g commitments and m u t u a l l y
accepted r e s t r a i n t s .
C o l l i e r , E l l e n C.
Washington q u a r t e r l y , v. 11,
F o r e i g n p o l i c y by r e p o r t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t .
LRS88- 111
w i n t e r 1988: 75-84.
11R e p o r t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e p r o v i s i o n s
i n law r e q u i r i n g t h e e x e c u t i v e
branch t o submit s p e c i f i e d information t o Congress o r committees of
C o n g r e s s . T h e i r b a s i c p u r p o s e i s t o p r o v i d e d a t a and a n a l y s i s C o n g r e s s
n e e d s t o o v e r s e e t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f l e g i s l a t i o n and f o r e i g n p o l i c y by t h e
e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h . When used e f f e c t i v e l y , t h e y a l s o c a n b e i m p o r t a n t
For
c o n g r e s s i o n a l i n s t r u m e n t s f o r s h a r i n g t h e making of f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
Congress, t h e r e p o r t s can provide not only information f o r o v e r s i g h t b u t
a l s o a h a n d l e f o r a c t i o n . C o n g r e s s p a r t i c i p a t e s i n making f o r e i g n p o l i c y
t h r o u g h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s i t l e v i e s and i t s r e s p o n s e s t o s u b m i t t e d r e p o r t s .
I t h a s imposed r o u g h l y 600 such r e q u i r e m e n t s i n c u r r e n t l e g i s l a t i o n .
...
----F o r e i g n p o l i c y r o l e s of t h e P r e s i d e n t and C o n g r e s s .
S e p t . 1 6 , 1986.
3 1 p.
86-163 F
The P r e s i d e n t and C o n g r e s s s h a r e t h e making o f U.S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
The
C o n s t i t u t i o n d i v i d e s t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y powers between t h e e x e c u t i v e a n d
l e g i s l a t i v e branches i n such a f a s h i o n t h a t each branch p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t
b u t d i f f e r e n t r o l e . T h i s r e p o r t i d e n t i f i e s and i l l u s t r a t e s 1 2 m a j o r
p a t t e r n s of i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e two b r a n c h e s i n f o r m u l a t i n g and
c h a n g i n g U.S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
The power o f t h e p u r s e i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
Congressional Research S e r v i c e
r e v i e w , v. 7 , J a n . 1986: 2-4.
LRS86-360
he power of t h e p u r s e h a s become t h e most p o t e n t t o o l o f C o n g r e s s f o r
shaping foreign policy.
T h i s was v i v i d l y i l l u s t r a t e d when C o n g r e s s
p r o h i b i t e d t h e u s e of f u n d s t o f i n a n c e combat a c t i v i t i e s by U.S. m i l i t a r y
f o r c e s ' i n o r o v e r o r from o f f t h e s h o r e s o f N o r t h Vietnam, S o u t h V i e t n a m ,
Laos o r Cambodia1 a f t e r August 1 5 , 1973. I n i n n u m e r a b l e o t h e r b u d g e t
a c t i o n s , many o f which a r e l i t t l e n o t e d , C o n g r e s s a l s o s h a p e s , c o n s t r a i n s ,
and r e d i r e c t s f o r e i g n p o l i c y . ' t
U.S. S e n a t e r e j e c t i o n o f t r e a t i e s : a b r i e f s u r v e y o f p a s t i n s t a n c e s .
R e v i s e d Mar. 3 0 , 1987. 24 p.
87-305 F
S e v e n t e e n t r e a t i e s have been b r o u g h t t o a v o t e by t h e f u l l S e n a t e b u t
f a i l e d t o r e c e i v e t h e r e q u i r e d t w o - t h i r d s m a j o r i t y . More t h a n 40 t r e a t i e s
received t h e required two-third vote but never entered i n t o f o r c e because
t h e r e s e r v a t i o n s o r amendments i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f r a t i f i c a t i o n
were n o t a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t o r t o t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s involved.
Most o f t e n , however, t h e S e n a t e h a s s i m p l y n o t v o t e d on t r e a t i e s t h a t d i d
n o t seem t o h a v e s u f f i c i e n t s u p p o r t w i t h i n t h e S e n a t e f o r a p p r o v a l .
R e v i s i o n of R e p o r t no. 79-149 F.
C o n g r e s s and f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
I n Thomas P. O ' ~ e i l 1 , J r . , Symposium on t h e U.S.
C o n g r e s s ( 1 9 8 1 : Boston c o l l e g e ) . The United S t a t e s C o n g r e s s . E d i t e d by
D e n n i s H a l e . New Brunswick, N . J . , T r a n s a c t i o n Books 1983 p. 247-271.
LRS83-9011
Contents.--Congress
and f o r e i g n p o l i c y , by R. Drinan.--The
War Powers
R e s o l u t i o n , by R. S c i g l i a n o .
C o n g r e s s and f o r e i g n policy--1984.
P r e p a r e d by t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c h
S e r v i c e . F o r e i g n A f f a i r s and N a t i o n a l Defense D i v i s i o n . W a s h i n g t o n ,
LRS85-7529
G.P.O.,
1985. 156 p.
A t head o f t i t l e : [House] Committee on F o r e i g n A f f a i r s .
T h i s c o m m i t t e e p r i n t , p r e p a r e d f o r t h e House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Committee
o n F o r e i g n A f f a i r s , i s t h e t w e l f t h and most r e c e n t i n a s e r i e s of a n n u a l
r e p o r t s r e v i e w i n g t h e r o l e of Congress i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s
year.
S i n c e 1979, t h e r e p o r t s have i n c l u d e d a n a l y s e s o f t h e c o n g r e s s i o a l
r o l e regarding pertinent topics f o r t h e year considered.
