4/4/2013
Getting the Most from Your CCTV
System at Night
~ using today’s lighting technologies ~
Tony Whiting: Director
Kristen Seguin: National Sales Manager
Raytec Systems
Thursday April 11th
Credit(s) earned on completion of this
course will be reported to AIA CES for
AIA members. Certificates of
Completion for both AIA members
and non-AIA members are available
upon request.
This course is registered with AIA
CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not
include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction
or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product.
_______________________________________
____
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
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Learning Objectives
• 1. Specify the best lighting configuration for specific site
and CCTV requirements, for top level night time security
with appreciation of its environmental and economic
impact.
• 2. Design and set-up a lighting system to maximise CCTV
image quality and security.
• 3. Implement smart operational lighting techniques for
the most efficient and effective security system.
Why Consider CCTV Lighting?
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Correctly designed lighting can drastically improve the
performance of a surveillance system, deliver useable
CCTV images, deter crime, maximise security and
safety, and save energy and money.
But what is the right type of lighting?
And what makes a good lighting design?
In This Seminar
The Need for CCTV Lighting
Lighting Technology Comparison – PRO’s and CON’s
How Lighting Affects Surveillance
Best Approaches for Lighting Design and Specification to
Maximise CCTV Image Quality and Security
• System Integration
• Smart Lighting Installation and Operation to Maximise Energy
and Cost Savings
• CCTV Lighting Case Study Examples
•
•
•
•
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The Need for CCTV Lighting
The Need for CCTV Lighting
All cameras need light to see
Most crime occurs during darkness
Street lighting is NOT good enough
To provide evidence for judicial
purposes
• IP & Megapixel cameras need more
light
•
•
•
•
• White-Light OFF
• White-Light ON
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IR OFF
Infra-Red ON 131ft
All Cameras Need Light
• Many features in the market today to
improve the low light value on a
specification sheet
– Automatics Gain Control (AGC)
– Sensitivity Up/Frame Integration
• Many trade offs
– Noise, poor colour rendition
– Image lag/ghosting
– Colour bursting or blooming
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The Need for Lighting in Video
Surveillance
Better
night time
images
Improve
Frame Rate
Reduce
Bandwidth
IP / Megapixel
cameras need
more light
Improve
Video
Analytics
Reduce
Storage
Higher Resolutions Need More Light
Remember – carefully targeted, evenly spread, minimise waste
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Lighting Technology Comparison –
PRO’s and CON’s
Which is the right type of light?
Key Aspect
Tungsten
Halogen
Fluorescent
CFL
Low
Pressure
Sodium
(SOX)
High
Pressure
Sodium
(SON)
Metal Halide
(HQI MBI)
LEDs
Efficacy [1]
(lm/w)
10-12
15-25
60-95
65-70
180-200
90-120
70-80
55-75
Operational
Life (hrs)
1000
2000-4000
8000-20,000
8000-15,000
7500
20,00024,000
15,00020,000
44,000+
Quick Start
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Health &
Safety
Concerns
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Dimmable
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No (yes in
steps)
No
Yes
Good Colour
Rendering
No
No
Yes (modern
tubes provide
good colour)
Yes (modern
tubes provide
good colour)
No
No
Yes
Yes
Flicker Issues
No
No
Yes (usually
older
technologies)
Yes (usually
older
technologies)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Cold
Temperature
Sensitive
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
High
Temperature
Sensitive
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Design
Dependant
Beam Control
Yes
Yes
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Yes
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LED vs other Lighting Technologies
• Fastest growing lighting solution in
the world
• They are small
• They are reliable
• They are highly efficient
• They product a narrow bandwidth of
light
• The ADVANTAGES of LED vary
according to the comparison
technology
Advantages of LEDs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High Efficacy
Long Life
Slow Failure
Quick Start-Up Time
Ability to Pulse
Flexible Power adjust
Resistant to Vibration
Highly Directional
Precise Wavelengths
Zero Maintenance
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Energy and Cost Saving Comparison
500W Halogen Lighting vs 80W LED Lighting – 100 units
Labour Saving = 2000 fewer bulb changes!
