A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
MEXICO IN TRANSITION:
The Diplomatic Papers of
John Lind,
1913–1931
A UPA Collection
from
Mexico in Transition:
The Diplomatic Papers of John Lind,
1913–1931
Guide compiled by
Dan Elasky
Microfilmed by the Minnesota Historical Society Library and Archives, M208,
Mexican Mission Papers, 1913–1931
A UPA Collection from
7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mexico in transition [microform] : the diplomatic papers of John Lind, 1913–1931.
microfilm reels.
“Microfilmed by the Minnesota Historical Society Library and Archives, M208,
Mexican Mission Papers, 1913–1931.”
Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky.
Summary: Reproduces the papers of John Lind’s diplomatic mission to Mexico in
1913–1914, during the Mexican Revolution, as the personal representative of President
Woodrow Wilson, and reflects his continued involvement and interest in Mexican
affairs.
ISBN 1-55655-968-2
1. United States—Foreign relations—Mexico. 2. Mexico—Foreign relations—United
States. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1865–1921. 4. United States—Foreign
relations—1929–1933. 5. United States—Foreign relations—1923–1929. I. Lind, John,
1854–1930. II. Elasky, Dan. III. LexisNexis (Firm)
E183.8.M6
327.73072'09'041—dc22
2005040744
CIP
Copyright © 2005 LexisNexis,
a division of Reed Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55655-968-2.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Scope and Content Note .......................................................................................................
v
Biographical Background .................................................................................................
vi
A Selected List of Events in the Life of John Lind ......................................................
vi
Historical Background ......................................................................................................
ix
A Selected List of Events in the History of the Mexican Revolution,
1910–1920 ......................................................................................................................
x
Origin of the Collection ....................................................................................................
xiii
Description of the Papers
1913–1914 ....................................................................................................................... xiii
1914–1916 ....................................................................................................................... xvi
1917–1931 ....................................................................................................................... xvii
Selected Bibliography ....................................................................................................... xvii
Reel Index
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers
Reel 1
Undated; January–October 15, 1913 ................................................................................
1
Reel 2
October 16–November 1913 ............................................................................................
2
Reel 3
December 1913–February 10, 1914 .................................................................................
3
Reel 4
January 11–April 15, 1914 ................................................................................................
4
Reel 5
April 16, 1914–February 1915 ..........................................................................................
5
Reel 6
March–December 1915 ....................................................................................................
7
Reel 7
1916–1931 .........................................................................................................................
Catalog Cards ...................................................................................................................
8
9
Principal Correspondents Index ..........................................................................................
Subject Index ..........................................................................................................................
11
15
iii
SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE
The Mexican Mission Papers of John Lind (1913–31) in the manuscripts department of
the Minnesota Historical Society recount Lind’s diplomatic mission to Mexico in 1913–14 as
the personal representative of President Woodrow Wilson and his continued involvement and
interest in Mexican affairs after his return to the United States. These papers, which
measure three and three-fourths linear feet, were extracted from the society’s larger
collection of John Lind Papers. The remaining portion of the Lind collection (1870–1912,
1917–33), which was not microfilmed, measures five linear feet.
This microfilm edition includes all items formerly in the Lind Papers for the years 1913–
16, most but not all of which deal with Mexican affairs, plus those items for the period 1917–
31 that relate to Mexico. The bulk of the papers filmed are for the years 1913–14.
While most of the materials in the collection are legible and in good physical condition,
there are exceptions. The ink on some copies of coded telegraphic messages and letters
typed on sulphite paper has faded or blurred so that legibility is impaired. Also, cellophane
tape used to repair letters and newspapers has damaged paper and ink, occasionally making
items difficult to read.
The Mexican Mission Papers are filmed in a single, integrated sequence of
correspondence and miscellaneous papers on seven rolls of microfilm. Following the
correspondence and miscellaneous papers on Roll 7 are copies of catalog cards listing the
society’s manuscript and library holdings that relate to Lind and to pertinent facets of
Mexican foreign relations, history, politics, and government.
The papers are arranged and microfilmed in chronological order. Undated items appear
on the film before dated ones. Enclosures, no matter what their date, have been filed
whenever possible after the items in which they were enclosed. When there are both
Spanish and English versions of the same item, the original version is immediately followed
by its translation. In the case of coded diplomatic dispatches and telegrams all versions of
the same message usually are filmed consecutively in the following order: the coded
message, its transcription, the original manuscript draft (of those sent by Lind), and any other
existing versions.
The 2-B film format has been used in microfilming the manuscripts. A running title
beneath each film frame gives the names of the collection and the institution holding the
original documents as well as the roll and frame numbers. Special targets indicate
enclosures, incomplete or defective manuscripts, and the reduction ratio of the image when
other than the standard 12 to 1 was used. Sometimes a manuscript was filmed more than
once with different amounts of illumination when it was not possible to achieve legibility with
a single exposure. In this case, an intentional duplicate exposure target was filmed with the
duplicate frame. When an item was incorrectly filmed out of sequence within a few frames,
it was not refilmed. Other items found out of place and inserted into a film sequence are
identified with letters following the frame number (as 163A).
Several aids to the reader appear at the beginning of each microfilm roll. A brief
discussion of the Mexican Mission Papers is followed by two chronologies: selected lists of
events in the life of Lind and in the history of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–20. The
v
chronologies are followed by sample citations to items in the collection and a list of the
contents of each microfilm roll.
BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND
When Lind was named by President Wilson as his personal representative to Mexico in
August 1913, he was virtually unknown in national political circles. In his home state of
Minnesota, however, he was a prominent lawyer and politician who, as congressman and
governor, had established a widespread reputation as a man far more committed to
progressive principles and issues than to party loyalty, a man who had once described
himself as a “political orphan.”
Lind’s appointment, evidently made on the recommendation of Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan, was as much a surprise to him as it was to the American public. For
Wilson had chosen to send to Mexico on a mission of extreme delicacy a man with no
diplomatic experience, no knowledge of either Mexican affairs or the Spanish language, and
a strong anti-Catholic bias. His qualifications, aside from his personal and political loyalty to
both Wilson and Bryan, were a reputedly circumspect attitude toward public statements and
a strong independent spirit, which supposedly would enable him to resist partisan pressures in
the execution of his mission.
This estimate of Lind’s character proved to be only partially accurate. On the one hand,
during his stay in Mexico (August 9, 1913–April 6, 1914) and for several years thereafter,
the newspapers made him well known to the people of the United States as “silent John
Lind,” the tall, gaunt Swede who would not comment on Mexican affairs. On the other hand,
on those rare occasions when Lind issued statements for publication, he somehow managed
to stir up a great deal of controversy. More importantly, he became a strong supporter of the
Constitutionalist cause shortly after his arrival in Mexico, and the conduct of his mission had
neither the neutrality nor the objectivity that Wilson and Bryan had ostensibly desired.
Lind’s preference for directness in speech and his impatience to achieve tangible
results made him temperamentally unsuited for the role of diplomat. These qualities, together
with the peculiar nature of his position, the manner in which the Wilson administration dealt
with him and handled American-Mexican relations, and his lack of familiarity with his
surroundings, often caused Lind to feel frustrated and isolated in Mexico. But while he was
eager to return to Minnesota in June 1914, and to resume the more comfortable roles of
lawyer and political maverick, he maintained an avid interest in Mexico and in retrospect
viewed his sojourn there as the most “intensely interesting” period of his life.
A SELECTED LIST OF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF JOHN LIND
March 25. Born in Kånna parish, Småland province, Sweden, eldest of five
children born to Peter Gustaf Jonasson and Katrina Jonasdotter.
1868
Emigrated with family to United States; settled on a farm near Cannon Falls,
Goodhue County, Minnesota. Father adopted name of Lind from name of family
farm in Sweden, “Lindbacken.”
Left hand amputated as a result of hunting accident.
1869–70
Attended public school in Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minnesota. Certified to
teach third grade.
1871
Taught school in Goodhue County.
1872
Moved with family to farm near Winthrop, Sibley County, Minnesota.
1873
Taught school in Sibley County.
1854
vi
1874–75
1875–76
1876
1877
1879
1880
1881
1884
1886
1890
1892
1893
1896
1898
1900
1901
Employed in law office of Jonas Newhart in New Ulm, Brown County,
Minnesota. Studied law and taught school.
Attended University of Minnesota. Taught night school.
Returned to New Ulm to assist Newhart in law practice.
Admitted to Minnesota bar. Opened own law office in New Ulm.
Elected superintendent of schools for Brown County; served until 1879.
Married Alice A. Shepard, daughter of Richard and Rowena Charity Stratton
Shepard.
First son, Norman, born.
Appointed receiver of U.S. land office at Tracy, Lyon County, Minnesota, by
President James A. Garfield; served until 1885.
Formed partnership with Frank L. Randall in order to retain law practice in
New Ulm.
Legal firm of Lind and Randall dissolved; succeeded by firm of Lind and Carl
A. Hagberg.
First daughter, Jenny, born.
First Swedish-born American to be elected to U.S. House of Representatives,
from 2nd congressional district, Republican ticket; served 1887–93 in 50th, 51st,
and 52nd Congresses. During third term formed lasting friendship with Bryan,
then representative from Nebraska. Primarily interested in the tariff, public
lands, enforcement of Interstate Commerce Act, Indian affairs, bimetallism,
railroads, shipping, postal telegraph, organized labor, and immigration restriction.
Second daughter, Winifred, born.
Declined to seek reelection to House of Representatives, in part because he did
not feel in “full accord” with Republican Party on such “vital questions” as free
coinage of silver.
Resumed law practice in New Ulm.
Appointed a regent of University of Minnesota by Governor Knute Nelson;
resigned in 1894.
Left Republican Party over Free Silver issue. Supported presidential candidacy
of Bryan, Democratic-People’s ticket.
Defeated in bid for governorship of Minnesota, Democratic-People’s ticket,
Free Silver platform.
Enlisted for service in Spanish-American War; served with rank of lieutenant as
regimental quartermaster of the 12th Minnesota Volunteers in Cuba; however,
opposed U.S. policy of imperialism and retention of Philippine Islands.
Elected 14th governor of Minnesota, Democratic-Populist ticket; served 1899–
1901. Primarily concerned with trust and railroad regulation, taxation, legal
reform, public education, treatment of the insane, and organized labor.
Defeated for reelection as governor of Minnesota, Democratic-People’s ticket.
Campaign stressed trust regulation, imperialism, and militarism as primary
national issues and taxation as paramount state issue.
Second son, John Shepard, born.
Transferred residence from New Ulm to Minneapolis, Minnesota.
vii
1902
1904
1908
1910
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1922
1923
1924
1928
Formed law partnership with Andreas Ueland that was maintained until 1914.
Elected to U.S. House of Representatives from 5th congressional district,
Democratic ticket; served 1903–05 in 58th Congress. Interested in interstate
commerce, public lands, Indian affairs, and the tariff.
Declined to seek reelection to House.
Campaigned for presidential candidate Bryan, Democratic ticket.
Appointed to board of regents of University of Minnesota by Governor John A.
Johnson; served as president until 1914.
Made Waldron M. Jerome a partner in law firm.
Declined Minnesota gubernatorial nomination, Democratic ticket.
Worked for nomination of Wilson as Democratic candidate for president.
Traveled with family to Europe.
Declined to serve as assistant secretary of the interior and as U.S. minister to
Sweden.
Appointed by Wilson as his personal representative to Mexico; served until
1914.
Resumed law practice In Minneapolis.
Supported Wilson’s policy of neutrality with respect to World War I.
Appointed chairman of Minnesota chapter of League to Enforce Peace by its
president, former President William Howard Taft.
Accepted invitation to Mexico to meet President Venustiano Carranza.
Campaigned for reelection of Wilson.
Supported U.S. entry into World War I.
Appointed to Minnesota Commission of Public Safety by Governor Joseph
A. A. Burnquist; resigned in 1918.
Appointed chairman of Advisory Council to the Secretary of Labor and an
umpire on National War Labor Board by Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson.
Supported National Nonpartisan League’s candidate for governor of Minnesota,
Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., in Republican primary election.
Supported Wilson’s campaign for U.S. entry into League of Nations.
Daughter Jenny died.
Established Lind Fund for the Aid of Deserving Crippled Children at University
of Minnesota.