In this twelfth
r e p o r t , a r e v i e w of t h e r o l e of C o n g r e s s r e g a r d i n g f o r e i g n p o l i c y d u r i n g
1985-86 i s f o l l o w e d by e i g h t c h a p t e r s which " p r o v i d e c a s e s t u d i e s o f
l e g i s l a t i v e - e x e c u t i v e r e l a t i o n s i n t h e two y e a r s on key f o r e i g n p o l i c y
i s s u e s , II i n c l u d i n g : South A f r i c a s a n c t i o n s ; a i d t o t h e Nicaraguan c o n t r a s ;
arms c o n t r o l ; t r a d e ; f o r e i g n a i d ; t h e P h i l i p p i n e s ; A f r i c a n economic c r i s i s ;
and i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r r o r i s m .
C o n g r e s s , t h e P r e s i d e n c y and American f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
and J o s e p h Nogee. New York, Pergamon P r e s s [ I 9 8 1 1
E d i t e d by J o h n S p a n i e r ,
211 p.
KF4651.A5C58 1 9 8 1
(Pergamon p o l i c y s t u d i e s on i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s )
The a u t h o r s a r g u e f o r a s t r o n g P r e s i d e n t i a l r o l e i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y - m a k i n g
and g r e a t e r c o n g r e s s i o n a l r e s t r a i n t i n t h a t a r e a . They a n a l y z e s e v e r a l
p o s t - V i e t n a m p o l i c y i s s u e s , i n c l u d i n g SALT 11, t h e Panama Canal T r e a t y , and
t h e Jackson-Vanik amendment.
C o n g r e s s : p a s t , p r e s e n t , & f u t u r e : p a n e l d i s c u s s i o n s on i s s u e s c o n f r o n ~ i n gt h e
1 0 0 t h C o n g r e s s . A j o i n t p r o j e c t o f : t h e House R e p u b l i c a n R e s e a r c h
Committee, t h e Commission on t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l [ s i c ] o f t h e House and t h e
Center f o r S t r a t e g i c & International Studies, published i n cooperation with
A m e r i t e c h & t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C a p i t o l H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y . E d i t e d by K e l l y
Marcavage and Doc S y e r s . Washington, The Committee, 1987. 75 p.
LRS87-4129
E d i t e d v e r s i o n of a c o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n May 1986 f o c u s i n g on f o u r i s s u e s :
c o n g r e s s i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p ; C o n g r e s s and f o r e i g n p o l i c y ; c o n g r e s s i o n a l b u d g e t
r e f o r m ; and C o n g r e s s and t h e media.
C o n g r e s s , i n f o r m a t i o n and f o r e i g n a f f a i r s . P r e p a r e d by t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l
R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , F o r e i g n A f f a i r s and N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e D i v i s i o n f o r t h e
Committee on F o r e i g n R e l a t i o n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t e . Washington, U.S.
G.P.O.,
1978. 103 p.
LRS78-13375
A t head o f t i t l e : 9 5 t h Cong., 2 d s e s s .
Committee p r i n t .
C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e . F o r e i g n A f f a i r s and N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e D i v i s i o n .
The S e n a t e r o l e i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s a p p o i n t m e n t s ; p r e p a r e d f o r t h e u s e o f
Committee on F o r e i g n K e l a t i o n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t e by t h e F o r e i g n A f f a i r s
and N a t i o n a l Defense D i v i s i o n , C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , L i b r a r y of
C o n g r e s s . Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . O f f . , 1982. 119 p.
LRS82-8664
A t head o f t i t l e : 9 7 t h Cong., 2d s e s s . Committee p r i n t .
Crabb, Cecil V., Jr. tlolt, Pat M.
Invitation to struggle: Congress, the President and foreign policy. 2nd
LRS84-6216
edition. Washington, Congressional Quarterly, 1984. 267 p.
Contents.--Part I. The process of foreign policymaking.--The executive
branch and foreign afiairs: locus of decisionmaking.--Congress and foreign
affairs: traditional and contemporary roles.--Part 1 1 . Congress confronts
the issues.--The Panama Canal treaties.--The Arab-Israeli conflict and the
AWACS controversy.--The armed forces.--The intelligence community.--The
human rights issue.--Part 111. Conclusion.--Congressional assertiveness
and foreign affairs: a balance sheet.
Dahl, Robert A .
Congress and foreign policy. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1983, ~ 1 9 5 0 .
305 p.
JK1081 .D32 1983
Reprint of this standard reference work in the field which was originally
published in New York by Harcourt, Brace, 1950.
Destler, I. M.
Executive-congressional conflict in foreign policy: explaining it, coping
with it. In Congress reconsidered. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce
I. Oppenheimer. 3d ed. Washington, Congressional Quarterly Press, c1985.
p. 343-363.
LRS85-2067
11 The foreign policy problem is not to avoid executive-congressional
conflict, but to manage it. Certain general remedies--institutionalizing
consultation, strengthening staff expertise on Capitol Hill--are difficult
to implement or have mixed effects. Others--strengthening leadership
institutions--go against recent congressional reform trends."
Emerson, J. Terry.
The legislative role in treaty abrogation. Journal of legislation, v. 5,
1978: 46-80.
LRS78-23040
II
It is the premise ot this article that Congress as a corporate entity,
or at least the Senate, should reaffirm its long-standing role in the
treaty termination process at least by declaring its understanding of the
method which the Constitution requires for the abrogation of treaties and
calling upon the Executive for prompt information of each Presidential
action purporting to remove our nation from a treaty obligation."
Falk, Richard.
Lifting the curse of bipartisanship. World policy journal, v. 1, fall
1983: 127-157.
LRS83-18196
11
American foreign policy remains compulsively bipartisan on the most
Underlying assumptions are
basic issues of principle and practice.
rarely questioned, and genuine alternatives of policy are almost never
advocated when representatives of the two main political parties debate
foreign policy. As a result, U.S. foreign policy is essentially frozen at
a time when the pressures for fundamental adjustments are becoming ever
more intense," argues the author.
...
Fascell , Dante B.
Congress and foreign policy.
Congressional studies, v. 7, winter 1980: 5-9.
The role of Congress in the development of our foreign policy LRS80-10846
is in a
state of great flux. The guidelines to the formulation of foreign policy
initiatives are neither stationary nor moving in a single clear direction."
