Chapter 13 – p. 390 - 424
Dates – 9/11 – 9/12
I.
Causes of the Reformation
A.
Political –
1. Rulers resent the Church courts & claim of Church Supremacy
2. Nationalism saw Pope as a foreign ruler Except in Italy
B. Economic –
1. Rulers envy Church wealth and want its land
2. Business people view tithe as a burden & dislike Church
restriction of interest on loans
3. Nationalists don’t like $ going to Rome
C. Intellectual
1. Ren. emphasis on individual expression encouraged persons to
seek direct relationship to God.
2. Ren. got people to question Church power/authority
3. Opens ideas that challenge Church – astronomy, history,
Biblical interpretations, translation to vernacular
4. Erasmus (Humanism)- wants reform, still loves church
D. Church Abuses
1. Worldliness – luxury, materialism
2. Nepotism –
3. Simony – selling appointments to Church office – lay investiture
4. Sale of Indulgences –
5. anticlericalism
- immorality
- ignorance
- pluralism
- illiterate
E. Decline of Church Prestige –
F. Precursors to Luther
1. Wycliffe – condemned wealth, worldliness, deny Pope authority,
attack Sacraments, Bible is highest authority, translate Bible to
English = Lollards = mumblers – declared heretic after death and…
2. Hus and Hussites – agree with Wycliffe = heretic= death
Wrote “The Church” – Christ is head of body
3. Erasmus – humanist – ex-Catholic priest, but attacked abuses,
printed first all Greek Bible 1516 – corrected Latin Vulgate 600X
"Would that these were
translated into each and every
language … Would that the
farmer might sing snatches of
Scripture at his plough and that
the weaver might hum phrases of
Scripture to the tune of his
shuttle, that the traveler might
lighten with stories from
Scripture the weariness of his
journey."
A. Early Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tough home life – trying to please father
Sent to become a lawyer through church
Lost 3 friends due to plague Goes to become monk – monastery was rich due to beer,
cloth, tithes, and rent… Luther…
Goes to Rome and sees wealth – confused
Sent to Wittenberg – mentored, studies directly from the
Bible and…
Indulgences vs. Bible – Doc A and Doc B- video
95 Theses – Rap discuss – Doc C/D
Erasmus???
10. Pope doesn’t care at first…
11. Debates Johann Eck at Leipzeig 1519
a. Luther – Pope can goof, Hus was right,
faith=salvation/not church, Bible only matters, only two
sacrements – baptism/communion, no transub,
indulgences bad, priesthood of all believers
b. Pope Leo X excommunicates – Doc E
12. Diet of Worms 1521 – Holy Roman Emperor vows no
burning Luther unless fair trail (Luther protected by
Frederick III of Saxony)
a. Luther does not recant = Heretic - Video
b. Fred III kidnaps him to Wartburg = German Bible
13. Friend of Luther, Philip Meanchthon, writes
Confessions of Augsburg – tries to unite Lutheranism to
Catholicism – Epic Fail…
Tetzel
Leipzig
Eck
Protector Fred III of Saxony
“no good works”
Baptism & Communion = Sacraments
No transub – yes consub
Priesthood of all
Heresy?
Papal Bull = excommunication
Diet of Worms – chance to be heard “nationally???”
Charles V – Recant!!! No- heretic- Fred Saves him to Wittenberg
Confessions of Augsburg – does this belong???
 Twelve Articles – demand relief from tithe, feudal obligations,…
 Luther at first supports
 Luther – wrote “Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes”
 Now supports princes – “People should obey authority” “Give to
Caesar…”
 100,000+ die
 Diet of Speyer to Peace of Augsburg -
IV. Other Protestant Reformers
“If we desire wisdom or
learning, we are taught to ask
it of Him alone.”
“I consider looseness with words no less of a
defect than looseness of the bowels.”
Huldrych Zwingli
Huguenots - France
Dutch Reformed - Netherlands
Puritans - England
In a group, using your outline, place these terms in the right area or
underline them
 Predestination
 Consubstantiation
 Do your “calling” to the best of
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your ability
Obey political authorities
Wittenberg
Non-Christian Authorities should
not be obeyed
TULIP
No Indulgences
No Purgatory
Geneva
Bible is authority
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Swiss Humanist
Hard work = prosperity
Eucharist is a memorial
Consistory
Celibacy was against human
nature
Marriage is for mutual support
The Elect = visible saints
No gambling, dancing, singing,
drinking, usury over 5%
Colloquy of Marburg
Diet of Worms
Is there any similarities to Zwingli’s statements to Luther’s 95
Theses? What new things does he raise that are new?