Supported Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party’s candidate for U.S. senator,
Magnus Johnson.
Endorsed Progressive Party’s presidential and vice-presidential candidates,
Robert M. La Follette and Burton K. Wheeler.
Supported Farmer-Labor Party’s candidates for Minnesota state and national
offices. Also supported them in 1926 and 1928.
Opposed presidential candidacy of Alfred E. Smith, Democratic ticket.
Supported Republican Party’s candidate, Herbert C. Hoover.
viii
1929
1930
Appointed member of board of trustees of American Institute of Swedish Art,
Literature, and Science.
September 18. Died in Minneapolis.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
When Wilson assumed the office of president of the United States in 1913, Mexico was
in the throes of revolution. For the Mexican nation it was a period of guerrilla warfare,
coups d’état, and political assassinations. As rival factions struggled for military and political
control, anarchy and economic collapse constantly threatened. The situation was complicated
by the fact that powerful governments (most notably that of the United States), motivated by
idealistic and economic interests, felt compelled to interfere in Mexican affairs. Between
1913 and 1915, President Wilson made U.S. relations with Mexico the chief international
issue of his administration. He and Secretary of State Bryan, neither of whom had previous
experience in the complex art of international diplomacy, embarked on a Mexican policy that
sprang primarily from moralistic and idealistic impulses: the reestablishment of social,
economic, and political order through the elimination of military dictator Victoriano Huerta
and the creation of a democratically elected constitutional government. The policy was
doomed to fail from the beginning, because it was based on unrealistic assumptions about and
inaccurate appraisals of the Mexican situation.
Wilson and Bryan tried various methods of achieving their goals. First, they rejected the
historic American practice of recognizing de facto governments and withheld recognition
from the Huerta regime. When this action brought no results, they devised a mediation
scheme designed to force Huerta’s resignation and the holding of free elections. Lind was
sent to Mexico to present the mediation offer and to exert diplomatic pressure for its
acceptance. Because sending an ambassador would have been inconsistent with Wilson’s
policy of nonrecognition, Lind was given the ambiguous title of “personal representative”;
clearly, however, he was to act in an ambassadorial capacity. When Huerta refused the
terms of the plan, Lind was instructed to remain in Mexico in the crucial role of observer and
reporter, while Wilson and Bryan next embarked on a policy of “watchful waiting.”
Following another unsuccessful attempt to force Huerta’s resignation, “watchful waiting”
was abandoned in favor of encouraging the Constitutionalist forces opposed to Huerta and
using direct military coercion in the occupation of Veracruz (both strongly advocated by
Lind). Eventually, in 1914, the Constitutionalist military forces drove Huerta from power, and
their “First Chief,” Carranza, assumed control of the government without holding elections.
Although Huerta had been eliminated, Mexico seemed no closer to stability through
democracy than it had been before.
The Constitutionalist ranks soon split. Carranza was challenged both militarily and
politically by such former allies as Francisco (Pancho) Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who were
referred to as Conventionists after the Convention of Aguascalientes. Wilson and Bryan,
having discovered that Carranza was as stubbornly unwilling to allow the United States to
interfere in Mexico’s internal affairs as Huerta had been, switched their allegiance for a time
from the “First Chief” to the Conventionist forces opposing him. In 1915, however, as the
Constitutionalists managed to continue in power, and as Wilson found his attention drawn
more and more from Mexico to the crisis in Europe, he granted recognition to the Carranza
government. Except for the Punitive Expedition sent into Mexico against Villa in 1916, the
United States, with its ultimate policy objectives still not achieved, withdrew from its intense
involvement in Mexican affairs and left one of the most important revolutions of the
twentieth century to run its own course.
ix
1910
1911
1913
1913
1913
1913
1913
A SELECTED LIST OF EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF
THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, 1910–1920
Henry Lane Wilson appointed U.S. ambassador to Mexico by President Taft.
Porfirio Díaz, dictator of Mexico since 1876, reelected president.
Anti-Díaz revolution launched by Francisco I. Madero with Plan of San Luis
Potosí; supported by Carranza, Villa, and Zapata. Madero proclaimed himself
provisional president.
Madero revolution succeeded. Díaz resigned as president.
Madero elected president; faced with revolts that continued through 1912.
Taft recognized Madero government.
February
Madero overthrown by Huerta in coup d’état; Huerta proclaimed himself
provisional president until October 1913, elections. Madero executed.
Outgoing President Taft withheld U.S. recognition of Huerta government.
March
President Wilson refused to grant U.S. recognition to Huerta government
because of unlawful method of seizing power. Although he broke with
traditional U.S. policy of recognizing de facto governments, decided to maintain
informal relations with Mexican government.
Carranza elected “First Chief” by Constitutionalist forces (which included Villa
and Zapata) organizing against Huerta. Proclaimed revolt with announcement of
Plan of Guadalupe.
July
Wilson and Bryan formulated Mexican policy committed to removal of Huerta
from power and establishment of democratically elected constitutional
government.
Henry Lane Wilson recalled to United States.
August
Lind appointed Wilson’s personal representative to Mexico to mediate situation,
i.e., to negotiate Huerta’s elimination. Mission a failure; Huerta rejected
Wilson’s terms: (1) immediate cessation of fighting and an armistice; (2) early
and free elections participated in by all; (3) pledge by Huerta not to be a
presidential candidate in elections; (4) agreement by all parties to accept results
of elections.
Wilson announced official U.S. Mexican policy as that of “watchful waiting”;
imposed embargo on arms shipments from United States to Mexico. Lind
instructed to remain in Veracruz to observe and report on situation.
October
Villa forces captured Huerta stronghold of Torreón.
Huerta dissolved Mexican Congress, arrested deputies, and assumed dictatorial
powers until elections.
Elections held; subsequently declared null and void by Congress, which
appointed Huerta provisional president until July 1914 elections.
x
1913
1913
1914
1914
1914
1914
1914
Wilson and Bryan abandoned U.S. policy of “watchful waiting” and decided to
reopen active campaign to eliminate Huerta.
November
United States, through Lind, renewed efforts to force Huerta to resign; he
refused.
At Wilson’s request, William Bayard Hale negotiated with Carranza conditions
for U.S. support: lifting of arms embargo in exchange for acceptance of U.S.
mediation plan and guarantee of protection for American lives and property.
Mission a failure; Carranza rejected United States’ presumed right to intervene
in internal affairs of Mexico.
Villa forces captured Ciudad Juárez from government troops.
Wilson announced return to policy of “watchful waiting.”
December
Huerta forces recaptured Torreón.
January
Lind and Wilson conferred about Mexican situation at Pass Christian,
Mississippi.
Carranza sent personal agent, Luis Cabrera, to Washington, D.C., to confer
with Wilson.
Wilson announced new policy of support for Constitutionalists.
February
Wilson revoked arms embargo.
April
Villa forces recaptured Torreón.
Lind returned to United States.
Tampico incident: commander of U.S. naval squadron at Tampico demanded
that American flag be raised and given twenty-one-gun salute by Mexican
commander as reparation for arrest of several American sailors, since released.
Huerta refused to grant authority for salute.
U.S. mail courier arrested at Veracruz by Mexican soldier.
Official State Department dispatch delayed by Mexican censor at Mexico City.
On pretext of halting arms shipments to Huerta, Wilson ordered U.S. military
forces to occupy Veracruz in retaliation for above three events. Huerta severed
diplomatic relations with United States.
Wilson reimposed arms embargo in retaliation for Carranza’s hostile attitude
toward occupation of Veracruz.
Argentine, Brazilian, and Chilean envoys in Washington offered to mediate
conflict between United States and Mexico; offer accepted.
May–June
A.B.C. Mediation Conference held in Niagara Falls, Canada; settled little.
July
Huerta resigned and fled to Europe, yielding presidency to Francisco S.
Carbajal.
xi
1914
1914
1914
1914
1915
1916
1917
1919
Villa, plotting overthrow of Carranza as “First Chief,” sought U.S. support.
August
Wilson and Bryan unofficially encouraged Villa’s efforts. Official U.S. policy
remained one of noninvolvement in Mexico’s internal affairs.
Constitutionalist forces led by Carranza’s general, Alvaro Obregón, occupied
Mexico City; Carbajal surrendered government to Carranza.
October
Convention of anti-Carranza forces (including Villa and Zapata) met at
Aguascalientes.
November
Convention of Aguascalientes elected General Eulalio Gutiérrez provisional
president. Carranza refused to resign and was declared a rebel by members of
convention. Villa called country to arms, precipitating new stage in civil war.
Carranza moved government from Mexico City to Veracruz upon withdrawal of
U.S. forces. Conventionist government established in Mexico City.
December
U.S. government ignored Carranza government, in effect breaking off de facto
relations; established de facto relations with Conventionist government.
Military battles throughout year between forces of Villa and Obregón. Villa
ultimately defeated.
Carranza refused to recognize subsequent presidents elected by Convention of
Aguascalientes (Roque Gonzáles Garza and Francisco Lago Cházaro).
Reestablished Constitutionalist government in Mexico City upon withdrawal of
Conventionist forces.
Huerta, plotting rebellion against Carranza, entered United States from Europe;
arrested by government officials in Texas.
United States resumed de facto relations with Carranza; maintained official
policy of nonintervention in Mexican affairs, but in reality vacillated between
involvement and noninvolvement, support of Villa and support of Carranza.
Pan-American Conference met in Washington; granted de facto recognition to
Carranza government. U.S. government subsequently granted de facto
recognition.
Huerta died in Texas of natural causes.
Villa raided town of Columbus, New Mexico, in retaliation for U.S. recognition
of Carranza. Wilson sent Punitive Expedition against him under command of
General John J. Pershing; expedition remained in Mexico almost a year but
failed to capture Villa.
Carranza called constitutional convention.
Constitution adopted. Carranza elected president. Wilson extended de jure
recognition to Carranza government.
Zapata killed by government troops.
Carranza refused to support presidential candidacy of his ally, Obregón;
insistently advocated election of Ignacio Bonillas. Situation precipitated break
between Obregón and Carranza.
xii
1920
1923
Successful rebellion against Carranza led by Obregón. Carranza killed while
fleeing from rebel forces.
Mexican Congress elected Adolfo de la Huerta provisional president. Obregón
elected president in general elections.
Villa assassinated by hired gunmen in town of Parral.
ORIGIN OF THE COLLECTION
Most of the manuscripts that now constitute the Mexican Mission Papers of John Lind
were included in the John Lind Papers given to the society by Mrs. John Lind in January
1936. Additional Mexican items were contributed to the collection in September 1958 by
Mrs. Edwin R. Bjorkman, a granddaughter of Lind. In January 1962, Alvin R. Witt presented
to the society a copy of a letter in his possession from Wilson to Lind, dated June 17, 1913.
In March of the same year, Witt donated a copy of a letter from Bryan to Lind, dated
December 12, [1914?], which had been given to him by John Lind Jr. Twenty-eight issues of
the Mexican Herald, dated April 25–May 22, 1914, were discovered in the newspaper
division of the society’s library and added to the collection during the preparation of this
microfilm edition. Their origin is unknown.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PAPERS
1913–1914
Following two undated items, the Mexican Mission Papers of John Lind begin in
January 1913, with a few manuscripts that predate Lind’s diplomatic assignment and deal
with other facets of his career: correspondence regarding his law practice, his work as
president of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota, political patronage,
President Wilson’s offer of the post of U.S. minister to Sweden, and Lind’s decision to
decline the position.
Manuscripts pertaining to the Mexican mission begin in late July 1913 with telegrams
from Secretary of State Bryan summoning Lind to Washington for consultation on an
“important” and “confidential” matter. Materials from early August 1913 include Lind’s
official letter of introduction; a copy of Wilson’s instructions listing the terms of the U.S.
mediation proposal; newspaper clippings reporting Lind’s appointment and arrival in Mexico;
and letters of congratulation and introduction, many of them from Americans residing in
Mexico. Also filed in August 1913 are several groups of documents undoubtedly generated
sometime during Lind’s stay in Mexico: numerous alphabetically arranged calling cards;
picture postcards portraying Lind on board the U.S.S. Michigan, Mexican architecture, and
Mexican revolutionary leaders and activities; and Zapata’s revolutionary manifesto, Plan de
Ayala.