II
Feigin, Michael M.
The conduct of United States foreign policy after Chadha: upsetting a
critical balance of power. Brooklyn journal of international law, v. 11,
winter 1985: 79-101.
LRS85-13154
"The purpose of this Note is to examine the effect of the Chadha decision
on the administration of United States foreign policy. The usefulness and
the importance of the legislative veto will be evaluated by analyzing the
effect that Chadha has had on three statutes which delegate foreign power
to the executive. This Note will then explore the ramifications of Chadha
decision in the context of the president's recent military missions in
Lebanon and Grenada. Finally, this Note will discuss the impact of Chadha
on the future of the separation of American foreign power between the
president and Congress."
Feld, Werner J. and John K. Wildgen.
Congress and national defense: the politics of the unthinkable. New York,
Praeger, 1985. 126 p.
UA23.F39 1985
Fisher, Louis.
Evolution of Presidential and congressional powers in foreign affairs. In
Congress, the Presidency and the Taiwan Relations Act. Edited by Louis W.
Koenig, James C. Hsiung, and King-yuh Chang. New York, Praeger, 1985. p.
15-35.
LRS85-14829
II
The President must reach an accommodation with Congress in foreign
unilateral
policy and national defense. Even in exceptional cases
actions by the President eventually become counterproductive. To sustain a
successful policy, at some point the executive branch must secure the
support and cooperation of Congress."
...
Forging bipartisanship. Washington, Center for Strategic and International
Studies, Georgetown University, 1984. 35 p.
LRS84-10151
At head of title: Washington Quarterly. White paper 1984.
Contents.--Introduction, by A. Armstrong, S. Nunn, and A, Jordan, Jr.-Bipartisan foreign policy, by R. Reagan.--The three requirements for a
bipartisan foreign policy, by Z. Brzezinski.--Forging a bipartisan foreign
policy, by H. Kissinget.--Bipartisan foreign policy, by J. Sch1esinger.--A
commitment to law as a condition of bipartisanship, by D. Moynihan.
Franck, Thomas M. Weisband, Edward.
Foreign policy by Congress. New York, Oxford University Press, 1979.
JK573 1979.F7
357 p.
Partial contents.--The legislated peace: Congress ends U.S. involvement in
Indochina.--The cutoff complex: Congress reverses Presidential policies
toward Turkey and Angola.--Codetermination: Congress recaptures the war
power.--The new oversight: codetermining human rights, military aid, and
nuclear export policy.--Treaties, agreements, and commitments: putting
It
advice" back into advice and consent.--A foreign policy of laws, not men?-The national interest and the special interests: Congress and the foreign
relations lobbies.--Up the hill, sideways: Congress in search of a delivery
system.--Expertise powering the congressional delivery system.
Frye, Alton.
Congress and President: the balance wheels of American foreign policy.
Yale review, v. 69, autumn 1979: 1-16.
LRS79-21197
Discusses the legislative-executive relation in the making of foreign
policy, and a proposal for a Foreign Policy Monitor.
Fulbright, J. William.
The legislator as educator.
Foreign affairs, v. 57, spring 1979: 719-732.
LRS79-2563
Former U.S. Senator discusses his perceptions of the role of the Congress
in foreign relations. States that his "own belief, built upon 32 years in
public life, is that the basic issues of foreign policy--as distinguished
from its details and technicalities--are well within the grasp of ordinary
citizens, provided these issues are explained, clearly and accurately, by
competent and responsible leaders."
Furlong, William L. Scranton, Margaret E.
The dynamics of foreign policymaking: the President, the Congress, and the
Panama Canal treaties. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, ~ 1 9 8 4 . 263 p.
LRS84-14219
Contents.--Introduction and analysis.--From conception and construction
' t o the new treaties.--Why change Panama Canal policy?--Assessing executive
impact: Presidents, their administrations, and the treaties.--Congress and
the treaties.--Implementation legislation and impacts.--Explanations,
costs, and conclusions.
Galey, Margaret E.
Congress, foreign policy and human rights ten years after Helsinki. Human
rights quarterly, v. 7, Aug. 1985: 334-372.
LRS85-14998
Discusses congressional activities regarding human rights policy.
Gallagher, Hugh Gregory.
Advise and obstruct; the role of the United States Senate in foreign policy
KF4651 .G3
decisions. New York, Delacorte Press [I9691 338 p.
Glennon, Michael J.
The Senate role in treaty ratification. American journal of international
law, v. 77, Apr. 1983: 257-280.
LRS83- 19 153
11
The recent revival of congressional involvement in international
agreement making generated principally by Watergate and Vietnam, the
reassertion by Congress of its foreign policy prerogatives and has raised
new questions concerning the respective scope of legislative and executive
powers in the making of international agreements."
Goldberg, Arthur J.
A constitutional American foreign policy. Hastings constitutional law
quarterly, v. 3, summer 1976: 631-636.
LRS76-20995
Former Supreme Court Justice Goldberg in this article argues that
11
American foreign policy for the seventies and beyond must comport with our
constitutional goals of liberty and the consent of the governed. The
secret diplomacy of state necessity should be replaced by a form of
statecraft which once again reflects the will of the majority."
Goldwater, Barry M.
Treaty termination is a shared power. Policy review, no. 8, spring 1979:
115-124.
LRS79-6188
Senator Goldwater challenges "the validity of the President's attempted
termination of the treaty without any supporting legislative authority."
G r a e b n e r , Norman A.
F o r e i g n p o l i c y u n d e r t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n : s h o u l d t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s power b e
c u r b e d ? U n i v e r s i t y o f V i r g i n i a news l e t t e r , v. 6 2 , Mar. 1986: whole i s s u e
LRS86-12706
(45-52 p . )
Reviews P r e s i d e n t i a l a s s e r t i o n s of primacy i n e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s
vis-a-vis Congress i n t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e
Vietnam e r a . "In any e x e c u t i v e - c o n g r e s s i o n a l c o n t e s t o v e r a s p e c i f i c
f o r e i g n p o l i c y i s s u e , p u b l i c o p i n i o n , t h e u l t i m a t e s o u r c e o f power i n a
d e m o c r a t i c o r d e r , d e t e r m i n e s t h e winner."