Calculation based on lights being active during hours of darkness – 4400 hours of darkness a year (average)
Typical lifetime of halogen 6 months, LED 10 years minimum
Electricity calculated at 20cents per kW/h
Labour calculated at $60 per bulb change, bulb fitting calculated at $60 per fitting
Disadvantages of LEDs
• Purchase Price
• Efficacy Droop
(limited by certain manufacturing techniques)
• Temperature Sensitivity
(limited by certain manufacturing techniques)
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LED Lighting vs Other Night-Vision
Technologies
Separate
Illuminators
(Active Infra-Red)
Bullet Cameras
with in-built
lighting
Thermal Imaging
(passive InfraRed)
LED Lighting vs Thermal Imaging
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LED Lighting vs Thermal Imaging
• Active Infra-Red
• Produces more
recognisable image
• Can see detail such as
faces, lettering or logos
• Less expensive
• Possible to detect,
observe, recognise and
identify (HOSDB)
• Affected by glare and
changes in light on scene
• Passive Infra-Red
• Can detect objects in total
darkness
• Can be easier to see
something in scene
• Lower resolution
• Produces ‘false’ images
• Not affected by glare or
changes in light on scene
• More expensive
LED lighting vs Thermal Imaging
“High security sites can use LED
lighting and thermal imaging together.
Thermal imaging is used to detect if an
object is in scene and then active IR is
used to identify the object / person and
evaluate the risk.”
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LED Lighting vs Bullet Cameras
No Reflection Issues
Reflection Issues
LED Lighting vs Bullet Cameras
Unobstructed FOV
Attracts Spiders
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‘’IR
IR illumination should not surround the
camera lens on external cameras’’.
cameras’’.
New British Standard, BS8418, for remotely monitored and detector
activated CCTV systems.
LED Lighting vs Bullet Cameras
LED Lighting
+ Better Quality Images
+ Greater Distances
+ Longer Life
+ Thermally Managed
+ Suitable for Remote
Monitored Sites
- Larger Size
- More Expensive
Bullet Cameras
+ Small Size
+ Easy Install
+ Less Expensive
-
Internal Reflection
Lower Quality Images
Reduced Distances
Not Thermally Managed
Less Reliable
Not Suitable for Remote
Monitored Sites
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LED Lighting vs Fully Functional PTZ Dome
with Integrated Lighting
LED Lighting
+ Better Quality Images
+ Greater Distances
+ Thermally Managed
+ Longer Life
- More Expensive
PTZ Dome Lighting
+ All in One Unit
+ Easy Install
+ Less Expensive
-
Lower Quality Images
Reduced Distances
Not Thermally Managed
Less Reliable
How Lighting Affects Surveillance
Understanding the Basics
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How Lighting Affects Surveillance
• User Requirements
• The Scene
– Static and/or Dynamic
• Light
– Quality & Quantity
– Direction & Control
• Lens
• Camera
User Requirements
• Different requirements MAY require different lighting techniques –
understanding this determines image quality
• One camera can deliver all categories:
- PTZ/Dome or High Definition Camera
• Bigger Challenge to Lighting
• Higher quality images/more detailed need more light
General Observation Categories
Detection
Observation
Recognition
Identification
CCTV Operational Requirements Manual, Home Office Scientific Development Branch
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Detects movement 10%*
Observes two females 25%*
Recognises young female
with glasses 50%*
Identifies Justine Evans from
Raytec 100%*
* of screen height
User Requirements
•
Guidelines were developed when standard for video was PAL
•
Today, higher resolution cameras can now provide the same image
resolution using a much smaller physical percentage of the screen
•
Higher resolution systems demand higher quality lighting
Equivalent percentage screen heights for different digital resolutions.