The records that date from Lind’s arrival in Mexico in August 1913 to his departure in
April 1914 consist primarily of diplomatic dispatches, letters from informants, printed
materials, and copies of official documents. The heart of the Mexican Mission Papers are
the diplomatic dispatches, in which government officials in Washington and diplomats in
Veracruz and Mexico City kept one another informed of local developments. The bulk of the
dispatches are from Lind to Bryan, usually in both coded and transcribed forms, sometimes
with Lind’s original draft attached. A lesser number from Bryan to Lind are present, as well
as some that were exchanged between Lind and Nelson O’Shaughnessy, chargé d’affaires
at the American embassy in Mexico City.
xiii
In his efforts to give the Wilson administration as complete a picture as possible of the
social, economic, political, military, and religious conditions in Mexico, Lind packed his
dispatches with diverse types of information. First, he reported what he considered and what
appear to be actual, confirmed events, such as those he had witnessed or that had been
reported in the press, verified by corroborating documents or established as fact in some
other way. Among such events are those relating to his negotiations with the Huerta
government; incidents surrounding the October 1913 elections; the request of presidential
candidate Félix Díaz for asylum in the U.S. consulate in Veracruz; the arrival of arms and
fuel shipments for Huerta from Europe; the conduct of Mexican governmental affairs, such
as the convening of Congress and changes in Huerta’s cabinet; the progress of important
military campaigns and battles; and the financial crises continually plaguing the government.
Second, Lind relayed reports of unverified events (often transmitted to him by
informants) that seemingly had the status of rumors, such as supposed arrests and executions
carried out by the Mexican government; secret alliances and agreements entered into by
Huerta with the business community and the Catholic Church; and uprisings being planned by
anti-Huerta partisans. Lind did not always clearly indicate, however, whether the information
contained in his messages more closely resembled rumor or fact, and he sometimes tended to
confuse the two and to exaggerate situations. For example, he repeatedly warned that the
principal British oil investor in Mexico, Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson) of the firm of
S. Pearson and Son, Ltd., had resolved to control and monopolize the Mexican oil industry;
that in pursuit of this goal the Englishman had already consolidated his position to the extent
that he dictated the Mexican policy of Great Britain and controlled the Huerta government;
and that he was determined to embarrass the United States and thwart its policies. Lind
further contended that the British minister to Mexico, Sir Lionel E. Carden, was acting as
Cowdray’s agent and was, therefore, party to these Machiavellian intrigues. Lind’s belief in
the existence of this conspiracy became an obsession; his accusations concerning it, his
determination to expose it, and his insistence that Carden be replaced are major themes in his
dispatches.
Third, Lind reported what are clearly his personal opinions, impressions, and
interpretations and recommended strategies and tactics he believed ought to be employed by
the Wilson administration. He conveyed his negative views of the Irish, the Jews, the
Catholic Church, and the Mexicans, especially those in southern Mexico; his convictions that
the fundamental causes of unrest in Mexico were not political but social and economic and
that the establishment of political stability was ultimately dependent on reforms in the feudal
agrarian system; his estimate of what course the principal revolutionary leaders would
follow; his firm belief that, because the Mexicans understood only power and force, Wilson
and Bryan had to develop a well-thought-out policy and plan of action, adhere to them
without vacillation, and apply and maintain pressure at every point if they were to achieve
their goals; and his deepening sense of frustration as he began to realize that such a policy
and plan did not exist and that Huerta could repeatedly call the administration’s bluff.
As his feelings of frustration and lack of accomplishment mounted, Lind began to fill his
dispatches with recommendations designed to precipitate decisive action. Initially he argued
that since the Constitutionalists would ultimately defeat Huerta, it would be wise for Wilson
to recognize them, for, in the likely event that U.S. military intervention became necessary to
pacify the country, the Americans would then have the good will of the faction in power. He
subsequently decided, however, that it would be more expedient and far wiser for the United
States to achieve its objectives indirectly. If the façade of neutrality were abandoned, public
support granted to the Constitutionalists, and the arms embargo lifted, the Constitutionalists
would have the means to achieve what seemingly could not be effected through direct
xiv
diplomatic pressure—the ousting of Huerta and the establishment of democracy and stability.
This proposal, Lind argued, was the only alternative to military intervention, which would
arouse intense hostility among the Mexicans toward the United States.
Shortly before his departure, Lind was recommending that the United States aid the
rebels in seizing the gulf ports of Tampico and Veracruz in order to halt the flow of arms and
fuel to the Huerta government and to establish a base of operations from which a semblance
of law and order could radiate. But since Lind was no longer in Mexico during the Tampico
incident and the U.S. occupation of Veracruz, there is very little in the papers relating to
these important events.
In his replies, Bryan generally acknowledged Lind’s messages, reported that the
information and recommendations they contained were receiving careful consideration,
informed him of the administration’s decisions and actions, assured him of the importance of
his contributions, or occasionally requested documentation for his statements. Lind was
irritated by the lack of specific information he received; he felt that Wilson and Bryan did not
always keep him fully advised of the administration’s policy and of its reaction to his
dispatches. For the most part, Bryan’s messages indicate neither the manner in which the
decision-making process in Washington operated nor the nature or extent of Lind’s influence
on it.
The dispatches exchanged between Lind and O’Shaughnessy were primarily intended
to inform one another of their plans, of developments in their respective cities, and of
significant intelligence forwarded to or received from Washington.
Next to the dispatches, the richest manuscripts in the collection are the letters,
memoranda, and reports sent to Lind by people in Mexico whose positions enabled them to
inform and advise him about various aspects of the Mexican situation: Federico Adams
represented Lord Cowdray’s oil interests in Mexico; James N. Galbraith was connected with
the Waters Pierce Oil Company of Tampico; George R. Hackley was an executive of the
Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico; Sloan W. Emery managed an experimental hacienda
owned by the University of Minnesota; J. J. Slade Jr. was a businessman; Loring Olmstead
managed the British Club in Mexico City; Louis d’Antin was first clerk and legal counsel in
the U.S. embassy in Mexico City; Robert H. Murray was the Mexican correspondent for the
New York World; William A. Burnside was U.S. military attaché in Mexico City; Frank F.
Fletcher and William A. Moffett were officers in the U.S. Navy. A comparison of the
content of these manuscripts with that of the dispatches suggests that while Lind did receive
communiqués from and hold meetings with native-born Mexicans and other individuals, he
usually relied more heavily on the diverse data received from foreign-born, English-speaking
confidants in formulating both his reports to Washington and his own opinions. This
circumstance necessarily put severe limitations on the perspective from which he and
officials in Washington viewed Mexican affairs.
Printed materials in the papers include newspapers, magazines, and clippings as well as
pamphlets, leaflets, flyers, and broadsides in both English and Spanish that Lind either
collected himself or received from others during his Mexican sojourn. With copies of official
government documents, they supplement the information in the dispatches and other
correspondence and give an added dimension to the topics discussed.
Non-Mexican items of interest for this period include correspondence and newspaper
clippings pertaining to the political implications of Lind’s resignation from the board of
regents of the University of Minnesota.
xv
1914–1916
Lind returned to the United States in mid-April 1914. He had hoped to proceed home to
Minnesota but was detained in Washington until early June 1914 by the A.B.C. Mediation
Conference called during the crisis in American-Mexican relations following the occupation
of Veracruz. That Lind played a pivotal role in the conference negotiations by serving as an
adviser not only to the State Department but also to the Constitutionalists is amply revealed
in the papers. Copies of letters, memoranda, and reports submitted by Lind to Wilson and
Bryan give his assessment of the conference and outline his policy recommendations, which
strongly favored the Constitutionalists. Comparison of his handwritten drafts and notations
with copies of official Constitutionalist communications indicates that statements he
composed were often released by the Carranzistas essentially as he wrote them.
The papers also disclose that Lind’s delicate position was further complicated by his
serving as a liaison between Zapata and the State Department. This involvement proceeded
from a commitment made shortly before leaving Mexico to Zapata sympathizers Herbert L.
Hall, an American who had resided in Mexico for over twenty years, and Arnold Shanklin,
the U.S. consul general at Mexico City. Zapata was attempting to blackmail the U.S.
government into sending him money, arms, and relief supplies by threatening to attack
Mexico City, thereby jeopardizing the mediation negotiations. Copies of telegrams indicate
that Zapata’s demands and Bryan’s replies were transmitted in “underground messages”
through intermediaries Shanklin in Mexico City and Lind in care of the State Department.
The key figures in the situation were referred to in these messages by code names—Lind
was known as Juárez, Zapata as Dix, Shanklin as Paz, Hall as Clark, and a General Martinez
as Brady.
It is obvious from the correspondence, newspaper and magazine articles, pamphlets,
flyers, news releases, information sheets, copies of official documents, and other materials in
the collection for this period that Lind’s concern with Mexican affairs did not wane when he
returned to Minnesota after severing his official connection with the State Department.
Through letters and memoranda he continued to submit to Secretaries of State Bryan and
Robert Lansing and Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane his views of the Mexican
situation. He passed on to them information received from informants and urgently pressed
the necessity of recognizing the Carranza government as the only alternative to military
intervention.
Lind kept abreast of and undoubtedly influenced developments in the vigorous campaign
for recognition being waged by Carranza’s representatives in the United States through
contacts with such men as Charles A. Douglas, their chief counsel, and Eliseo Arredondo,
the “First Chief’s” confidential agent and head of the Constitutionalist mission in Washington.
In correspondence and during periodic trips to the East at critical times to give advice in
person, Lind suggested actions to be taken and drafted statements for public release. Both
before and after the United States granted de facto recognition, Lind persistently
recommended that the Constitutionalists mount a publicity effort to counteract the antiCarranza campaign of the American Catholic Church.
Lind also kept up a lively correspondence with friends and informants who continued to
supply him with data on conditions in Mexico and developments in Mexican-American
relations. Some of the subjects discussed in these letters are the continuation of the alleged
anti-American conspiracy of Carden and the English oil interests; the feud between Villa and
Carranza and the anti-Carranza rebellion launched by Villa; and various public and private
Mexican relief efforts.
Also in the papers are some letters and numerous newspaper clippings about the
reported break between President Wilson and his adviser, Colonel Edward M. House; Lind’s
xvi
allegations that the former ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, had prior knowledge
of Huerta’s coup d’état and the plan to execute President Madero; Lind’s trip to the
Mexican town of Piedras Negras to meet the “First Chief” and the speculation that he would
be named ambassador to Mexico; the anti-Constitutionalist attitude of the American Catholic
Church and press; the pressure for military intervention by the United States in Mexico; and
the Punitive Expedition against Villa led by General Pershing. Lind’s speech about Mexico to
the Industrial Club of Chicago in November 1914 prompted many comments by
correspondents, particularly in reference to charges of plagiarism and anti-Catholicism that
followed its publication in the Bellman and in pamphlet form under the title The Mexican
People. There are also requests for copies of the pamphlet.
Non-Mexican topics of interest include World War I and Lind’s hearty approval of
Wilson’s policy of neutrality; the election of 1916, in which Lind campaigned for Wilson’s
reelection; and the request by former President Taft that Lind serve as chairman of the
Minnesota chapter of the League to Enforce Peace.
1917–1931
Materials photographed for the period 1917–31 consist only of those items from the
Lind Papers that relate to Mexico. They fall into four major categories: (1) correspondence
between Lind and persons he had met during the course of his Mexican endeavors whose
occasional letters inform him about mutual friends, report on conditions in Mexico, or ask his
assistance in securing jobs; (2) letters and newspaper clippings pertaining to Mexico’s role in
World War I, including correspondence discussing Lind’s scheme to recruit an independent
Mexican brigade for service in France, an action that he believed would foster closer
relations between the peoples of the United States and Mexico in the face of Carranza’s
continued insistence on Mexican neutrality; (3) correspondence relating to legal work Lind
performed in 1917 on behalf of a client who owned a hacienda in the Mexican state of
Oaxaca; and (4) printed pamphlets on various social, economic, political, and religious
aspects of the Mexican situation.