G r e g o r i a n , Hrach.
A s s e s s i n g c o n g r e s s i o n a l involvement i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y : l e s s o n s of t h e p o s t Vietnam p e r i o d .
Review o f p o l i t i c s , v. 46, J a n . 1984: 91-112.
LRS84-1461
II
With t h e post-Vietnam e r a s e r v i n g a s t h e i m n e d i a t e b a c k d r o p , c e r t a i n
' l e s s o n s ' a r e drawn r e g a r d i n g p o s t w a r c o n g r e s s i o n a l a s c e n d e n c y , b o t h i n
t e r m s o f p r o c e d u r a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s and p o l i c y outcomes. A c e n t r a l
c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t Congress w i l l a l w a y s r e m a i n an e s s e n t i a l component i n
t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s , becoming i n v o l v e d i n s u b s t a n t i v e p o l i c y on a
selective basis.
Some s i x t e e n v a r i a b l e s a f f e c t i n g t h e d e g r e e o f
i n v o l v e m e n t and l i k e l i h o o d of s u c c e s s a r e i d e n t i f i e d and r a n k o r d e r e d . The
e n t i r e p r o c e s s of c o n g r e s s i o n a l - e x e c u t i v e r e l a t i o n s i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y m a k i n g
i s u l t i m a t e l y viewed a s h i g h l y u n t i d y b u t f a i r l y e f f e c t i v e i n m a i n t a i n i n g
some s e m b l a n c e of i n s t i t u t i o n a l b a l a n c e t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y . "
G r i f f i t h , W i l l i a m E.
C o n g r e s s i s w r e c k i n g o u r f o r e i g n p o l i c y . ~ e a d e r ' sd i g e s t , v. 1 0 8 , Feb.
1976: 71-76.
LRS76-323
I n c r u c i a l a r e a s a r o u n d t h e g l o b e , t h e 9 4 t h C o n g r e s s h a s been i n t e r f e r i n g
w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s c o n d u c t of f o r e i g n p o l i c y - - w i t h d i s a s t r o u s r e s u l t s , "
claims the auhtor.
Haass, Richard.
C o n g r e s s i o n a l power: i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r American s e c u r i t y p o l i c y .
London,
I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r S t r a t e g i c S t u d i e s , 1979. 39 p.
(Adelphi
p a p e r s , no. 1 5 3 )
LRS79- 13488
The s t u d y s e e k s " t o e x p l a i n how C o n g r e s s e x e r c i s e s i t s i n f l u e n c e , and t o
a s s e s s i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r American s e c u r i t y p o l i c y . More s p e c i f i c a l l y ,
t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e r o l e o f Congress w i l l be t r a c e d from i t s i n c e p t i o n ,
t h r o u g h i t s r e c o v e r y of t r a d i t i o n a l powers, t o t h e l e g i s l a t i o n of new a n d
a d d i t i o n a l o n e s . The c h a n g i n g s h a p e and machinery of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n w i l l
a l s o be examined. I n a l l c a s e s , t h e c e n t r a l c o n c e r n i s s c o p e and i m p a c t :
t o what e x t e n t , and i n what way, w i l l C o n g r e s s a f f e c t t h e f o r e i g n and
d e f e n c e p o l i c i e s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t h e y e a r s a h e a d ? "
H a c k e t t , C l i f f o r d P.
The C o n g r e s s i o n a l f o r e i g n p o l i c y r o l e . M u s c a t i n e , Iowa S t a n l e y
F o u n d a t i o n , 1979. 28 p .
( S t a n l e y Foundation. Occasional paper 21)
LRS79-21860
II
P r e s e n t s t h e f u n c t i o n of C o n g r e s s a s a f o r e i g n p o l i c y i n s t r u m e n t f r o m
t h e e x e c u t i v e and l e g i s l a t i v e v i e w p o i n t s and w i t h a h i s t o r i c a l ~ e r s ~ e c t i v e . "
Hamilton, Lee H.
Congress and foreign policy. Presidential studies quarterly, v. 12, spring
1982: 133-137.
LRS82-5619
The author, a U.S. Congressman from Indiana, reviews the role of Congress
in foreign policy in recent years and assesses the strengths and weaknesses
of Congress regarding foreign pol icy.
Hecht, Jonathan. Papachristou, Alex.
Foreign policy and the '~mperial'Congress. Washington post, Aug. 11,
1987: A15.
LRS87-5937
11
In order to advance his foreign policy agenda, a president must depend
on his leadership qualities and political skills, rather than on any
ill-founded notion of an exclusive 'constitutional mandate.'
For the
better part of six years, President Reagan held Congress and the public
enthralled by his artful use of just such talents."
Heginbotham, Stanley J.
Dateline Washington: the rules of the games. Foreign policy, no. 53,
LRS83-1445 7
winter 1983-1984: 157-172.
Examines "the dynamics of congressional-executive interaction on foreign
policy," and concludes that "progress in congressional-executive
consultation on foreign policy requires realism and perspective. No other
country's political system demands a comparable effort to reconcile such
divergent games as those played in the U.S. Congress and in the U.S.
foreign-policy establishment."
Foreign policy information for Congress: patterns of fragmentation and
advocacy. Washington quarterly, v. 10, summer 1987: 149-162.
LRS87-4951
It
This article examines the distinctions between Congress and bureaucratic
structures, discusses the peculiar functions that Congress plays in the
foreign policy process, reflects on the evolution of those functions over
the past 20 years, and then shows how these various considerations shape
the informational and analytic needs of, and resources available to
Congress
."
Hodgson, Godfrey.
Congress and American foreign policy.
International Affairs, 1979. 57 p.
London, Royal Institute of
JX1706 .Z4A2
Ikle, Fred Charles.
