Meyer Humanities III
Part I:
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
Who’s In Charge: Central vs. Local Control
Federalism: _________________________________________________. Ultimate _________________ (the
power to govern) resides in the ___________, but the operation of government is divided in a federal structure,
among three levels: local, state, and national. Each level is supposed to be sovereign within in its _____________. But
as the U.S. grew, tensions arose between localists and nationalists.
The Washington Administrations, 1789-1797
Precedent: The ________________________________________________________ – George Washington,
being the first POTUS, established many precedents: (1) to called “Mister;” (2) ___________________________
despite no constitutional limitation (changed by the 22nd Amendment); (3) to meet regularly with his cabinet; (4) to
add the words “________________________” to the Oath of Office.
Partisanship: Acting in the interests of a _____________________ rather than in the interests of all the country.
Political differences grew between 1789 and 1800. Two parties emerged. ____________________ (including Adams
and Hamilton) supported a strong central government; and ____________________________ (a.k.a. Jeffersonian
Republicans, and including Jefferson and Madison) wanted decentralized authority. Washington had men of both
views in his cabinet: Jefferson (__________________________) and Hamilton (__________________________).
Hamilton's Economic Plan: Alexander Hamilton wanted government to create a diversified economy of farming,
manufacturing, and commerce. As Treasury Secretary he formed a plan to establish a viable and expanding economy.
(1) _____________________________________ to ensure the credit of the federal government and _________
__________________________. (2) __________________________________________________________.
(3) ________________________________________________. Hamilton wanted a __________________ and
_____________________--taxes on specific commodities, such as whiskey. (4) __________________________:
The BUS would act as a depository for federal revenues and would help to control currency and national credit.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794): ___________________ that erupted when farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to
pay a federal ______________ on whiskey. President Washington led troops to stop the rebellion; by the time they
arrived, the farmers had dispersed. Showed that, unlike during Shays’ Rebellion, _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Washington’s Farewell Address: In 1796, Washington chose to retire. The General gave some advice to the nation.
He called for unity, warning against political or regional ___________. And for _______________ in foreign affairs.
Jeffersonian Republicans in Charge, 1801-1824
Election of 1800: Sometimes called the “____________________________,” it was a turning point in American
political history; it pitted Democratic-Republican _____________ against Federalist ________. Adams lost. The
peaceful transition of government from one party to its opponent was remarkable for the time.
Louisiana Purchase: As Spain gave Louisiana to France, Jefferson worried that ______________ would close the
Port of New Orleans, making shipping on the Mississippi expensive or impossible. Jefferson planned to buy New
Orleans for $9 millions, but Napoleon offered Louisiana for $15 millions (c. $217 billions in 2012 dollars). He had
____________________________________, but Jefferson made the purchase. It more than doubled the size of
the U.S., extending the nation west to the _____________________.
Lewis & Clark Expedition: Trip by the ____________________________, led by Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark with the help of Shoshone guide _____________________, to explore the West. It began in St. Louis in 1804.
Returning to Washington in 1807, the expedition was a great success. They did not find the hoped-for ___________
____________________________ but they __________ the territory, brought back animal and plant artifacts, and
firmed up a U.S. claim to the area. They started an explosion of commerce in the region, expanding the fur trade.
Impressment: It was the custom of Britain to _________ men and force them into the Royal Navy. When Britain
impressed American sailors __________________________________________________
Embargo Act of 1807: With Britain and France restricting America’s ___________________________, Jefferson
________________________________. It ____________ badly. U.S. farmers and merchants (particularly in New
England) protested; many evaded the law.
Meyer Humanities III
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): Relations with Indians in the Ohio Valley were strained because
of the influx of settlers. By 1811, the Shawnee leader, _____________, wanted to keep Indian hunting lands open by
uniting with other tribes. Military Governor _________________________ assembled troops at Tecumseh’s village
on the Tippecanoe River. The Shawnee attacked, were defeated, and retreated to Canada. Westerners blamed the
British for inciting the Indians to violence. _________________________________________________________
“War Hawks”: Young Republicans from Lower South and the West who demanded that America be respected
overseas. They included: _________________ (KY) and _____________________ (SC). They demanded war with
Britain over its refusal to accept American neutrality. They blamed the British for inciting the Indians to violence in
the West, and may have hoped to gain new lands in _____________.
War of 1812: Called the “_________________________________” or “_____________________,” it was the war
between the U.S. and Britain that grew out of tensions arising from America’s policy of neutrality. Battles raged in the
Great Lakes region as U.S. invaded Canada. The British attacked ______________, destroying the Capitol and the
White House. Important battles included the British attack at Fort McHenry at which _________________________
wrote the “Star Spangled Banner.” The war ended in a tie with the ______________________ and led to a longstanding peace with England but before word reached the U.S. a last battle occurred. ________________________
was a rare American victory and it made _____________________ a national hero.
Era of Good Feelings: The end of the War of 1812 ushered in a new spirit of _______________. It was symbolized
by the election of _____________________.