Other notable items are newspaper clippings regarding the activities of Villa and the
withdrawal of the Punitive Expedition from Mexico; a copy of a speech made by Lind at a
Loyalty Day rally sponsored by organized labor in September 1917, in which he refers to
Wilson’s Mexican policy in the course of urging support for the president’s revised war
policy; materials regarding Lind’s testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations, which in 1919–20 conducted an investigation of Mexican affairs; and letters
exchanged between Lind and several magazine and newspaper editors seeking articles or
interviews about Mexico, some of which contain interesting reminiscences.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
George M. Stephenson discusses the Mexican phase of Lind’s career at some length in
his biography, John Lind of Minnesota (Minneapolis, 1935). The last four volumes of
Arthur S. Link’s five-volume biography of Woodrow Wilson each contain chapters detailing
various phases of U.S. Mexican policy for the years 1913–17: Wilson: The New Freedom;
Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915; Wilson: Confusions and Crises,
1915–1916; and Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917
(Princeton, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1965). Additional secondary sources in English dealing with the
Mexican Revolution and relations between the United States and Mexico during this period
include Ronald Atkin, Revolution! Mexico 1910–1920 (London, 1969); Howard F. Cline,
The United States and Mexico (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); Kenneth J. Grieb, “The Lind
xvii
Mission to Mexico” in Caribbean Studies, 7:25–43 (January 1968), and The United States
and Huerta (Lincoln, Neb., 1969); Robert E. Quirk, The Mexican Revolution, 1914–1915:
The Convention of Aquascalientes (Bloomington, Ind., 1960); James W. Wilkie and Albert
L. Michaels, eds., Revolution in Mexico: Years of Upheaval, 1910–1940 (New York,
1969).
Useful for information about more specific aspects of U.S. Mexican policy are Peter
Calvert, The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1914: The Diplomacy of the Anglo-American
Conflict (London, 1968) and Robert E. Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and
the Occupation of Veracruz (Lexington, Ky., 1962). All of the books listed above contain
extensive bibliographies of primary and secondary sources in both English and Spanish.
The following government publications also are helpful: U.S. Department of State,
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1913–17, 5 volumes
(Washington, 1920, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926); and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 66th Congress, 2d session, 2 volumes
(Washington, 1920).
The numerical files of the Department of State records in the National Archives that
contain the greater part of the official papers pertaining to U.S. relations with Mexico for
this period are in Record Group 59. The most important of these is the 812.00 file, “Records
Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929.” The 711.12 file, entitled “Records
Regarding Political Relations Between the United States and Mexico, 1910–1929,” includes
some additional materials. Microfilm copies of both files (accompanied by pamphlet
inventories) may be purchased from the National Archives as Microcopies 274 and 314,
respectively. Roll 1 of each of these microfilm publications is available at the Minnesota
Historical Society. These rolls contain “Lists of Documents,” i.e., brief abstracts of the items
reproduced in the microcopies that also serve as finding aids. Roll 1 of Microcopy 274
covers only the period February 1910–March 1914, while Roll 1 of Microcopy 314 lists
documents for the entire period.
Additional manuscript and printed sources on Lind and on pertinent facets of Mexico’s
foreign relations, history, politics, and government in the manuscripts department and library
of the Minnesota Historical Society are indicated in the catalog cards filmed on Roll 7 of the
microfilm.
Deborah K. Neubeck
Minnesota Historical Society
xviii
REEL INDEX
Following is a listing of the folders that compose Mexico in Transition: The Diplomatic Papers of
John Lind, 1913–1931. The four-digit number on the far left is the frame at which a particular file folder
begins. This is followed by the file title and the date(s) of the file. Substantive issues are highlighted
under the heading Major Topics, as are prominent correspondents under the heading Principal
Correspondents.
Reel 1
0001
0199
0382
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers
Undated; January–October 15, 1913
Undated; January–August 10, 1913.
Major Topics: European economic involvement in Mexico; Mexican Gold Dredging
Company; St. Domingo, Chihuahua; political attacks on F. B. Lynch; William Jennings
Bryan; refusal of presidential appointment as ambassador to Sweden; W. W. “Windy”
Williams; Minnesota Democrats; Lyon, Gary and Company; competition for power;
Victoriano Huerta; political and economic facts; Pan American Union; Woodrow Wilson
letter of introduction for Lind; Wilson instructions for Lind; newspapers; messages in
code; reports to Wilson; Huerta; Emiliano Zapata revolutionary manifesto Plan de Ayala;
calling cards; photographs; correspondence from U.S. citizens residing in Mexico;
Federico Gamboa; situation on arrival in Vera Cruz.
Principal Correspondents: Frank B. Lynch; Woodrow Wilson; George E. Vincent; William
Jennings Bryan; Ramiro De Maeztu; S. T. Robles; Emiliano Zapata.
August 11–31, 1913.
Major Topics: Lind instructions disclosure to foreign governments; first week mission
assessment; Victoriano Huerta initial rejection of Woodrow Wilson proposals; suggested
U.S. policies in response; Huerta belief of U.S. partisan disagreement over Mexico;
Huerta-Lind meeting; meetings with British minister Lionel E. Carden; talks with
minister Federico Gamboa; dangers to resident Americans; Gamboa request to visit U.S.
officials in Washington; Mexican financial crisis; messages in code; Gamboa detailed
refutation of U.S. positions; communication from Huerta rejecting Wilson proposals;
Huerta announcement of noncandidacy for presidency; embassy charges for staff services
and food; Wilson instructions; “Latin character” as incapable of understanding U.S.
principles of governance; William Bayard Hale; texts of notes exchanged by U.S. and
Mexico; newspapers; U.S. arms embargo; political situation in Mexico; source of civil
disorder in economic inequities resulting from land ownership system.
Principal Correspondents: R. B. Brindsmade; Nelson O’Shaughnessy; Federico Gamboa;
William Jennings Bryan; Woodrow Wilson; J. J. Slade Jr.; Robespierre.
September 1913.
Major Topics: Evacuation of resident Americans; Victoriano Huerta request to send emissary
to Washington; Manuel Zamacona; coded messages; Woodrow Wilson message to
1
Frame No.
0540
Congress; Wilson instructions to remain in Mexico; election prospects; Mexican
Congress attacks on Huerta; Belisario Dominguez; Huerta abuses of power; Dominguez
call for removal of Huerta from power; Huerta election-related maneuvering; Federico
Gamboa nomination as presidential candidate; family correspondence; German arms
shipment.
Principal Correspondents: William Jennings Bryan; S. M. Emory; J. J. Slade Jr.; Gust
Gustafson; Nelson O’Shaughnessy; Belisario Dominguez; A. L. Von Rosen.
October 1–15, 1913.
Major Topics: Resident Americans’ support of Victoriano Huerta; Francisco I. Madero;
critique of Constitutionalists; argument against elections; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D.
Pearson); S. Pearson and Son, Ltd.; Aguila Oil Company; Mexico oil exploration and
drilling concessions; British scheme to control Mexican oil resources; Tampico;
Veracruz; municipal laws of Mexico; Huerta attempt to stall for time; negotiations with
northern revolutionists; meeting with British minister Lionel E. Carden; dissolution of
Mexican Congress; arrest of deputies; Emeterio de la Garza Jr.; Huerta establishment of
military dictatorship; inadvisability of U.S. intervention; need for land ownership reform;
Venustiano Carranza; Huerta abrogation of Supreme Court powers; Francisco S.
Carvajal.
Principal Correspondents: William Jennings Bryan; Nelson O’Shaughnessy; A. G. Johnson.
Reel 2
0001
0138
0243
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
October 16–November 1913
October 16–25, 1913.
Major Topics: U.S. military intervention advisability; Felix Diaz; British minister Lionel E.
Carden alleged involvement in Victoriano Huerta dictatorship; Huerta government
detention of U.S. ship captain; asylum request by Diaz; Huerta meeting with diplomatic
corps; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson); British scheme to control Mexican oil
resources; Huerta involvement with scheme.
Principal Correspondents: Nelson O’Shaughnessy; William Jennings Bryan; Loring
Olmsted; Wallace B. Douglas.
October 26–31, 1913.
Major Topics: Victoriano Huerta instructions to local election officials, directing fixing of
election; run on Mexican banks; disposition of imprisoned Mexican congressmen; Lionel
E. Carden involvement in Huerta coup; foreign loans to Huerta government;
Constitutionalist attacks on railroad; asylum request by Felix Diaz; British scheme to
monopolize oil resources; British views on Huerta regime; Aureliano Blanquet.
Principal Correspondents: Rafael Schaefer; William Jennings Bryan; Nelson
O’Shaughnessy; Alice Lind; Magdaleno Ostoz de Loinaz; Federico Adams; Robert Lee.
November 1–10, 1913.
Major Topics: Rosendo Pineda; Woodrow Wilson threat of U.S. military intervention; U.S.
demand that Victoriano Huerta vacate presidency; Wilson proposal for provisional
government to replace Huerta; recommended members of provisional government; Felipe
Angeles; Pedro Lascurain; Luis Mendez; abduction and forced conscription of Mexican
citizens.
Principal Correspondents: William Jennings Bryan; George R. Hackley; Edwin L. Cole;
Nelson O’Shaughnessy.
2
Frame No.
0352
0561
November 11–20, 1913.
Major Topics: Felix Diaz; U.S. demand that Victoriano Huerta vacate presidency; proposed
agreement for resignation of Huerta and establishment of provisional government; Diaz
Covarrubias; needed “humiliation” of Mexico City by northern groups; Garza Aldapo;
Aureliano Blanquet; abduction and forced conscription of Mexican citizens; Mexican Oil
Association; Leandro Aguilar; Constitutionalist attack on Monterrey; British minister
Lionel E. Carden intercession on behalf of Aguila Oil Company; dangers to U.S.
residents; Huerta message at opening of Congress; asylum request by Madero family
members; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson); nationalization of oil resources.
Principal Correspondents: Kazutsugu Inouye; Nelson O’Shaughnessy; William Jennings
Bryan; Theodore Adelsward.
November 21–30, 1913.
Major Topics: Aguila Oil Company; Federico Adams; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson)
scheme to monopolize oil resources; Constitutionalist attempts to confiscate haciendas;
Villa Vicencia; U.S. announcement of anti–Victoriano Huerta policy; abduction and
forced conscription of Mexican citizens; British residents’ defense committee; economic
sanctions against Huerta; railroad operations during Chihuahua fighting; Francisco
“Pancho” Villa military operations against Federal (Huerta) forces; U.S. precedence in
naval operations; Constitutionalist operations in Tampico area; Mexico City political
conditions; abduction and forced conscription of Mexican citizens.
Principal Correspondents: Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson); Nelson O’Shaughnessy;
Loring Olmsted; Frank F. Fletcher.
Reel 3
0001
0214
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
December 1913–February 10, 1914
December 1–15, 1913.
Major Topics: Mexican financial crisis; Constitutionalist pamphlet “Mexican Situation from
a Mexican Point of View”; inequitable land ownership distribution as cause of revolution;
comparison of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza leadership and methods;
reforms needed to end revolution; oil delivery suspension to railroads; Woodrow Wilson
administration policy of “watchful waiting” for Huerta to fall; Constitutionalist control of
Chihuahua and Tampico; Candido Aguilar; character and leadership of Francisco
(Pancho) Villa; comparison of Federal troops and Constitutionalists; support for U.S. aid
to Constitutionalists; recommendation of Carranza as new president; Mexico City
Americans’ safety; Henry Lane Wilson; Constitutionalists advance toward Mexico City;
Tampico fighting; U.S. refugees on navy ships; S. G. Ohman; Lind request for
administration position on Constitutionalists; Teziutlan Copper Company; Aureliano
Blanquet–Huerta code communications; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson); Emiliano
Zapata manifesto on goals of revolution.
Principal Correspondents: Louis D’Antin; Luis Cabrera; Nelson O’Shaughnessy; William
Jennings Bryan; Frank F. Fletcher; Aureliano Blanquet; Victoriano Huerta; Emiliano
Zapata.
December 16–31, 1913.
Major Topics: British minister Lionel E. Carden actions unfriendly to U.S.; naval operations
at Tampico; British Admiral Christopher Cradock; protection of foreign nationals in
Tampico area; Constitutionalist attack on Tampico; William A. Burnside; notes to
Federal and Constitutionalist leaders requesting protection of foreign nationals and
property; Mexican view of U.S. racial conflicts; Federal and Constitutionalist armies
3
Frame No.