Beyond the water's edge: responsible partisanship in foreign policy.
Commonsense, v. 1, summer 1978: 34-38.
LRS78-12505
11
Vigorous partisan airing of issues can be healthy and a dose of
responsible partisanship can be the best medicine with which to cure on
ailing foreign policy. Without i t , citizens are denied the opportunity to
express a choice and make a commitment."
Kaiser, Fred M.
Congressional change and foreign policy: the House Committee on
International Relations. In Legislative reform: the policy impact, edited
by Leroy N. Rieselbach. Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1980, c1978.
p. 61-71. (Policy Studies Organization Series, 16)
JK1061.L34
Using the example of the House Committee on International Relations, this
examination "focuses on three dimensions of structural change: committee
authority, jurisdiction, and internal organization."
O v e r s i g h t o f f o r e i g n p o l i c y : t h e U.S. House Committee o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l
R e l a t i o n s . L e g i s l a t i v e s t u d i e s q u a r t e r l y , v. 2 , Aug. 1977: 255-279.
LRS77-11323
Concludes from examination o t r e l e v a n t committee h e a r i n g s , committee f i e l d
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , i n p u t from c o n g r e s s i o n a l s u p p o r t a g e n c i e s , and comparison
w i t h o t h e r House c o m m i t t e e a c t i v i t i e s " t h a t t h e C o m m i t t e e i s o n e o f t h e m o s t
p r o l i f i c o v e r s e e r s i n t h e chamber and t h a t t h e s e e n d e a v o r s h a v e e s c a l a t e d
recently."
Kessler, F r a n k .
P r e s i d e n t i a l - c o n g r e s s i o n a l b a t l l e s : t o w a r d a t r u c e on t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y
f r o n t . P r e s i d e n t i a l s t u d i e s q u a r t e r l y , v . 8 , s p r i n g 1978: 115-127.
LRS78-7228
It
A f t e r examining r e c e n t White House/Capitol H i l l i m b r o g l i o s o v e r
executive agreements, executive p r i v i l e g e , executive deceptions of
C o n g r e s s , a n d c o n f l i c t s o v e r t h e war p o w e r s , t h i s s t u d y p o i n t s o u t t h e
problem o f t h e ' i n f o r m a t i o n g a p 8 i n i n t e r - b r a n c h r e l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g
foreign policy.
N e x t , i t p o s i t s t y p o l o g i e s aimed a t p e r m i t t i n g s y s t e m a t i c
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e numerous p r o p o s a l s s u g g e s t e d f o r b r i n g i n g C o n g r e s s i n t o a
more v i a b l e p o s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s .
Finally, t h i s study suggests that a partnership should evolve without
d r a s t i c l e g a l s u r g e r y on t h e r e l a t i o n s between t h e b r a n c h e s l e s t f o r m a l
c h a n g e s c r e a t e i l l s w h i c h m i g h t r e q u i r e f u t u r e , more s w e e p i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s
of s t a t u t o r y o r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l scalpels."
K o l o d z i e j , Edward A.
I n The power t o g o v e r n : a s s e s s i n g r e f o r m i n t h e
Formulating foreign policy.
U n i t e d S t a t e s . New York, Academy o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , 1 9 8 1 . ( p r o c e e d i n g s ,
JK21 .P734
v . 3 4 , no. 2 , 1 9 8 1 ) p. 174-189.
S u r v e y s i n c e n t i v e s which l e d Congress t o t a k e a l a r g e r r o l e i n f o r e i g n
p o l i c y f o r m u l a t i o n , a n d e x a m i n e s t h e way C o n g r e s s h a s r e o r g a n i z e d a n d
staffed i t s e l f to f i l l tht role.
K o z l o v , V.
US C o n g r e s s a n d American f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s (Moscow),
n o . 2 , Feb. 1979: 114-118.
LRS79-2443
The " c o n g r e s s f a c t o r " i n American f o r e i g n p o l i c y - - a S o v i e t v i e w .
L e g i s l a t i n g f o r e i g n p o l i c y . E d i t e d by Hoyt P u r v i s a n d S t e v e n J. B a k e r .
B o u l d e r , Westview P r e s s , 1984. 229 p .
JK1081.L44 1 9 8 4
Leyton-Brown, David.
International
The r o l e of C o n g r e s s i n t h e making of f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
LRS82-18535
j o u r n a l , v. 3 8 , w i n t e r 1982-1983: 59-76.
" D u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 0 s , c o n g r e s s a c t e d on a number o f f r o n t s t o r e v e r s e
p u b l i c l y t h e d e c i s i o n s of t h e p r e s i d e n t and t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y e x p e r t s o f
t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h , t o impose p r o h i b i t i o n s a n d r e s t r i c t i o n s o n f u t u r e
a c t i o n s , a n d t o m a n d a t e new p o l i c y b e h a v i o u r .
The many a r e a s o f
c o n g r e s s i o n a l a c t i v i s m i n c l u d e d m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t y , arms s a l e s , i n t e l l i g e n c e
o p e r a t i o n s , t r a d e , a i d , n u c l e a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n , human r i g h t s , a n d
s u r v e i l l a n c e of e x e c u t i v e a g r e e m e n t s . "
CKS- 11
Lovell, John P.
The challenge of American foreign policy: purpose and adaptation. New
LRS85-7881
York, Macmillan, c1985. 333 p.
Contents.--The study of foreign policy.--The structure and process of
foreign policy in the computer age: imaginary ideals and real
requirements.--Guiding assumptions, images, and goals: the early American
foreign policy experience.--Adapting to Post-World War I1 challenges.--The
modern quest for unifying goals: the politics of consensus building.--The
Presidency and the bureaucracy.--The structure and process of foreign
policy decision making.--The President and Congress in the formulation of
foreign policy.--Meeting the challenges of the 1980s and 1990s: purpose and
adaptat ion.
Morrison, David C.
Trauma over treaties.
National journal., v. 19, June 27, 1987: 1644-1699.