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The Scene/Target
• Understanding what will happen in the
scene helps in obtaining a good image
• Different objects reflect different
amounts of light back into the camera
• Under White-Light, black clothing has
a low reflectivity level
• Under IR, it will behave differently
dependant on the type of material
• Always test the scene
Brightness and Glare
• Glare results from excessive bright and dark contrasts
• Adding light to a scene with an exceptionally bright
area, brings the ambient light level closer to the peak
light level, producing higher quality images
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Lighting and Image Quality
• Quality:
Wavelength, Colour, Uniformity
• Quantity:
Inverse square law, right amount
• Direction:
Beam Patterns, Alignment,
To avoid shadowing/over-exposure
• Control:
To accommodate dynamic scenes and changing
operational requirements
Wavelength of Light and Image Quality
White-Light vs Infra-Red
White-Light adds extra detail including colour of hair, skin tone, colour of vehicle,
colour of clothing, patterns/logos. Achieving a good contrast under IR is important to
detect a good level of detail on scene.
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Colour Rendering Index (CRI),
Uniformity and Image Quality
Good quality White-Light LED technology produces an accurate colour reproduction
A quantitative measurement of this reproduction is called the colour rendition index,
CRI. White-Light LED has a high CRI.
LED provides quick start
illumination - crucial for
maximum security and a
dynamic response on
demand. Old technology
inc. sodium and metal
halide do not comply.
Sodium Bulb – Low CRI
White-Light LED – High CRI
Light - Quantity
• Long Distance? Short Distance? Wide
Angle?
• IR allows for greatest distances up to
1000ft+
• Perimeter Surveillance = Long, Narrow,
High Quality Light
• IR can be mounted on a ptz system
• High quality light allows camera to zoom
to observe/ recognise (distance
dependant)
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Light - Quantity
• Wide angle lighting needs to
deliver high enough quality to
deliver detailed images at greater
distances
• High quality lighting allows
recognition and identification
Light - Quantity
• Greater the distance = more optical
power is required
• Light is subject to the inverse
square law
• Too much light just as bad as too
little
• Depends on camera and lens
combination
• Higher definition cameras typically
require more light
300ft - Noisy, not enough
contrast, not enough optical
power
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How much light is needed?
Inverse Square Law
Light spreads both vertically and horizontally therefore intensity decreases as a square function.If light
travels double the distance, there will not be ½ power intensity (which would be a linear law) but
there will be a ¼ of the original power intensity (a square law).
Lighting Design Using Inverse Square
Law
• 2 main techniques for Lighting Design
• (Distance Ratio) The number of illuminators required to
illuminate a certain distance
• (Power Ratio) How far multiple lamps will illuminate
• The Inverse Square Law applies to all Light – both InfraRed and White-Light
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Distance Calculator
Given the Distance of 1 Illuminator, designers can use the Inverse Square Law to calculate the
number of illuminators required to achieve a specific distance
In Simple Terms:
Ratio of Distance to Power is a Square Function
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
To achieve double the distance of a single illuminator (2 x distance)
= 4 times the number of illuminators are required (2² = 4 x power)
To achieve three times the distance of a single illuminator (3 x distance)
= 9 times the number of illuminators are required (3² = 9 x power)
Power Calculator
Given the Distance of 1 Illuminator, designers can use the Inverse Square Law to calculate the
distance that can be achieved by a number of illuminators
In Simple Terms:
Ratio of Power to Distance is a Square Root Function
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
How far will 6 x RM200-AI-10 units cover
Square root of 6 is worked out at 2.45
6 x RM200-AI-10’s will cover 2.45 times the distance of 1 x RM200-AI-10
2.45 x 984ft (the distance of 1 illuminator) = 2,410ft
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Beam Patterns and Direction
• Alter the angle of illumination to match the camera FOV
for the best night-time images
• Too Narrow = Hot Spot, Too Wide = Wasted Light and
Distance Not Achieved
Direction Affects Image Quality
Too Narrow – Hot Spot
Too Wide – Distance Not Achieved,
Wasted Light
Angle of illumination aligned to camera FOV
evenly illuminated, no over exposure
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Elliptical Beam Patterns
30°
35° x10°
Elliptical beam patterns offer enhanced image quality across full depth of scene
compared to circular beam patterns, and require less optical power.