0360
0504
0656
strength and location; force requirement for U.S. intervention; Mexican financial crisis;
Wennerberg Memorial Association; Gunnar Wennerberg; Louis D’Antin; Christmas
greetings; Zeferino Dominguez; agricultural development; need for land ownership
reform; nationalization of oil resources; congressional manifesto of February 5, 1857.
Principal Correspondents: Nelson O’Shaughnessy; William Jennings Bryan; Emiliano
Zapata; Frank F. Fletcher; J. O. Arzamandi; J. C. Castro; C. E. Wallerstedt; Evaristo
Madero; Lebbeus R. Wilfley; Zeferino Dominguez.
January 1–15, 1914.
Major Topics: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis establishment; U.S. aid to
Constitutionalists; Constitutionalist control of Tampico; blocking of fuel and arms
shipments to Federal forces; William A. Burnside; Nelson O’Shaughnessy–Lind meeting;
resurgence of support by powerful interests for Victoriano Huerta; U.S. official
recognition of Constitutionalists as belligerents; subsequent Lionel E. Carden–Lord
Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson) dealings; Catholic Church political activities; European
dominance of economy; pro-U.S. sentiment of Constitutionalists; cutting of Tampico oil
supply to Federal railroads; designation of U.S. military attaché to Constitutionalists;
U.S. aid to Constitutionalists to capture Federal gunboats; photographs of leaders; U.S.
food aid to Constitutionalists; U.S. request for Constitutionalist contact person; British
recall of Carden; Lind retirement from University of Minnesota board; Diaz Covarrubias.
Principal Correspondents: Nelson O’Shaughnessy; Reese H. Voorhees; A. L. Von Rosen;
Lebbeus R. Wilfley; Louis D’Antin; J. J. Slade Jr.; Norman Lind.
January 16–31, 1913.
Major Topics: Bandit groups; women imprisoned by Federals; Jesus Flores Magon; U.S.
Senate candidacy; Victoriano Huerta extortion from citizens and companies; Silvestre
Anoya; resignation from University of Minnesota board; Admiral Paul von Hintze;
Aguila Oil Company; Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson); newspaper cartoons and
articles; G. H. Hewitt; Lionel E. Carden; political asylum on U.S. naval vessels;
Minnesota firm casework; William A. Moffett; Guadalupe Guillen de Saldana; U.S. food
and logistics aid to Constitutionalists; strategy for capturing Mexico City; U.S. arms
embargo revocation.
Principal Correspondents: C. H. Stewart; William Jennings Bryan; Adolph O. Eberhart;
George E. Vincent; Edwin L. Cole; George H. Marshall; A. Ueland.
February 1–10, 1914.
Major Topics: U.S. arms embargo revocation; railroad fuel shortage; Emilio Guzman;
Remedios Cervantes; Felicistas; U.S. aid to Constitutionalists to capture Federal
gunboats; military conditions at Tampico; assassination plot against Felix Diaz; Louis
Roumagnac; gunboat Zaragoza trip to New Orleans; G. H. Carnahan; Victoriano Huerta
extortion from citizens and companies; Mexico City military revolts (cuartelazos).
Principal Correspondents: S. N. Reep; Frank F. Fletcher; William Jennings Bryan; Nelson
O’Shaughnessy.
Reel 4
0001
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
January 11–April 15, 1914
February 11–28, 1914.
Major Topics: Newspapers; Minnesota politics; comparison of Mexico to U.S. in 1860;
criticism of Nelson O’Shaughnessy press statements; importance of Constitutionalist
control of Tampico and Veracruz; newspaper articles; Japanese interest in Mexico;
Maximo Castillo execution of Americans; Francisco (Pancho) Villa killing of British
4
Frame No.
0132
0263
0407
0527
landowner William Benton; Britain and Germany dispatch of soldier and guns to Mexico
City; protection of Americans in Mexico City; establishment of neutral zone; embassy
guard for U.S. diplomats; Woodrow Wilson communication; railroad operations and
control; Norman Lind commercial inquiries; weapons shipment to U.S. embassy.
Principal Correspondents: Norman Lind; William Jennings Bryan; George B. Frankfurter;
C. A. O. Rosell.
March 1–15, 1914.
Major Topics: Latin America views on U.S. foreign policy; Monroe Doctrine; Mexico City
political conditions; Canal Act; exemption of certain countries from Panama Canal tolls;
Woodrow Wilson statement on Victoriano Huerta regime; Japanese residents’ activity;
Henry Lane Wilson; Mexican financial crisis; Huerta extortion from banks; U.S.
expedition to abduct Huerta; British response to William Benton killing; state governors;
military conditions at Tampico; Jesus Urrueta; Honorato Hernandez; European arms
shipment to Huerta; John W. Dekay; Huerta bond issues.
Principal Correspondents: Policarpo Bonilla; Loring Olmsted; E. T. Oakley; T. B. Hohler;
Robert H. Murray.
March 16–31, 1914.
Major Topics: Portillo y Rojas; U.S. aid to Constitutionalists; Teziutlan Copper Company;
G. H. Carnahan; Mexico City political conditions; Zapatista operations in the south; H. L.
Hall; Monroe Doctrine; Mexican financial crisis; Victoriano Huerta bond issues; Nelson
O’Shaughnessy attempted resignation; Battle of Torreon; Minnesota politics; request for
Constitutionalist contact person; satirical magazine; Huerta extortion from banks.
Principal Correspondents: Robert S. Towne; Loring Olmsted; Arnold Shanklin.
April 1–3, 1914.
Major Topics: French South American political review; Putumayo atrocities; proposed U.S.
declaration of Tampico neutral zone; Zapatista operations in the south; Federals defeat at
Torreon.
Principal Correspondents: Georges Clemenceau; Pompeo Molmenti; Adolfo Posada; G. M.
Courts; Nelson O’Shaughnessy.
April 4–15, 1914.
Major Topics: Antenor Sala white supremacy plan; Sala land ownership reform plan;
agricultural bank establishment; newspapers; protection of Zapatista general Paulino
Martinez (code name “Brady”); Lind return to U.S.; February–March 1913 diplomatic
cables during Victoriano Huerta coup and aftermath; U.S.-Mexican border clashes;
protection of foreign nationals; text of Felix Diaz–Huerta pact; Huerta explanation of
Francisco I. Madero death.
Principal Correspondents: Arnold Shanklin; Antenor Sala; H. L. Hall (code name “Clark”);
Henry Lane Wilson; P. C. Knox; Felix Diaz; Victoriano Huerta; Pedro Lascurain;
Francisco I. Madero.
Reel 5
0001
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
April 16, 1914–February 1915
April 16–30, 1914.
Major Topics: Herbert L. Hall; Paulino Martinez; U.S. military occupation of Veracruz;
refugees on U.S. vessels; fair valuation of Mexican land; land ownership reform; alleged
Lind instigation of U.S. military intervention; criticism of Francisco (Pancho) Villa;
Mexico City newspapers; Tampico flag salute incident between U.S. and Federal forces;
U.S. Navy abandonment of Americans at Tampico; German navy rescue of the
5
Frame No.
0070
0281
0431
0586
Americans; Constitutionalists’ military successes; Argentina-Brazil-Chile mediation of
U.S.-Mexico talks.
Principal Correspondents: Arnold Shanklin; Hugo Fahlcrantz.
May 1914.
Major Topics: Argentina-Brazil-Chile (ABC) mediation of U.S.-Mexico talks; mediators’
intent to defeat Constitutionalists and preserve land-owning aristocracy; Lind support for
Constitutionalists; U.S. Navy abandonment of Americans at Tampico; German navy
rescue of the Americans; Mexico City newspapers; Victoriano Huerta rise to power and
rule; Mexican constitution articles; Emiliano Zapata rise to power; Zapata aims and
methods; U.S. support; Zapata threat to attack Mexico City; Zapata (code name “Dix”)
demand for U.S. aid; return of Americans evacuated from Tampico; chronology of U.S.
naval action at Veracruz; ABC–Venustiano Carranza communications; attacks on U.S.
embassy; safety of Mexico City Americans; support for Carranza to succeed Huerta.
Principal Correspondents: William Hanson; Arnold Shanklin; Loring Olmsted; Robert L.
Owen; Herbert L. Hall; Enrique Anorve; William E. Lucas; William A. Moffett; Louis
D’Antin; Norman Lind; William Wesley Canada.
June–August 1914.
Major Topics: Emiliano Zapata threat to attack Mexico City; Zapata (code name “Dix”)
demand for U.S. aid; Lind return to Minnesota; anti-Catholic publications; Venustiano
Carranza delegates to Argentina-Brazil-Chile mediation conference; Francisco (Pancho)
Villa–Carranza split; critique of Porfirio Diaz regime; accomplishments of Francisco I.
Madero; Villa killing of British landowner William Benton; British minister Lionel E.
Carden actions unfriendly to U.S.; observations on World War I; Alvaro Obregon forces
occupation of Mexico City; prospects for Carranza government; praise for Lind’s work.
Principal Correspondents: Arnold Shanklin; Josefina Bonhomme Cicero; Lewis Sanders;
Clinton MacEachran; William A. Moffett; Juan F. Urquidi; William A. Burnside; Charles
A. Douglas; Hugo Fahlcrantz; A. L. Von Rosen; E. B. Smith; Robert H. Murray; J. J.
Slade Jr.; William Jennings Bryan.
September–December 1914.
Major Topics: Mexico City political conditions; Lebbeus R. Wilfley; Venustiano Carranza–
Francisco (Pancho) Villa conflict; Villa manifesto attacking Carranza; Villa-Obregon
demand for elections and constitutional government; Carranza reply; Plan of Guadalupe;
Villa analysis of his military campaigns; Villa resignation and reinstatement; telegrams
between Carranza and Villa and his generals; Torreon Conference; Carranza refutation of
Villa manifesto; Convention of Aguascalientes; Carranza message to conference; Rafael
Zubaran.
Principal Correspondents: Federico Adams; J. J. Slade Jr.; Robert H. Murray; Francisco
Villa; Alvaro Obregon; Venustiano Carranza; Felipe Angeles; Louis D’Antin; Thomas B.
Watson.
January–February 1915.
Major Topics: General character of Mexicans; Lind pamphlet “The Mexican People”;
Constitutionalists’ alleged violence against Catholics; alleged Lind anti-Catholic
statements; alleged Lind plagiarism; Freemasonry in Mexico; alleged Catholic hierarchy
exploitation of Mexicans; Mexico City political conditions; Venustiano Carranza
occupation of Mexico City; Francisco (Pancho) Villa and Emiliano Zapata occupation of
Mexico City; Villa and Zapata attack on Carranza forces; Alvaro Obregon defeats of
Villa forces; Carranza land ownership reform decree; Convention of Aguascalientes
ouster of Carranza; Carranza ban on oil drilling; Carranza reform agenda.
Principal Correspondents: Francis Clement Kelley; I. C. Enriquez; Federico Adams; Louis
D’Antin; Antonio I. Villarreal; Josefina Bonhomme; Rafael Zubaran; J. J. Slade Jr.; Juan
F. Urquidi; William Jennings Bryan; Ernest Knaebel.
6
Frame No.
Reel 6
0001
0188
0387
0541
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
March–December 1915
March–June 1915.
Major Topics: Venustiano Carranza land ownership reform decree; Francisco (Pancho) Villa
offer to sell Baja California to U.S.; Mexican press praise for Lind; Eliseo Arredondo;
Carranza government platform; character of Carranza; Carranza government recognition
by U.S.; Carranza labor policies; Alvaro Obregon; agricultural development; national
lottery abolition; minimum wage decree; Lind interview; William Carothers; Mexican
newspaper (U.S.) response to Woodrow Wilson criticisms; Catholic Church political
activities.
Principal Correspondents: Venustiano Carranza; Eliseo Arredondo; W. V. Pettit; J. J. Slade
Jr.; Mora Y del Rio; Charles A. Douglas; Leon J. Canova; Porfirio Diaz; George R.
Hackley; Alvaro Obregon; Josefina Bonhomme Cicero; Robert H. Murray; Heriberto
Barron; Edward M. House; Woodrow Wilson; Richard H. Cole; Samuel H. Smith.
July–September 1915.