LRS87-4475
I'
Like the Iran-contra affair, the dispute over interpreting the ABM
Treaty raises the question of how much power Congress has--and should
have--in the foreign policy arena."
Maynes, Charles William. Ullman, Richard H.
Ten years of foreign policy. Foreign policy, no. 40, fall 1980: 3-17.
LRS80-20980
1'
Surveys shifts in the international balance of power since the beginning
of the 1970s. Also examines domestic constraints on the development of
consistent and coherent U.S. foreign policies.
McCormick, James M.
The changing role of the House Foreign Affairs Committee in the 1970s and
LRS85-6006
1980s. Congress 6 the Presidency, v. 12, spring 1985: 1-20.
"Examines the extent to which the House Committee on Foreign Affairs has
changed in orientation from a committee that is 'executive-led' to one that
makes a more independent judgment of foreign policy matters."
Muravchik, Joshua.
The Senate and national security: a new mood. Washington, Center for
Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, 1980. 88 p.
LRS80-16577
(The Washington papers, 80)
Documents the Senate's change in attitude on national security issues
during the 1970s. Traces the Senate's change from "the most dovish body in
the U.S. government" to the "most hawkish."
OLson, William C.
President, Congress and American foreign policy: confrontation or
collaboration? International affairs (London), v. 52, Oct. 1976: 565-581.
LRS76- 16425
Osterlund, Peter.
Coping with constitutional ambiguity. Christian Science monitor, Aug. 12,
1987: 6.
LRS87-5939
1'
The US Constitution's division of foreign policy responsibility between
president and Congress created a delicate balance that has been severely
tested by the Iran-contra affair. Yet politicians and historians tend to
agree that the system is wise and workable."
CKS- 12
P e r c y , C h a r l e s H.
The p a r t i s a n g a p .
F o r e i g n p o l i c y , n o . 4 5 , w i n t e r 1981-1982:
3-15.
LRS81-15063
W i t h o u t a j o i n t a p p r o a c h t o U.S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y , w h i c h b o t h b r a n c h e s o f
g o v e r n m e n t b a c k e d by s u b s t a n t i a l e l e m e n t s o f b o t h p a r t i e s m u s t work t o
f o r g e , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s l i k e l y t o f a l l s h o r t of i t s f o r e i g n p o l i c y
o b j e c t i v e s .I1
I1
The P r e s i d e n t , t h e C o n g r e s s and f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
F o r w a r d b y Edmund S . M u s k i e ,
K e n n e t h R u s h ; K e n n e t h W . Thompson, r a p p o r t e u r .
Lanham, U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s o f
America, c1986.
311 p.
JX1706.P74 1 9 8 6
Rodman, P e t e r W .
The i m p e r i a l C o n g r e s s .
1, f a l l 1 9 8 5 : 26-35.
LRS85-14318
I1
S t r o n g p r e s i d e n t s i n t h i s e r a w i l l f i n d t h e Congress a n o p p o s i t i o n f o r c e
c h a l l e n g i n g them, f o r t h e most p a r t , from t h e l e f t .
What a l l o f t h i s
amounts t o i s a r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t a n a c t i v e f o r e i g n p o l i c y of c o n t a i n m e n t
and world l e a d e r s h i p .
The r e b e l l i o n t r u l y d e s e r v e s t h e l a b e l
' i s o l a t i o n i s t . "'
N a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t , no.
Kourke, John.
C o n g r e s s a n d t h e P r e s i d e n c y i n U.S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y m a k i n g : a s t u d y o f
i n t e r a c t i o n a n d i n f l u e n c e , 1945-1982.
B o u l d e r , Colo., Westview P r e s s ,
1 9 8 3 . 4 4 1 p.
(Westview r e p l i c a e d i t i o n )
LRS83-18888
Vandenberg
B y r n e s : t h e e a r l y C o l d War
Contents.--Truman
triumvirate.--Early
p o s t w a r p o l i c y . - - T h e d e c l a r a t i o n of t h e C o l d
War.--Consensus,
d i s s e n t and f o r e i g n p o l i c y . - - C o n g r e s s i o n a l
means and
P r e s i d e n t i a l v a l u e s : Europe, Asia and t h e Middle E a s t policy.-C o n g r e s s i o n a l means a n d P r e s i d e n t i a l v a l u e s : t r a d e , a i d a n d
personnel.--Congressional
v a l u e s and t h e s c o p e of c o n g r e s s i o n a l
influence.--The o l d o r d e r changes--a l i t t l e . - - T h e f u t u r e i s h i s t o r y .
...
...
R o u r k e , J o h n T.
The f u t u r e i s h i s t o r y : Congress and f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
Presidential studies
LRS79-12254
q u a r t e r l y , v . 9 , summer 1 9 7 9 : 275-283.
I1
I t may b e t h a t C o n g r e s s c a n a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o a s s e r t i t s e l f i n t h e
f o r e i g n p o l i c y p r o c e s s , b u t i t i s more p r o b a b l e t h a t d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g w i l l
r e v e r t t o t h e p a t t e r n w h i c h t h e War P o w e r s R e s o l u t i o n a n d o t h e r k i n d r e d
a c t s have attempted t o a l t e r .
The l o n g s t a n d i n g a r g u m e n t s w h i c h h a v e
t r a d i t i o n a l l y l e n t s t r e n g t h t o p r e s i d e n t i a l primacy i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s and
t h e p o s t World War I 1 f a c t o r s w h i c h h a v e a u g m e n t e d t h a t power a l l c o n t i n u e
A s t h e a c u t e n e s s of t h e i m a g e s o f V i e t n a m a n d W a t e r g a t e r e c e d e ,
t o exist.
a n d a s new c r i s e s i n t e r v e n e , t h e h i s t o r i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h i c h l o n g
d e t e r m i n e d t h e r e s p e c t i v e e x e c u t i v e and l e g i s l a t i v e r o l e s w i l l once a g a i n
i n f l u e n c e t h e p r o c e s s i n f a v o r o f p r e s i d e n t i a l power."
Rovine, Arthur W.