Elliptical Beam Patterns
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Elliptical Beam Patterns
Image Comparison
Circular IR
Elliptical IR
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Image Comparison
Circular White-Light
Elliptical White-Light
Lighting - Control
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dim
Boost
Lighting on Demand
Timer
Photocell Levels
Remote Control
Network Illuminators
• Having control over your lighting will always improve the
ability to deliver good pictures
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Lenses
• Different lenses let different amount of light in:
- F1.0 100%
- F1.4 50%
- F2.0 25%
Amount of light transmission =
1 divided by f-stop squared
Lenses
Choice of lens impacts image quality
Auto Iris Lens
Fixed Lens
Aspherical Lens
PRO
Good for external
environments. Adapts to
available light for best
images 24/7.
Good for internal
environments or applications
with constant light levels. Can
be set to specific scene
requirements.
Good for superior
low light
performance.
Specialist front
profile to catch all
available light.
CON
Often bigger, and more
difficult to set-up.
Not suitable for day/night or
changing light scenarios. Will
cause motion blur/noise
Costly
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Camera & Lighting
• Remember: Higher resolutions require more
lighting!
• Mount light adjacent to/ below camera for
best results
• Cameras should avoid pointing directly at any
ambient lighting
• Match the angle of illumination to the camera
FOV.
• Camera TIP: position the lens of the camera
right up against the housing window to
prevent any glare.
• Dome cameras – having the light too close
may causes problems of reflection
Best Approaches for Lighting
Design and Specification
Top Tips and Practical Advice
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Infra-Red or White-Light?
IR OFF
Infra-Red ON 820ft
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IR OFF
Infra-Red ON 131ft
White-Light OFF
White-Light ON 131ft
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Application Requirements
• CCTV lighting requirements:
–
–
–
–
View objects (typically people) when they enter a scene
Provide lighting for a camera
Typically longer distances, looking out across a scene
Looking at a vertical Plane
• Multi-Purpose /General Lighting Requirements
– Typically ‘down’ lighting to illuminate a horizontal plane
– Normally shorter distances
– Lighting an area for people, health and safety, cameras,
workers etc
Vertical or Horizontal Plane?
VERTICAL PLANE
(CCTV Usage)
HORIZONTAL PLANE
(General Lighting Usage)
IMPORTANT – significantly alters the
amount of light required
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How to Specify CCTV Lighting
Set distance, set angle.
How to Specify White-Light
A Four Step Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purpose of the lighting
Design Specification
Site Specific Considerations
Practical Usage, Electrical and Environmental
Considerations
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Lighting Design
• Most high security White-Light projects require detailed
lighting design plans
• Helps meet specific project requirements
• Calculates the most energy and cost efficient solution
• Uses customer site drawings and latest design software
to create 2D/ 3D plans,
• Highlights best positions, minimum no. of fittings
• Illumination angles, detailed lux levels
Lighting Design
• 2D Design –
plots individual light fittings, indicates
direction and spread of the illumination, and
uses contour lines and figures to show
detailed lux levels. Explains exactly how the
final outcome will be achieved, and can be
used as a guide during the installation stage.
• 3D Design provides a visual representation of what
the final installed lighting scheme will
actually look like.
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The Importance of Real Life Testing
Not all scenes and scenarios are the same
Covert lighting requires special cameras and special
lenses
•
•
Majority of security cameras are most sensitive to 850nm IR
940nm significantly impacts performance and achievable distances
850nm Infra-Red LED
940nm Infra-Red LED
The Importance of Real Life Testing
Not all scenes and scenarios are the same
• Only the most light sensitive cameras can be used with
940nm
• All cameras see shorter distances with 940nm
• Careful selection of your camera and lens is crucial
• Lenses are also working towards the edge of their
performance window at 940nm
• At 940nm transmission is lower and focus shift from daytime
to night-time operation is more pronounced.