Major Topics: Eliseo Arredondo; Venustiano Carranza government platform; character of
Carranza; Carranza government recognition by U.S.; Robert Lansing; Victoriano Huerta;
Lind–Woodrow Wilson communication; Wilson administration opposition to Carranza
recognition; Wilson preference for Vasquez Tagle as president; Veracruz women petition
to Alice Lind; Carranza refusal to attend peace conference; Federico Adams; adviser
Edward M. House break with Wilson over Carranza recognition; Lind-Carranza
communications; Rafael Zubaran; Carranza government plan.
Principal Correspondents: Eliseo Arredondo; Venustiano Carranza; Charles A. Douglas;
Josefina Bonhomme Cicero; Robert H. Murray; Heriberto Barron; Edward M. House;
Woodrow Wilson; Richard H. Cole; Samuel H. Smith; Richard L. Metcalfe.
October 1915.
Major Topics: U.S. anti–Venustiano Carranza sentiment; Richard L. Metcalfe; U.S. de facto
recognition of Carranza government; newspapers; U.S. ambassadorial candidates;
Richard L. Metcalfe; Herbert J. Browne–Rafael Zubaran dispute; Catholic protest against
Carranza recognition; U.S. claims against Mexico; Birth of a Nation motion picture.
Principal Correspondents: William L. Simpson; Edward I. Bell; Charles A. Douglas; Eliseo
Arredondo; Federico Adams; Gilbert M. Hitchcock; William Wesley Canada; W. H.
Ellis; Josefina Bonhomme.
November–December 1915.
Major Topics: Venustiano Carranza attorney report to State Secretary Robert Lansing;
newspapers; Lind meeting with Carranza; Alvaro Obregon; Carranza praise for Woodrow
Wilson; U.S. prisoners killed in Francisco (Pancho) Villa camp; Carranza Mexico tour;
Mexico commercial information offices abroad; Antonio I. Villarreal; Francisco I.
Madero assassination; alleged Henry Lane Wilson complicity; newspapers; U.S. claims
against Mexico; Carranza government anti-Catholic policies; League to Enforce Peace;
American Appraisal Company; Lind assessment of U.S. consuls; Luis Cabrera; Loring
Olmsted; Edward M. House.
Principal Correspondents: Charles A. Douglas; Venustiano Carranza; Federico Adams;
Willard L. Simpson; Rafael L. Hernandez; L. A. Peredo; Louis D’Antin; George R.
Hackley; Robert H. Murray; Henry Lane Wilson; Joseph P. Tumulty; Josefina
Bonhomme.
7
Frame No.
Reel 7
0001
0120
0323
0458
Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers cont.
1916–1931
January–February 1916.
Major Topics: German aid to anti–Venustiano Carranza forces; U.S. business aid to
Francisco (Pancho) Villa; Henry Lane Wilson; Knauth, Nachod and Kuhne; anti-Catholic
materials; The Menace newspaper; Francisco I. Madero assassination; alleged Henry
Lane Wilson complicity; monetary policy; exchange rates; political and military
conditions; religious liberty; Benito Juarez; Porfirio Diaz; Madero; Villa killing of
miners; Catholic Church control of real estate; Juan F. Urquidi; Luis Cabrera.
Principal Correspondents: J. L. McNatt; J. I. Sheppard; Loring Olmsted; J. W. Slaughter;
Willard L. Simpson; Charles A. Douglas; Eliseo Arredondo.
March–June 1916.
Major Topics: Foreign claims against Mexico; foreign claims in international law; Francisco
(Pancho) Villa attack on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. army pursuit of Villa (Punitive
Expedition); John Willis Slaughter; political history of Mexico; educational system
proposals; Mexico demand for U.S. troops withdrawal; John J. Pershing; political and
economic conditions; Edith O’Shaughnessy.
Principal Correspondents: Charles A. Douglas; Josefina Bonhomme; Charles William
Dabney; Luis Cabrera; Willard L. Simpson; A. B. Farquhar; C. Aguilar; Luis Bossero.
July–December 1916.
Major Topics: U.S.-Mexico joint commission on border problems; William Jennings Bryan
support of Francisco (Pancho) Villa; monetary crisis and policy; Henry Lane Wilson
complicity in Madero assassination; American International Protective Association;
protection of U.S. citizens in Mexico or near border; Lind report to Bryan publication;
Woodrow Wilson fiscal/monetary policies; support for U.S. neutrality in World War I;
U.S. capitalists’ complicity in Villa raid on U.S.; U.S. claims against Mexico.
Principal Correspondents: Charles A. Douglas; Federico Adams; J. J. Slade Jr.; George R.
Hackley; J. E. McGhee.
1917–1920.
Major Topics: U.S. troops (Punitive Expedition) withdrawal from Mexico; German plot for
Mexican conquest of territory lost to U.S.; Alfred Zimmerman; Pendleton and Gilkey;
Carlos Garcia; Lind legal work for U.S.-owned hacienda; Zubaran, Urueta & Zapata;
Mexican constitution; Venustiano Carranza election as president; new constitution;
impacts on religious organizations; impact on labor laws; joint Mexican-U.S. brigade for
European deployment; domestic bond issue; national news; support for U.S. involvement
in world war; newspapers; Ivor Thord-Gray; potash deposits; economic and social
reconstruction; constitutional reform; citizenship; local government; education;
administration of justice; railroads; armed services; labor law; claims; public health;
natural resources; petroleum; economic policy; monetary policy; agriculture; land
ownership reform; religious liberty; Yaqui Indians.
Principal Correspondents: Carlos Garcia; J. M. Tuller; H. S. Gilkey; J. P. Taylor; Willard L.
Simpson; Samuel Belden; J. E. McGhee; John Uno Sebenius; Jacob Laux; Federico
Adams; Manuel Calero; Francisco S. Carvajal; Juan B. Castelazo; Toribio Esquivel
Obregon; Jesus Flores Magon; Tomas Macmanus; Rafael Martinez Carrillo; Miguel
Ruelas; Jorge Vera Estanol; Plutarco Elias Calles.
8
Frame No.
0623
0735
1921–1931.
Major Topics: William Jennings Bryan; Tampico; Veracruz; Bolshevism; Alien Land Bill;
land and petroleum laws; foreign property owners’ rights; U.S.-Mexico diplomatic
exchanges; U.S. western states political conditions; Henry Lane Wilson; religious
persecution; Catholic Church persecution; Catholic Church activities and finances; U.S.
investment in Mexico; petroleum industry; Rafael Zubaran.
Principal Correspondents: Josephus Daniels; James R. Sheffield; Aaron Saenz; Frank B.
Kellogg; L. Lanier Winslow; H. Ralph Ringe; John Urquida; George F. Milton; Victor S.
Clark; Josefina Bonhomme.
Catalog Cards
Catalog Cards.
9
PRINCIPAL CORRESPONDENTS INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major correspondents in this microfilm publication. The first
number after each entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the
frame number at which a particular file folder containing correspondence by the person begins. Hence,
2: 0138 refers to the folder that begins at Frame 0138 of Reel 2. By referring to the Reel Index, which
constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find the folder title, inclusive dates, and a
list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, arranged in the order in which they appear on the film.
Bryan, William Jennings
1: 0001, 0199, 0382, 0540; 2: 0001, 0138,
0243, 0352; 3: 0001, 0214, 0504, 0656;
4: 0001; 5: 0281, 0586
Burnside, William A.
5: 0281
Cabrera, Luis
3: 0001; 7: 0120
Calero, Manuel
7: 0458
Calles, Plutarco Elias
7: 0458
Canada, William Wesley
5: 0070; 6: 0387
Canova, Leon J.
6: 0001
Carranza, Venustiano
5: 0431; 6: 0001, 0188, 0541
Carrillo, Rafael Martinez
7: 0458
Carvajal, Francisco S.
7: 0458
Castelazo, Juan B.
7: 0458
Castro, J. C.
3: 0214
Clark, Victor S.
7: 0623
Clemenceau, Georges
4: 0407
Cole, Edwin L.
2: 0243; 3: 0504
Adams, Federico
2: 0138; 5: 0431, 0586; 6: 0387, 0541;
7: 0323, 0458
Adelsward, Theodore
2: 0352
Aguilar, C.
7: 0120
Angeles, Felipe
5: 0431
Anorve, Enrique
5: 0070
Arredondo, Eliseo
6: 0001, 0188, 0387; 7: 0001
Arzamandi, J. O.
3: 0214
Barron, Heriberto
6: 0001, 0188
Belden, Samuel
7: 0458
Bell, Edward I.
6: 0387
Blanquet, Aureliano
3: 0001
Bonhomme, Josefina
5: 0281, 0586; 6: 0001, 0188, 0387, 0541;
7: 0120, 0623
Bonilla, Policarpo
4: 0132
Bossero, Luis
7: 0120
Brindsmade, R. B.
1: 0199
11
Hackley, George R.
2: 0243; 6: 0001, 0541; 7: 0323
Hall, Herbert L.
4: 0527; 5: 0070
Hanson, William
5: 0070
Hernandez, Rafael L.
6: 0541
Hitchcock, Gilbert M.
6: 0387
Hohler, T. B.
4: 0132
House, Edward M.
6: 0001, 0188
Huerta, Victoriano
3: 0001; 4: 0527
Inouye, Kazutsugu
2: 0352
Johnson, A. G.
1: 0540
Kelley, Francis Clement
5: 0586
Kellogg, Frank B.
7: 0623
Knaebel, Ernest
5: 0586
Knox, P. C.
4: 0527
Lascurain, Pedro
4: 0527
Laux, Jacob
7: 0458
Lee, Robert
2: 0138
Lind, Alice
2: 0138
Lind, Norman
3: 0360; 4: 0001; 5: 0070
Loinaz, Magdaleno Ostoz de
2: 0138
Lucas, William E.
5: 0070
Lynch, Frank B.
1: 0001
MacEachran, Clinton
5: 0281
Macmanus, Tomas
7: 0458
Madero, Evaristo
3: 0214
Cole, Richard H.
6: 0001, 0188
Courts, G. M.
4: 0407
Cowdray, Lord (Weetman D. Pearson)
2: 0561
Dabney, Charles William
7: 0120
Daniels, Josephus
7: 0623
D’Antin, Louis
3: 0001, 0360; 5: 0070, 0431, 0586; 6: 0541
Diaz, Felix
4: 0527
Diaz, Porfirio
6: 0001
Dominguez, Belisario
1: 0382
Dominguez, Zeferino
3: 0214
Douglas, Charles A.
5: 0281; 6: 0001, 0188, 0387, 0541; 7: 0001,
0120, 0323
Douglas, Wallace B.
2: 0001
Eberhart, Adolph O.
3: 0504
Ellis, W. H.
6: 0387
Emory, S. M.
1: 0382
Enriquez, I. C.
5: 0586
Estanol, Jorge Vera
7: 0458
Fahlcrantz, Hugo
5: 0001, 0281
Farquhar, A. B.
7: 0120
Fletcher, Frank F.
2: 0561; 3: 0001, 0214, 0656
Frankfurter, George B.
4: 0001
Gamboa, Federico
1: 0199
Garcia, Carlos
7: 0458
Gilkey, H. S.
7: 0458
Gustafson, Gust
1: 0382
12
Robespierre, Maximilien-François-MarieIsidore de
1: 0199
Robles, S. T.
1: 0001
Rosell, C. A. O.
4: 0001
Rosen, A. L. Von
1: 0382; 3: 0360; 5: 0281
Ruelas, Miguel
7: 0458
Saenz, Aaron
7: 0623
Sala, Antenor
4: 0527
Sanders, Lewis
5: 0281
Schaefer, Rafael
2: 0138
Sebenius, John Uno
7: 0458
Shanklin, Arnold
4: 0263, 0527; 5: 0001, 0070, 0281
Sheffield, James R.
7: 0623
Sheppard, J. I.
7: 0001
Simpson, Willard L.
6: 0387, 0541; 7: 0001, 0120, 0458
Slade, J. J., Jr.
1: 0199, 0382; 3: 0360; 5: 0281, 0431, 0586;
6: 0001; 7: 0323
Slaughter, J. W.
7: 0001
Smith, E. B.
5: 0281
Smith, Samuel H.
6: 0001, 0188
Stewart, C. H.
3: 0504
Taylor, J. P.
7: 0458
Towne, Robert S.
4: 0263
Tuller, J. M.
7: 0458
Tumulty, Joseph P.
6: 0541
Ueland, A.
3: 0504
Madero, Francisco I.