C o n g r e s s i o n a l - e x e c u t i v e r e l a t i o n s and U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
LRS80-19817
W i l l i a m e t t e l a w r e v i e w , v . 1 7 , w i n t e r 1 9 8 0 : 41-55.
1I
The e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h must a c c e p t a more c o m p r e h e n s i v e r o l e f o r C o n g r e s s
i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f f o r e i g n p o l i c y . A t t h e same t i m e , C o n g r e s s m u s t
u n d e r s t a n d i t s own l i m i t s a n d a v o i d i n t r u s i o n s i n t o t h e d a y - t o - d a y
management and c o n d u c t of p o l i c y .
I t i s extremely important i n t h i s regard
t h a t c o n g r e s s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s o f f i c e s i n t h e Departments of S t a t e and
D e f e n s e , a n d i n t h e White House be s t a f f e d w i t h t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d p e o p l e ,
and u t i l i z e d c o n t i n u o u s l y . "
Schlesinger, Arthur, J r .
F o r e i g n p o l i c y and t h e American c h a r a c t e r . F o r e i g n a f f a i r s , v. 6 2 , f a l l
LRS83-10499
1983: 1-16.
h he manner i n which a s t a t e p r a c t i c e s f o r e i g n p o l i c y i s g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d
by n a t i o n a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s .
The U n i t e d S t a t e s i s n o t exempt f r o m t h e s e
unimpeachable g e n e r a l i t i e s
Two s t r a i n s h a v e competed f o r t h e
c o n t r o l o f American f o r e i g n p o l i c y : o n e e m p i r i c a l , t h e o t h e r d o g m a t i c ; o n e
v i e w i n g t h e w o r l d i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e of h i s t o r y , t h e o t h e r i n t h e
The p r e s e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a
p e r s p e c t i v e of ideology
The a u t h o r
m i g h t y comeback o f t h e m e s s i a n i c a p p r o a c h t o f o r e i g n p o l i c y . "
c i t e s s e c t i o n s i n U.S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y where i d e o l o g y s t i l l h o l d s sway.
....
....
Schwartz, Bernard.
C o n g r e s s i o n a l v e t o i n t h e conduct of f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
I n The t e t h e r e d
P r e s i d e n c y : c o n g r e s s i o n a l r e s t r a i n t s on e x e c u t i v e power.
E d i t e d by Thomas
M . F r a n c k . New York, New York U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1981. p. 77-102.
LRS8 1-20963
T r a c e s " t h e development of t h e l e g i s l a t i v e v e t o , a s w e l l a s i t s r e c e n t
u s e i n s t a t u t e s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e c o n d u c t of f o r e i g n p o l i c y . "
Smith, Gaddis.
F o r e i g n p o l i c y i n p e r i l o u s t i m e s ; who's i n c h a r g e ? V i t a l i s s u e s , v. 29,
Apr. 1980: w h o l e i s s u e .
LRS80-3504
The a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s t h e
b a l a n c e " between C o n g r e s s a n d t h e
E x e c u t i v e i n t h e c o n d u c t of f o r e i g n p o l i c y , and c o n c l u d e s w i t h some
'8
g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e a l l o c a t i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and c o n t r o l . "
Spiro, Herbert J.
A new f o r e i g n p o l i c y c o n s e n s u s ? B e v e r l y H i l l s C a l i f . , S a g e P u b l i c a t i o n s ,
[ c 1 9 7 9 ] 72 p.
( T h e Washington p a p e r s , no. 6 4 )
LRS79-6094
C o n t e n t s . - - T h e o l d consensus.--The
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e
e s t a b l i s h m e n t . - - T h e American consensus.--A new f o r e i g n p o l i c y c o n s e n s u s ?
S t e n n i s , J o h n C.
F u l b r i g h t , J. William.
The r o l e of C o n g r e s s i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
W a s h i n g t o n , American E n t e p r i s e
I n s t i t u t e f o r P u b l i c P o l i c y R e s e a r c h [ I 9 7 1 1 139 p.
KF4651.S74
Szamuely, George.
The I m p e r i a l C o n g r e s s .
Commentary, v . 8 4 , S e p t . 1987: 27-32.
11
A r e v i s i o n i s t v e r s i o n of American h i s t o r y i s i n t h e p r o c e s s of LRS87-6546
being
w r i t t e n t o a c c o u n t f o r and t o j u s t i f y t h e newly a s s e r t i v e r o l e of C o n g r e s s
I t i s b a s e d on a t e n d e n t i o u s
i n t h e c o n d u c t of f o r e i g n p o l i c y
I t aims a t
m i s r e a d i n g of b o t h t h e d i s t a n t and t h e r e c e n t p a s t
replacing an allegedly 'imperial Presidencyf with the r a t i o n a l e f o r an
i m p e r i a l Congress
....
....
."
Tower, J o h n G.
C o n g r e s s v e r s u s t h e P r e s i d e n t : t h e f o r m u l a t i o n and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
American f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
F o r e i g n a f f a i r s , v. 6 0 , w i n t e r 1981-1982: 229-246.
LRS81-15064
" I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l , j u d i c i a l and h i s t o r i c a l a r g u m e n t s
against Congressional intervention in foreign policy, there is an even more
clear-cut issue of the efficacy ot Congressional involvement in foreign
policy. To the extent that Congress often represents competing regional
and parochial interests, i t is almost impossible for it to forge a unified
national foreign policy strategy and to speak with one voice in negotiating
with foreign powers."
Treaties and other international agreements: the role of the United States
Senate; a study prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S.
Senate, by the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
Washington, G.P.O., 1984. 318 p. (Print, Senate, 98th Congress, 2nd
LRS84-6524
session, committee print S. Prt. 98-205)
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Congress and foreign policy series [on congressional-executive relations in
foreign policy making] Prepared for the House Committee on Foreign Affairs
by the Congressional Research Service. Washington, G.P.O., 1980-1983. 8 v.