The First Industrial Revolution, 1793-1850
Industrialization: Transformation of the economy from _________________ to __________________________
– built on ___________________ of labor. The development of industries was built on a ____________________
_________________ —the steamboat and later railroads. The first substantial industry, ____________, developed
in _____________________ where factories turned southern cotton into cloth. Industrialization affected farming,
as new inventions improved crop production, harvesting, and processing.
Cotton Gin: ___________________ invention that transformed American agriculture and industry. The gin made
cotton cultivation profitable. It sparked a _________________________________ on which to grow cotton and so
America expanded. It ________________________ labor system. It provided a base for the early ______________
______________________________ in the 1820s. The rise of a textile industry ___________________________
_____________________________________________, but as the northern economy industrialized it became
more complex, while the South became more dependent on one crop – known as the _______________________.
Robert Fulton: Inventor of the first commercially successful ________________—_____________________. By
1836, 361 steam-driven paddle wheelers navigated the Mississippi.
The Tom Thumb: ______________________________ in the U.S., invented by __________________ in 1830 in
Baltimore. Railroads came to dominate long-distance travel and trade in the U.S. over the next two decades.
Samuel Morse: Inventor in the U.S. of the ____________ in 1837. Morse’s more important contribution became
the _________________, a series of electrical “dots” and “dashes” that became the alphabet of telegraphy.
Erie Canal: _________________________, opened in 1826, connecting the Hudson River and New York City to
Lake Erie (Buffalo). It ________________________________ because it _____________________________
_________________________. It lost some of its importance, however, when railroads entered the scene.
Lowell Girls: Farm girls who worked in the textile mills in Lowell, Mass. Employers preferred girls as workers
because __________________________________________________________________________________.
Francis Lowell built what he hoped would be a model industrial town, known as the ___________ system. Next to
the _______________ mill, dormitories provided safe housing for workers and lecture halls and libraries provided
education and cultural events: all in a park-like setting. Conditions were very good at first, but by the mid-1830s, age
and economic hard times caused the company to cut wages and services. By 1840, the thirty-two mills and factories
in Lowell turned the town into a commonplace grimy industrial town.
Meyer Humanities III
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
Jacksonian Democracy
Universal White Male Suffrage: During the 1820s, states began ________________________________________.
In 1828, Andrew Jackson took advantage of the development. He claimed to represent the “__________________,”
and they voted for him in droves: he won the election with 56% of the popular vote.
Spoils System: Policy initiated by _________ of giving government jobs and contracts to political supporters. After
winning the 1828 election, Jackson swept government workers out of office and replaced them with his supporters,
declaring “________________________________.” It helped to build the ________________________, as men
supported Jackson in return for political _____________. But it also _________________________________ and
meant that many office holders had no other qualification to work other than being a Jacksonian Democrat.
Whig Party: As Jackson put in the “______________________,” two parties developed: the Democratic Party of
Jackson and the Whig Party. Two things united Whigs: (1) hatred of Jackson, and (2) belief in a stronger central
government and Hamilton’s economic system. Whigs were led by _____________________.
Indian Policy
Indian Removal Act of 1830: After settlers pushed into Indian lands, causing conflict, Congress approved Andrew
Jackson’s plan to move Indians to the _____________________________ west of Arkansas. Many tribes challenged
the government’s authority. In Illinois, white militia slaughtered the Sauk and Fox Indians in “Black Hawk’s War;” in
Florida, the Seminole fight in Osceola’s War and likewise were all but wiped out.
Trail of Tears: Gold was discovered on ______________ land and whites wanted access to it, but the Cherokee
refused to yield. They sued calling a Georgia law that brought the Cherokee under state control unconstitutional. In
_______________________________ (1832), the Supreme Court agreed with the Cherokee. _____________
___________ refused to enforce the ruling. Instead, Jackson bought the Cherokee land and sold them land in the
Indian Territory. The Army led a ___________________________ from Georgia of the Cherokee in the winter of
1838. ________________________________________________________________. Some hid out in western
North Carolina and became the “_______________________” of the Cherokee.
Demographic, Cultural and Social Reform in Jacksonian America
Immigration: The mid-1800s saw a sizable rise in immigration, especially from ___________ and ___________.
Between 1830 and 1860, 5 million people came to the U.S. The reasons for emigration were many, but for all they
included ____________________________. The Irish (comprising the largest immigrant group) sought to escape
the terrible ______________________. Like the Irish, the Germans were mostly ______________________ but
unlike the Irish, they tended to settle in rural areas. Not all Americans welcomed the immigrants. Opposition, called
__________________, developed into a political party; officially called the American Party, it is known to history
as the “_______________________” because members refused to answer questions about their politics, replying
only “I know nothing.”
Second Great Awakening: ____________________________________. It began in New England and up-state
New York (_______________________) and spread west. Its leading proponent was ______________________
______________________, who preached an extremely emotional approach to God. The revival led to the creation
of several new churches [Shakers, Jehovah's Witness, Seventh Day Adventist, and the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints (____________)]. It led to many social reform movements, including: temperance, ____________
_____________ (___________________), ________________________________ (______________________),
___________________, and ______________________________________.
Utopian Communities: The 2nd Great Awakening saw many experimental communities based on _____________:
settlers working together for the good of the community. The __________ built farms based on the ____________
________________________. They built high-quality, yet simple furniture, and were known for music and dancing.
They followed a strict rule of __________________, growing through adoption of orphans.