4: 0527
Maeztu, Ramiro De
1: 0001
Magon, Jesus Flores
7: 0458
Marshall, George H.
3: 0504
McGhee, J. E.
7: 0323, 0458
McNatt, J. L.
7: 0001
Metcalfe, Richard L.
6: 0188
Milton, George F.
7: 0623
Moffett, William A.
5: 0070, 0281
Molmenti, Pompeo
4: 0407
Murray, Robert H.
4: 0132; 5: 0281, 0431; 6: 0001, 0188, 0541
Oakley, E. T.
4: 0132
Obregon, Alvaro
5: 0431; 6: 0001
Obregon, Toribio Esquivel
7: 0458
Olmsted, Loring
2: 0001, 0561; 4: 0132, 0263; 5: 0070;
7: 0001
O’Shaughnessy, Nelson
1: 0199, 0382, 0540; 2: 0001, 0138, 0243,
0352, 0561; 3: 0001, 0214, 0360, 0656;
4: 0407
Owen, Robert L.
5: 0070
Peredo, L. A.
6: 0541
Pettit, W. V.
6: 0001
Posada, Adolfo
4: 0407
Reep, S. N.
3: 0656
Ringe, H. Ralph
7: 0623
Rio, Mora Y del
6: 0001
13
Watson, Thomas B.
5: 0431
Wilfley, Lebbeus R.
3: 0214, 0360
Wilson, Henry Lane
4: 0527; 6: 0541
Wilson, Woodrow
1: 0001, 0199; 6: 0001, 0188
Winslow, L. Lanier
7: 0623
Zapata, Emiliano
1: 0001; 3: 0001, 0214
Zubaran, Rafael
5: 0586
Urquida, John
7: 0623
Urquidi, Juan F.
5: 0281, 0586
Villa, Francisco
5: 0431
Villarreal, Antonio I.
5: 0586
Vincent, George E.
1: 0001; 3: 0504
Voorhees, Reese H.
3: 0360
Wallerstedt, C. E.
3: 0214
14
SUBJECT INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major topics in this microfilm publication. The first number
after an entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the frame
number at which the subject begins. Hence, 2: 0561 refers to the folder that begins at Frame 0561 of Reel
2. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will
find the folder title, inclusive dates, and a list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, listed in the
order in which they appear on the film.
Armed services
Federal-Constitutionalist comparison
3: 0001–0214
general 7: 0458
Arms trade
embargo revocation 3: 0504
German shipment 1: 0382
Arredondo, Eliseo
6: 0001, 0188
Arrest
Mexican Congress members 1: 0540
Assassination
plot against Felix Diaz 3: 0656
Asylum
see Right of asylum
Baja California
Villa, Francisco, offer to sell 6: 0001
Bandit groups
3: 0504
Banks and banking
agricultural bank 4: 0527
Huerta, Victoriano, extortion 4: 0132–0263
run on banks 2: 0138
Benton, William
4: 0001, 0132; 5: 0281
Blanquet, Aureliano
2: 0138, 0352; 3: 0001
Blockade
3: 0360
Bolshevism
7: 0623
Border and boundary issues
U.S.-Mexico 4: 0001, 0527; 7: 0323
Adams, Federico
2: 0561; 6: 0188
Administration of justice
7: 0458
Agricultural finance
4: 0527
Agriculture
3: 0214; 6: 0001; 7: 0458
Aguila Oil Company
1: 0540; 2: 0561; 3: 0504
Aguilar, Candido
3: 0001
Aguilar, Leandro
2: 0352
Aldapo, Garza
2: 0352
Alien Land Bill
7: 0623
Aliens
see Foreign nationals
see U.S. nationals
American Appraisal Company
6: 0541
American International Protective
Association
7: 0323
Angeles, Felipe
2: 0243
Anoya, Silvestre
3: 0504
Argentina
5: 0001–0281
15
Villa, Francisco, conflict 5: 0281, 0431
Villa-Zapata attack 5: 0586
Wilson, Woodrow, opposition 6: 0188
Carvajal, Francisco S.
1: 0540
Castillo, Maximo
4: 0001
Cervantes, Remedios
3: 0656
Chile
5: 0001–0281
Chronologies
Veracruz naval action 5: 0070
Citizenship
7: 0458
Civil liberties
Carranza, Venustiano, reforms 5: 0586;
6: 0001–0188
Civil-military relations
U.S. nationals abandonment 5: 0001–0070
Civil war
Chihuahua operations 3: 0001
Constitutionalist successes 5: 0001
flag salute incident 5: 0001
and land ownership 1: 0199; 3: 0001
Monterrey fighting 2: 0352
and needed reforms 3: 0001
oil supply curtailment 3: 0360
Tampico operations 2: 0561; 3: 0001;
4: 0407
Torreon fighting 4: 0263
Villa, Francisco, operations 2: 0561; 5: 0586
Zapatista operations 4: 0263, 0407
Claims
foreign 7: 0120
general 7: 0458
U.S. 6: 0387, 0541; 7: 0323
Codes and ciphers
1: 0001, 0199, 0382; 3: 0001
Colombia
see Putumayo, Colombia
Columbus, New Mexico
Villa, Francisco, raid 7: 0120, 0323
Compulsory military service
forced conscription 2: 0243–0561
Congress
see Legislature
Conscription
see Compulsory military service
Constitution
5: 0070; 7: 0458
Brazil
5: 0001–0281
Browne, Herbert J.
Zubaran, Rafael, dispute 6: 0387
Bryan, William Jennings
1: 0001; 7: 0323, 0623
Burnside, William A.
3: 0214, 0360
Cabrera, Luis
6: 0541; 7: 0001
Canal Act
4: 0132
Carden, Lionel E.
and Aguila Oil Company 2: 0352
anti-U.S. actions 3: 0214; 5: 0281
British recall 3: 0360
Cowdray dealings 3: 0360
general 3: 0504
Huerta, Victoriano, coup involvement
2: 0138
and Huerta, Victoriano, dictatorship 2: 0001
Lind meetings 1: 0199, 0540
Carnahan, G. H.
3: 0656; 4: 0263
Carothers, William
6: 0001
Carranza, Venustiano
Aguascalientes Convention 5: 0431–0586
Argentina-Brazil-Chile mediation 5: 0070–
0281
and Catholics 6: 0387–0541
character 6: 0001, 0188
and elections 5: 0431; 7: 0458
general 1: 0540; 3: 0001
German aid to foes 7: 0001
government prospects 5: 0281
Huerta, Victoriano, comparison 3: 0001
labor policies 6: 0001
land ownership reform 5: 0586; 6: 0001
Lansing, Robert, communication 6: 0541
Lind contacts 6: 0188, 0541
Mexico City occupation 5: 0586
Mexico tour 6: 0541
oil drilling ban 5: 0586
peace conference boycott 6: 0188
praise for Woodrow Wilson 6: 0541
reform agenda 5: 0586; 6: 0001–0188
support to succeed Victoriano Huerta
5: 0070
U.S. recognition 6: 0001–0387
16
U.S. embassy guard 4: 0001
U.S.-Mexico exchanges 1: 0199
U.S. military attaché 3: 0360
Dominguez, Belisario
attack on Victoriano Huerta 1: 0382
Dominguez, Zeferino
3: 0214
Economic indicators
1: 0001
Economic policy
Carranza, Venustiano, reforms 5: 0586;
6: 0001–0188
general 7: 0458
Education
7: 0120, 0458
Elections
argument against 1: 0540
fraud 2: 0138
Huerta, Victoriano, noncandidacy 1: 0199
prospects 1: 0382
Embargoes
see International sanctions
Energy exploration and drilling
Carranza, Venustiano, ban 5: 0586
Europe
economic dominance 3: 0360
economic involvement 1: 0001
Huerta, Victoriano, military aid 4: 0132
Expropriation
haciendas 2: 0561
petroleum resources 2: 0352; 3: 0214
Extortion
Huerta, Victoriano 3: 0504–0656; 4: 0132,
0263
Federal army
see Armed services
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
establishment 3: 0360
Felicistas
3: 0656
Financial institutions
crisis 1: 0199; 3: 0001, 0214; 4: 0132–0263
Food assistance
U.S. to Constitutionalists 3: 0360, 0504
Foreign debt
2: 0138
Foreign economic relations
European dominance 3: 0360
Foreign exchange
7: 0001
Constitutionalists
advance on Mexico City 3: 0001
anti-Catholic violence 5: 0586
and Argentina-Brazil-Chile mediation
5: 0070
Chihuahua operations 3: 0001
Federal troops comparison 3: 0001, 0214
foreign nationals protection 3: 0214
general 1: 0540
gunboats capture 3: 0360, 0656
haciendas confiscation 2: 0561
internal disagreements 5: 0431
Lind support 5: 0070
Mexican conflict analysis 3: 0001
Mexico City occupation 5: 0586
military successes 5: 0001
negotiations 1: 0540
pro-U.S. sentiment 3: 0360
railroad attacks 2: 0138
Tampico operations 2: 0561; 3: 0001,
0214, 0360; 4: 0001
U.S. aid 3: 0001–0656; 4: 0263
U.S. recognition 3: 0360
U.S. request for contact 3: 0360; 4: 0263
Wilson, Woodrow, position request 3: 0001
Convention of Aguascalientes
5: 0431, 0586
Covarrubias, Diaz
2: 0352; 3: 0360
Cowdray, Lord (Weetman D. Pearson)
1: 0540; 2: 0001, 0360–0561; 3: 0001, 0360,
0504
Cradock, Christopher
3: 0214
D’Antin, Louis
3: 0214
Dekay, John W.
4: 0132
De la Garza, Emeterio, Jr.
1: 0540
Democratic Party
Minnesota 1: 0001
Diaz, Felix
2: 0001, 0138, 0352; 3: 0656; 4: 0527
Diaz, Porfirio
5: 0281; 7: 0001
Diplomatic and consular service
Lind ambassadorial nomination 1: 0001
U.S. ambassadorial candidates 6: 0387
U.S. consuls appraisal 6: 0541
U.S. embassy attack 5: 0070
17
Homicide
Benton, William, killing 4: 0001; 5: 0281
miners killing 7: 0001
U.S. citizens murder 4: 0001
U.S. prisoners killing 6: 0541
House, Edward M.
6: 0188, 0541
Huerta, Victoriano
Blanquet, Aureliano, code communications
3: 0001
bond issues 4: 0132–0263
British petroleum control 2: 0001
British views 2: 0138
Carranza, Venustiano, comparison 3: 0001
Congress attacks 1: 0382
coup 2: 0138; 4: 0527
court powers abrogation 1: 0540
Diaz, Felix, pact 4: 0527
dictatorship 1: 0540
diplomatic corps meeting 2: 0001
economic sanctions 2: 0561
election abuses 1: 0382; 2: 0138
Europe military aid 4: 0132
extortion 3: 0504–0656; 4: 0132–0263
general 1: 0001; 5: 0070; 6: 0188
Lind meeting 1: 0199
Madero, Francisco I., assassination 4: 0527
message to Congress 2: 0352
noncandidacy 1: 0199
power abuses 1: 0382
stalling tactics 1: 0540
support resurgence 3: 0360
U.S. captain detention 2: 0001
U.S. expedition 4: 0132
U.S. nationals support 1: 0540
U.S. policy 2: 0561
U.S. resignation demand 2: 0243–0352
Washington emissary request 1: 0382
Wilson, Woodrow, proposals rejection
1: 0199
International arbitration
U.S.-Mexico dispute 5: 0001–0070
International cooperation in law enforcement
U.S.-Mexico commission 7: 0323
International law
foreign claims 7: 0120
International military forces
joint Mexican-U.S. 7: 0458
Foreign investment
by U.S. 7: 0623
Foreign nationals
British residents defense 2: 0561
Japanese activity 4: 0132
protection 3: 0214; 4: 0527
Freemasonry
5: 0586
Fuel oil
railroad supply curtailment 3: 0001, 0360
Gamboa, Federico
general 1: 0001
Lind talks 1: 0199
presidential candidacy 1: 0382
U.S. positions refutation 1: 0199
Washington visit request 1: 0199
Garcia, Carlos
7: 0458
Germany
arms shipment 1: 0382
Mexican reconquest plot 7: 0458
military assistance 4: 0001
U.S. nationals rescue 5: 0001–0070
Government and business
commercial information offices 6: 0541
Government bodies
see Legislature
see Provisional government
Government reorganization
3: 0001
Government securities
4: 0132, 0263; 7: 0458
Great Britain
see United Kingdom
Guillen de Saldana, Guadalupe
3: 0504
Guzman, Emilio
3: 0656
Haciendas
confiscation 2: 0561
Lind legal work 7: 0458
Hale, William Bayard
1: 0199
Hall, Herbert L.