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Rebaptizers
Refuse infant baptism
Rejected secular agreements
Refuse civil oaths
No pay taxes
No hold public office
No military service
Believed end of world was near
Took Munster, Germany led by John of Leyden
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believed in polygamy
Women could serve as leaders
Burn all books except Bible
Began to kill Lutherans and Catholics
Reading page 401
• Tragedy at Munster - Combined armies of Protestants and
Catholics take city and kill leaders
• Today – Mennonites, Quakers, Unitarians
 What did the Prot. Ref. do for women? Did rights go up or down???
 What does the book say??? What about the reading??
 Where does Anna Janz fit in this? The Renaissance???
 Do allow for divorce - Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for
mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support
endangered their souls and the entire community.
 Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.
After monasteries were closed
Players, Problem, Solution, Results???
 The Reformation in England was
primarily the result of the dynastic
and romantic concerns of Henry
VIII.
 The dissolution of the English
monasteries got Henry VIII a lot of
wealth from the churches
 Act of Supremacy – Henry declared the
supreme head of the Church of England.
France = try to stop Prot = Civil War,
Hapsburgs = try to stop in lands
 What bonus does Henry get?
 Keep most Catholic Doctrine
 Who’s Edward???
Sir Thomas More
 The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Yorkshire
in the autumn of 1536 in protest against Henry VIII's break
with the Roman Catholic Church, the Dissolution of the
Monasteries and the policies of the King's chief minister,
Thomas Cromwell, as well as other specific political, social
and economic grievances
 Who is Mary Tudor(Bloody Mary) and
what did she do?
 Elizabeth I – the Virgin Queen
 How what did she do to church? - middle
 Mary Queen of Scots??? Tried to kill…
 Play the game???
Video Tudors
 Spanish Armada? What is it, why
involved? Results??
 Sacraments???
 Pope Paul III – Reformist
 leadership =
 Changes  Holy Office – Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and
Universal Inquisition – 6 cardinals
 Job to:
 Council of Trent
 Try to resolve problems with – Lutherans and Calvinists
 Main ideas – Primary Doc –
 Inquisition – destroys heresy inside of Papal States only
 Ursuline Order of Nuns – Angela Merici - for the education of
girls and the care of the sick and needy.
 Loyala and the Jesuits – Wrote “Spiritual Exercises” –
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meant to train, meditate, pray, be disciplined
Goal –
Vow of
Journey -
Teresa of Avila –
found Reform House for Nuns -
Speaker
• Who is speaking?
• What is their role in society?
Occasion
• When was this written?
• What language gives you a clue to when it may have been written?
Audience
• Who is this source directed at?
• Why is this the targeted audience?
Purpose
• What is the author's reason for writing this?Tone?
Significance • What is the important points to be taken from this source?
Spanish Armada
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase.
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into
Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes
first before any religious
considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
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Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty Years
War
 The Holy Roman Empire was the
battleground.
 At the beginning  it was the
Catholics vs. the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power
that was threatened.
 Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia
in 1648.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.

The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
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Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
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The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman
Emperor.
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Frederick II borrowed an army from
Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
 The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Bohemian Phase
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
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Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy
Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein
for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
 Edict of Restitution (1629):
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Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
 German princes feared Ferdinand  he
fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
Danish Phase
Albrecht
von
Wallenstein
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
 France & Sweden now get involved.
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Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
 Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
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Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was stopped.
 German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
 Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
Swedish Phase
Gustavus
Adolphus
The French Phase: 1635-1648
 France & Sweden switched roles.
 All countries in Europe now participated.
 This phase was most destructive!
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German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population
[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in
1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Loss of German Lives in 30
Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Political Provisions:
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Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became
officially independent  so. part remained a Sp.
possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of
Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic &
Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the
HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea &
in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of
Augsburg.
 The ruler of each state could determine
its official religion, BUT [except in the
hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he
must permit freedom of private
worship.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Nobody Was Happy!
 Many Protestants felt betrayed.
 The pope denounced it.
 Only merit  it ended the fighting in a
war that became intolerable!
 For the next few centuries, this war
was blamed for everything that went
wrong in Central Europe.
What were the
long-range
effects of the
Thirty Years’
War?
 Unbaptized babies?
 Most were women, why?
 How did the legal changes impact the witch trials?
 Torture? Is that really a good way to get information and
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confessions?
Inquisition usually = warning for witchcraft
What did you think about Walpurga Hausmannin?
Why did other people implicate more people?
What conditions meant higher witch trials? – montyvideo
Video -