LRS82-3240, LRS83-12815, LRS82-1437, LRS81-4832,
LRS80-6462, LRS81-5818, LRS82-16372, LRS82-10609
At head of title: [House] Foreign Affairs Committee print.
Content.--No. 1. Executive-legislative consultation on foreign policy:
strengthening executive branch procedures.--No. 3. Congressional-executive
relations and the Turkish arms embargo.--No. 4. Executive-legislative
consultation on foreign policy: strengthening foreign policy information
sources for Congress.--No. 5. Executive-legislative consultations on
foreign policy: strengthening the legislative side.--No. 6. Executivelegislative consultation on foreign policy: sanctions against Rhodesia.--No.
7. Executive-legislative consultation on foreign policy [summary, analyses,
and bibliogaphy]
The "congress factor" in superpower relations: Soviet views of the U.S.
Congress; report of a staff study mission to the Soviet Union, May 25-June
6, 1987 to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives.
Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 33 p.
LRS87-10376
At head of title: 100th Congress, 1st session. Committee print.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Special
Subcommittee on Investigations. Congress and foreign policy; report.
Washington, G.P.O., 1976. 26 p. A t head of title: 94th Congress, 2nd
LRS76-19110
session. Committee print.
This report examines characteristics and problems of executive-legislative
relations, and offers some "suggestions on how these problems can be
addressed and how Congress' appropriate role in foreign policymaking
formulation can be besc insured."
U.S.
Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations.
170th anniversary 1816-1986. Washington, G.P.O., 1986.
Senate, 99th Congress, 2nd session, no. 99-21)
91 p.
(Document,
LRS86-270
Whalen, Charles W., Jr.
The House and foreign policy: the irony of congressional reform. Chapel
LRS82-8595
Hill, University of North Carolina Press 119821 207 p.
Contents.--A reassertive House.--Shared constitutional prerogatives.--The
II
new" House.--The reforms take effect.--The House makes foreign policy.-Getting elected to the new House.--The new House in a new decade.
CKS- 15
Wheeler, Nicholas.
Williams, P h i l .
U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r e i g n policy-making c h a o s o r d e s i g n ? I n t e r n a t i o n a l
r e l a t i o n s , v. 8 , May 1985: 226-244.
LRS85-15447
II
The U n i t e d S t a t e s b u r e a u c r a t i c machine h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y
cumbersome, p a r o c h i a l and i n s e n s i t i v e t o t h e n e e d s of b o t h d o m e s t i c and
i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . A f t e r e l a b o r a t i n g upon t h e s e s t r u c t u r a l
p r o b l e m s , t h i s a r t i c l e c o n s i d e r s some o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s n o t o n l y f o r t h e
p o l i c y - m a k i n g p r o c e s s b u t a l s o f o r t h e s u b s t a n c e of t h e p o l i c i e s w h i c h
emerge. "
W i l c o x , F r a n c i s 0.
C o o p e r a t i o n v s . c o n f r o n t a t i o n : Congress and f o r e i g n p o l i c y s i n c e Vietnam.
A t l a n t i c community q u a r t e r l y , v. 2 2 , f a l l 1984: 267-283.
LRS84-16802
II
I n some ways o u r C o n s t i t u t i o n i s a n i n v i t a t i o n t o d i s u n i t y , f o r i t
d i v i d e s t h e power i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y between two b r a n c h e s s o a s t o g i v e
e f f e c t t o o u r c h e c k s and b a l a n c e s s y s t e m .
In s h o r t , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t h e P r e s i d e n t and C o n g r e s s i s n o t s u p p o s e d t o b e o n e of p e a c e a n d
harmony.
I t i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p i n which f r i c t i o n , w i t h i n p r o p e r l i m i t s , c a n
b e a c r e a t i v e f a c t o r . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t i s n o t a r e a s s u r i n g s p e c t a c l e
f o r most Americans t o s e e t h e P r e s i d e n t and C o n g r e s s s e r i o u s l y a t o d d s when
the n a t i o n ' s v i t a l i n t e r e s t s a r e a t stake. Clearly a reasonable degree of
c o o p e r a t i o n and teamwork between t h e two b r a n c h e s i s e s s e n t i a l i f o u r
government i s t o f u n c t i o n e l t e c t i v e l y . "
Yankelovich, Daniel.
F a r e w e l l t o " p r e s i d e n t knows b e s t " .
F o r e i g n a f f a i r s , v . 5 7 , no. 3 , 1979:
670-693.
LRS79-779
II
Under t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t now p r e v a i l , n o t o n l y h a s a u t o m a t i c s u p p o r t
f o r p r e s i d e n t i a l policymaking dwindled, but p u b l i c o p i n i o n d a t a have
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e American p e o p l e a r e e a g e r t o h a v e more s a y - - b o t h
d i r e c t l y and t h r o u g h t h e i r s u r r o g a t e s i n Congress--in t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
foreign policy."
Z e i d e n s t e i n , Harvey G.
The two p r e s i d e n c i e s t h e s i s i s a l i v e and w e l l and h a s been l i v i n g i n t h e
U.S. S e n a t e s i n c e 1973. P r e s i d e n t i a l s t u d i e s q u a r t e r l y , v. 11, f a l l 1981:
511-525.
LRS81- 16897
U s i n g k e y v o t e s f o r t h e House and S e n a t e and i n C o n g r e s s as a w h o l e , f r o m
1957-1980, t h e a u t h o r a n a l y z e s Aaron W i l d a v s k y ' s t h e s i s t h a t P r e s i d e n t s
II
e x e r c i s e g r e a t e r c o n t r o l o v e r f o r e i g n and d e f e n s e p o l i c y t h a n d o m e s t i c
p o l i c y , " and f i n d s t h a t I t i t a p p e a r s i n t e r m i t t a n t l y u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s t h a t
promote low d o m e s t i c s u p p o r t , a s when a p r e s i d e n t f a c e s a C o n g r e s s
c o n t r o l l e d by t h e o p p o s i t i o n p a r t y , and by i n s t i t u t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s
between t h e House and S e n a t e . "