• Unless necessary for operational requirements – use 850nm
• >95% of Raytec’s IR sales are 850nm
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The Importance of Real Life Testing
Not all scenes and scenarios are the same
Night-time set-up delivers the best results
• To avoid focus shift between day and night
• To correctly align the light with the camera
Day time set-up
Night time set-up
Optimal Lighting and Camera Integration
Don’t look into the light!
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Low Light Camera Performance
• The sensitivity of a camera dictates the minimum light levels in
which it can operate – quoted in lux.
• BUT – what standards do they use?
• Our experience suggests much more light required to deliver
quoted performance because of environmental factors, losses
through camera housings, transmission etc
Low Light CCTV – A Green Approach
• Excessive lux levels are not always needed
• Many low light cameras can generate fantastic nighttime colour images from as little as 2-3 lux using a
carefully targeted, even spread of White-Light
illumination with accurate colour rendition.
Low light camera at 131ft
**Captured in complete darkness with only 50% light power**
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Optimum Lighting Design
* High lux levels are not always required - and often result in reduced CCTV image
quality, excessive light pollution and energy consumption.
Traditional Lighting:
High energy, uncontrolled beam - more light pollution and less
energy efficient. Bad quality of light creating a dark, unsafe
area, and bad colour rendition for CCTV
White-Light LED Lighting:
Low energy, targeted lighting - less pollution
and more energy efficient. Better quality of
light for a safe evenly lit area, and good
colour rendition for CCTV
• Aim to use the minimum number of fittings to provide
even illumination
• Zero maintenance LED technology reduces labour
• Using minimum number of units reduces installation
costs
180 ft at 30°
A more focused beam pattern achives higher lux levels - adjust the angle setting of your
illuminator to concentrate the light where it is needed
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Impact of Badly Designed Lighting
• Does the object/target scene represent the same colours it would
during the day?
• Cameras aren’t always factory set for night-time performance
• Always consider and check the set-up of your camera at night
White-Light LED
Street Lighting
LED Vs. Sodium
Light Costs Money:
Don’t Waste It!
• Consider running and maintenance costs
• Many high energy lighting installations can
be replaced with long life, low energy and
zero maintenance LED lighting
• Improved safety and security and
significant savings
500W Sodium Lighting
Per Column
100W LED Lighting Every
2nd Column
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Technology Integration
Camera Integration and
Intelligent Lighting
• Users to adopt an intelligent lighting approach
by integrating their LED lighting and camera
technology
• Users can tailor their lighting design so that it is
triggered via the camera for lighting only when
and where needed
• Offers a much better, more cost effective and
environmentally friendly solution.