Seneca Falls Convention: Meeting of the ____________________________, held at Seneca Falls, NY, in 1848. The
movement was led by ____________________________. The Convention drew up the ______________________
_________________, offering several demands, including the right to vote and own property.
Meyer Humanities III
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
Part II:
Video Worksheet: Presidents
George Washington:
1. What words did Washington add to the “Oath of Office,” establishing the first Presidential precedent?
“_____________________________________”
2. Why was Washington’s naming Alexander Hamilton as his Treasury Secretary his “landmark achievement”?
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. What did Washington choose as his foreign policy in the face of war between Britain and France?
___________________________________________________________
John Adams
4. What two issues defined John Adams’ tenure in office? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What new cabinet position did Adams add? _________________________________________
6. What was Adams’ greatest error in office? ___________________________________________
Thomas Jefferson
7. Jefferson: “We are all ____________________. We are all _____________________.” How did Jefferson
interpret the 1800 election? ________________________________________________
8. What was the defining moment of Jefferson’s presidency? _______________________________ Why did
he hesitate making the purchase? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. What crisis made Jefferson’s second term so frustrating? ________________________________
10. What policy did Jefferson pursue in response to Britain and France being upset over U.S. trade?
_________________________________________________________________________
James Madison
11. What defined Madison’s presidency? ________________________________________________
12. Who led the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans? ______________________________
James Monroe
13. Monroe’s presidency is marked by political comity known as the “Era of ___________________.”
14. Russia had interests in ____________ to which Monroe declared, “The American continents are henceforth
not to be considered as subjects for future ____________________ by any __________________________
_____________.” Who actually conceived and wrote the Monroe Doctrine? __________________________
Andrew Jackson
15. “Andrew Jackson called himself a Jeffersonian ___________________. Thomas Jefferson called Jackson a
___________________ man.”
16. “Invoking the adage ‘to the victor go the ___________,’Jackson cleaned house, firing his _____________ and
hiring his ______________.”
17. “After the Peggy Eaton Affair, Jackson placed ________________ in his cabinet secretaries whom he regularly
hired and fired.”
18. What name was given to Jackson’s group of close friends and advisers? ________________________
19. What was the first piece of legislation that Jackson recommended and got passed? _____________________
Meyer Humanities III
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
20. The Cherokee challenged the removal laws by taking Georgia _____________. When John Marshall decided in
favor of the Indians, Jackson’s response was: “He made his ruling; now let ______________________.” The
result of the forced removal was the Trail of ______________.
21. Who advanced the theory of nullification for South Carolina? ______________________. Why did Jackson not
support him? _________________________________________________
22. What was Jackson’s most daunting enemy? _________________________________________
23. What did Andrew Jackson do with the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States? _______________
What did Congress do in response to closing the bank? ________________________________ What did the
new Congress do in response? _________________________________________________________
Video Worksheet: Lewis and Clark
1. How did Lewis know Clark? ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What was Lewis and Clark’s main mission? __________________________________________
3. What obstacles did the river offer? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Who were the most powerful tribe on the middle Missouri? __________________________
5. Who joined the expedition as a guide at Fort Mandan? ______________________________ Who was the
“final member” of the expedition? ___________________________
6. Past the Missouri River’s forks, what obstruction confronted the Corps to test its strength and spirit?
__________________________ Describe how they got passed it and how long did it take?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Why was it so critical to find the Shoshone? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. While looking for the Shoshone camp, what did Lewis find? _____________________________
9. What “crushing disappointment” did Lewis see as he topped the Continental Divide? __________
_____________________________________________
10. What did Sacagawea discover about the Shoshone chief? ________________________________
11. Listen quickly: As they cross the mountains during winter what three things are all that they have to eat?
____________________________________________________________________
12. Who were the “most hospitable, honest, and sincere people” the Corps met with on the “voyage”?
_________________________________________
13. How long did it take the Corps to reach the Pacific? _________________________________
14. What did William Clark carve into the tree at the Pacific? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Meyer Humanities III
Part III:
Unit 3 – From Washington to the Age of Jackson
“James K. Polk” (They Might Be Giants)
In 1844, the Democrats were split
The three nominees for the presidential candidate
Were ____________________________, a former President and an abolitionist
__________________________, a moderate
Louis Cass, a general and expansionist
From Nashville came a dark horse riding up
He was James K. Polk, ____________________ of the Stump
Austere, severe, he held few people dear
His oratory filled his foes with fear
The factions soon agreed
He's just the man we need
To bring about victory
Fulfill our ______________________________________
And annex the land the Mexicans command
And when the votes were cast the winner was
Mister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump
In four short years he met his every goal
He seized the whole southwest from ________________________
Made sure the tariffs fell
And made the English sell the ______________ territory
He built an ___________________________________________
Having done all this he sought no second term
But precious few have mourned the passing of
Mister James K. Polk, our _________________ president
____________________________, Napoleon of the Stump