4: 0263; 5: 0001
Hernandez, Honorato
4: 0132
Hewitt, G. H.
3: 0504
History
of Mexico 7: 0120
18
Madero, Francisco I.
accomplishments 5: 0281
assassination 1: 0540; 4: 0527; 6: 0541;
7: 0001–0323
asylum request 2: 0352
Magon, Jesus Flores
3: 0504
Martinez, Paulino
4: 0527; 5: 0001
Mediation
Argentina-Brazil-Chile 5: 0001–0281
Mendez, Luis
2: 0243
Metcalfe, Richard L.
6: 0387
Mexican Gold Dredging Company
1: 0001
Mexican Oil Association
2: 0352
Mexican Revolution
see Civil war
Mexico
see Baja California
see Mexico City, Mexico
see Monterrey, Mexico
see St. Domingo, Mexico
see Tampico, Mexico
see Torreon, Mexico
see Veracruz, Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
military revolts (cuartelazos) 3: 0656
needed “humiliation” 2: 0352
Obregon, Alvaro, occupation 5: 0281
political conditions 2: 0561; 4: 0132–0263;
5: 0281, 0586
strategy for capture 3: 0504
U.S. nationals protection 3: 0001; 4: 0001;
5: 0070
Zapata, Emiliano, threat 5: 0070, 0281
Military assistance
from European countries 4: 0001, 0132
Military officers
revolts (cuartelazos) 3: 0656
Military operations, foreign
Obregon, Alvaro, in Mexico City 5: 0281
Tampico 4: 0132
Torreon fighting 4: 0407
Zapatista 4: 0263, 0407
International sanctions
embargo revocation 3: 0656
against Huerta, Victoriano 2: 0561
U.S. arms embargo 1: 0199
Japan
4: 0001, 0132
Juarez, Benito
7: 0001
Kidnapping
and forced conscription 2: 0243–0561
Knauth, Nachod and Kuhne
7: 0001
Labor law
Carranza, Venustiano, policies 6: 0001
constitution impact 7: 0458
general 7: 0458
Land and Petroleum Laws
7: 0623
Land ownership and rights
Catholic Church 7: 0001
civil war cause 1: 0199; 3: 0001
reform 1: 0540; 3: 0214; 5: 0001, 0586;
6: 0001; 7: 0458
valuation 5: 0001
Lansing, Robert
6: 0188
Lascurain, Pedro
2: 0243
Latin America
on U.S. policy 4: 0132
League to Enforce Peace
6: 0541
Legislature
deputies arrest 1: 0540
dissolution 1: 0540
imprisoned congressmen 2: 0138
manifesto of 1857 3: 0214
Lind, Alice
women petition 6: 0188
Lind, Norman
4: 0001
Local government
1: 0540; 7: 0458
Lotteries
6: 0001
Louisiana
see New Orleans, Louisiana
Lynch, F. B.
1: 0001
Lyon, Gary and Company
1: 0001
19
Obregon, Alvaro
5: 0281–0431; 6: 0001, 0541
Officials
photographs 3: 0360
Ohman, S. G.
3: 0001
Olmsted, Loring
6: 0541
O’Shaughnessy, Edith
7: 0120
O’Shaughnessy, Nelson
Lind meeting 3: 0360
press statements criticism 4: 0001
resignation attempt 4: 0263
Panama Canal
4: 0132
Pan American Union
1: 0001
Pearson, Weetman D.
see Cowdray, Lord
S. Pearson and Son, Ltd.
1: 0540
Pendleton and Gilkey
7: 0458
Pershing, John J.
7: 0120
Petroleum and petroleum industry
British control 1: 0540; 2: 0001–0138
general 7: 0458, 0623
nationalization 2: 0352; 3: 0214
see also Fuel oil
Photography and photographic equipment
1: 0001; 3: 0360
Pineda, Rosendo
2: 0243
Plan de Ayala
1: 0001
Plan of Guadalupe
5: 0431
Political conditions
general 1: 0199; 7: 0001, 0120
Mexico City 2: 0561; 4: 0132–0263;
5: 0431, 0586
Minnesota 1: 0001; 4: 0001, 0263
U.S. western states 7: 0623
Population characteristics
5: 0586
Portillo y Rojas
4: 0263
Potash
7: 0458
Military operations, U.S.
force requirement 3: 0214
intervention advisability 1: 0540; 2: 0001
Lind instigation 5: 0001
Mexico withdrawal demand 7: 0120
Veracruz 5: 0001–0070
Villa, Francisco, pursuit 7: 0120, 0458
Wilson, Woodrow, threat 2: 0243
Military personnel
U.S. embassy guard 4: 0001
Military protocol
flag salute incident 5: 0001
naval operations 2: 0561
Military supplies and property
blockade 3: 0360
Military weapons
blockade 3: 0360
U.S. embassy 4: 0001
Mines and mineral resources
miners killing 7: 0001
Minimum wage
6: 0001
Minnesota
Lind return 5: 0281
political conditions 1: 0001; 4: 0001, 0263
Moffett, William A.
3: 0504
Monetary policy
7: 0001, 0323, 0458
Monroe Doctrine
4: 0132, 0263
Monterrey, Mexico
Constitutionalist attack 2: 0352
Motion pictures
Birth of a Nation 6: 0387
Natural resources
7: 0458
Naval strategy
3: 0360
Naval vessels
Federal gunboats 3: 0360, 0656
Navy
Tampico operations 3: 0214
U.S. nationals abandonment 5: 0001–0070
Veracruz naval action 5: 0070
New Orleans, Louisiana
Federal gunboat visit 3: 0656
Newspapers
1: 0001, 0199; 3: 0504; 4: 0001, 0527;
5: 0001, 0070; 6: 0001, 0387, 0541;
7: 0001, 0458
20
exploitation of Mexicans 5: 0586
Lind anti-Catholicism 5: 0586
persecution 7: 0623
political activities 3: 0360; 6: 0001
real estate 7: 0001
Roumagnac, Louis
3: 0656
Sala, Antenor
land ownership reform 4: 0527
white supremacy 4: 0527
Senate, U.S.
Lind candidacy 3: 0504
Slaughter, John Willis
7: 0120
South America
4: 0407
State government
4: 0132
St. Domingo, Mexico
1: 0001
Sweden
Lind ambassadorial nomination 1: 0001
Tampico, Mexico
Constitutionalist operations 2: 0561;
3: 0214; 4: 0001
fighting 3: 0001
flag salute incident 5: 0001
foreign nationals protection 3: 0214
general 7: 0623
military conditions 1: 0540; 3: 0656; 4: 0132
naval operations 3: 0214
neutral zone 4: 0407
oil supply curtailment 3: 0360
U.S. nationals 5: 0001–0070
Teziutlan Copper Company
4: 0263
Thord-Gray, Ivor
7: 0458
Torreon, Mexico
conference 5: 0431
military operations 4: 0263–0407
United Kingdom
military assistance 4: 0001
petroleum control 1: 0540; 2: 0001, 0138
University of Minnesota
Lind resignation 3: 0360–0504
Urquidi, Juan F.
7: 0001
Urrueta, Jesus
4: 0132
Presidential powers
Huerta, Victoriano, abuses 1: 0382
Prisoners
congressmen 2: 0138
women 3: 0504
Property value
5: 0001
Provisional government
recommended membership 2: 0243
Wilson, Woodrow, proposal 2: 0243
Psychology
Latin character 1: 0199
Mexican character 5: 0586
Public health
7: 0458
Public opinion
anti–Venustiano Carranza sentiment 6: 0387
Punitive Expedition
7: 0120, 0458
Putumayo, Colombia
4: 0407
Racial discrimination
Mexican view of U.S. 3: 0214
Railroads
Chihuahua operations 2: 0561
Constitutionalist attacks 2: 0138
fuel shortage 3: 0656
general 4: 0001; 7: 0458
oil delivery suspension 3: 0001
oil supply curtailment 3: 0360
Reconstruction
7: 0458
Refugees
on U.S. ships 3: 0001; 5: 0001
Religion and religious organizations
Mexican constitution impact 7: 0458
see also Roman Catholic Church
Religious liberty
7: 0001, 0458, 0623
Revolution
see Civil war
Revolutionists
see Constitutionalists
Right of asylum
2: 0001–0138, 0352; 3: 0504
Right of property
2: 0561; 3: 0214; 7: 0623
Roman Catholic Church
activities and finances 7: 0623
anti-Catholic materials 5: 0281; 7: 0001
anti–Venustiano Carranza protest 6: 0387
21
U.S. nationals
correspondence 1: 0001
evacuation 1: 0382
German navy rescue 5: 0001–0070
Huerta, Victoriano, support 1: 0540
navy abandonment 5: 0001–0070
protection 4: 0001; 5: 0070; 7: 0323
safety 1: 0199; 2: 0352; 3: 0001
Tampico evacuees return 5: 0070
on U.S. ships 3: 0001
Veracruz, Mexico
1: 0001, 0540; 5: 0001, 0070; 6: 0188;
7: 0623
Villa, Francisco
anti-Federal operations 2: 0561
Baja California sale 6: 0001
Benton, William, killing 4: 0001; 5: 0281
Bryan, William Jennings, support 7: 0323
campaign analysis 5: 0431
Carranza, Venustiano, conflict 5: 0281–0586
character 3: 0001
Columbus, New Mexico, raid 7: 0120–0323
defeats by Alvaro Obregon 5: 0586
elections demand 5: 0431
general 5: 0001
Mexico City occupation 5: 0586
miners killing 7: 0001
resignation and reinstatement 5: 0431
U.S. business aid 7: 0001
U.S. pursuit 7: 0120, 0458
Villarreal, Antonio I.
6: 0541
Villa Vicencia
2: 0561
von Hintze, Paul
3: 0504
Wars and military conflicts
see Civil war
see Military operations, foreign
see Military operations, U.S.
Wennerberg, Gunnar
3: 0214
Wennerberg Memorial Association
3: 0214
Wilfley, Lebbeus
5: 0431
Williams, W. W. “Windy”
1: 0001
Wilson, Henry Lane
3: 0001; 4: 0132; 6: 0541; 7: 0001, 0323,
0623
Wilson, Woodrow
Congress message 1: 0382
fiscal/monetary policies 7: 0323
House, Edward M., break 6: 0188
on Huerta, Victoriano 4: 0132
Huerta, Victoriano, rejection of proposals
1: 0199
introduction letter 1: 0001
Lind communications 1: 0001–0382;
4: 0001
opposition to Venustiano Carranza 6: 0188
and Tagle, Vasquez 6: 0188
on U.S. intervention 2: 0243
“watchful waiting” policy 3: 0001
Women
petition to Alice Lind 6: 0188
World War I
5: 0281; 7: 0323, 0458
Writers and writing
Lind alleged plagiarism 5: 0586
Yaqui Indians
7: 0458
Zamacona, Manuel
1: 0382
Zapata, Emiliano
attack on Venustiano Carranza 5: 0586
general 5: 0070
Martinez, Paulino, protection 4: 0527
Mexico City occupation 5: 0586
Mexico City threat 5: 0070–0281
military operations 4: 0263
revolutionary manifesto 1: 0001; 3: 0001
U.S. aid demand 5: 0070–0281
U.S. support 5: 0070
Zimmerman, Alfred
Mexican reconquest plot 7: 0458
Zubaran, Rafael
5: 0431; 6: 0188, 0387; 7: 0623
Zubaran, Urueta & Zapata
7: 0458
22
Related UPA Collections
Confidential U.S. Diplomatic Post Records
Central America and the Caribbean, 1930–1945
Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files
Mexico, 1940–1966
The Mexican-American War:
Unit Histories and Personal Narratives
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Series A: Subject Correspondence Files
Part 2: Mexican Immigration, 1906–1930
The Bexar Archives, 1717–1836:
Colonial Archives of Texas
During the Spanish and Mexican Periods
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