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Camera Integration and
Intelligent Lighting
• Lighting can be triggered via a telemetry input
from the camera only when needed for a short
period of time
• Lighting can be activated via motion detection,
audio detection and other video analytics
features e.g. Colour/shape of subject (the correct
lighting helps video analytics to work properly and reduces false alarms)
• Reduces amount of time lighting is on, saves
energy, reduces electrical costs and light pollution
Lighting on Demand - Detectors
• IR and WL LED can also be used in conjunction with detection
technologies for dynamic lighting on demand
• IR used continuously to covertly monitor a scene
• White-Light LED is quick start technology and can be activated
instantly from an external trigger on demand only when needed
(e.g. general lighting for a patrol or deterrent lighting for an intrusion)
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Lighting on Demand - Detectors
• External triggers can activate White-Light illuminators
via telemetry input, to turn them on instantly or for a
defined period of time
PIR detectors
Motion detection software in camera
Fibre optic fence line cable
•
•
•
•
Lighting can be triggered individually or in batches
Saves energy, money and reduces light pollution
More dynamic response
This is not possible with technologies such as metal
halide and sodium lighting, due to their slow warm up
Thermal Camera and
Lighting Integration
• LED lighting and thermal camera technology can be used in
conjucntion with each other to save energy
• Thermal used to detect at very long distance
• Lighting triggered only when needed, when subject is detected
• Lighting allows identification of subject as it approaches within
the CCTV FOV
Thermal 328ft
Thermal 328ft
Infra-Red 328ft
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Network Illumination
• New advances in IP lighting allows
further flexibility and control on a system
wide level
• The huge shift to IP for many camera
brands in the security industry and the
fact that lighting is taking a more central
role in all high security CCTV projects,
triggers the need for IP lighting
• With latest advances in IP controllable
lighting, customers can not only adjust
their IP cameras remotely, but they can
now control their
lighting in the same way too
Network Illumination
• Remote access via an integrated web interface,
anytime, anywhere on the network
• Allows full remote control, easy set-up,
commissioning, operation and maintenance
• Users can tailor lighting to specific application
requirements and respond to changes on site,
for the best CCTV images and safety 24/7
• API allows integration into VMS/BMS systems
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CCTV System
Smart Lighting Installation and
Operation to Maximise Energy
and Cost Savings
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Smart Lighting
• Remotely controllable lighting reduces visits to site and
transport costs, minimises labour time and costs
• Remote control lighting with user defined settings also allows
user to adopt an advanced green technology approach
• Tailor the lighting settings for lighting only when and where
needed
• Offers a much better, more cost effective and environmentally
friendly solution.
• REMEMBER: Carefully targeted, even spread of illumination –
using minimum number of fittings
Advanced Green Technology
• Eco Setting/ Power Adjust
– Operate the lighting at 50% power and boost to 100%
on alarm. Reduces power consumption, electricity
costs and conserves energy.
* Standard for most illuminators
*All advanced green technology features are accessible via the VARIO remote*
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Advanced Green Technology
• Telemetry Input
– Allows lighting to be remotely triggered on alarm
from any detection device, using lighting only
when required. Saves operational costs and
energy used.
* Standard for most illuminators
Advanced Green Technology
• Timer Function
– Timer function reduces power consumption and
visible light pollution to an absolute minimum,
only operating lighting for a pre-defined period of
time on activation
* Standard for most illuminators
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CCTV Lighting Case Study Examples
Green Example:
Energy Saving Retro-fit Canadian School
90% energy savings, $16,000 cost savings, 50 tonnes of CO2 emissions savings by
switching to LED from metal halide technology which was changed twice a year
regardless of failure – utilising existing locations and fittings
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Green Example:
Lighting on Demand UK Power Station
Reduced energy consumption and electrical
costs. Limited light pollution. IR on
constantly. Visible White-Light triggered only
when and where required (lighting used for
patrolled site and as a deterrent)
Smart IR: Construction Plant - East
Pennsylvania, USA
• IR aids night-time video analytics.
• Crisp and clear even illumination
allows camera analytics software to
detect and identify objects based
on various criteria including size
and shape.
• Triggers an alarm when target is
identified.
• Reduces false alarms.
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Smart IR: Remote Nature Surveillance Iowa, USA
• Low voltage IR captures night-time Osprey
Activity.
• Difficult to access, remote application –
solar powered CCTV system, no mains
available.
• Long life, zero maintenance IR – powered via
12-24V battery, charged during day by solar
panels.
• Crisp, clear, even IR, provided excellent
covert footage for transmission back to
visitor centre 24/7, 365 days a year.
Online Support Tools
Energy and Cost Saving Calculator
Calculate your savings made by switching to LED
visit www.rayteccctv.com
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Online Resource Centre
Download ‘Complete Guide to Lighting’
visit www.rayteccctv.com
This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Course
www.rayteccctv.com
[email protected]
Tel: 613-270-9990
Toll Free: 888-505-8335
[email protected]
[email protected]
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Thank You
Any Questions?
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