PERSOONIA
Published
by
the
Volume
An emendation and
Part 4,
14,
gasteromycetous
35
Calvatia
genus
new
and
a
combinations
and
to include
enlarged
but
Calbovista,
arranged
in
genus
the
Langermannia, Lanopila
and Handkea remain separate.
eight
one nomen novum
1849
(Cunningham,
sections. On
are
species
rank, six
proposed.
has
(Lycoperdaceae)
never
been
monographed
(Shvartsman & Filimonova,
China (Liu,
Gastropila, Lanopila),
& Martin
proposed by
As
capillitium hyphae
septa
no or
The
badly
no
pits;
known
1990). Segregated
Gastropila),
Kreisel
(1989: Handkea),
and
type, articulated in
one
species),
present-with
are
not
more
or
circular
less
to
regular
elliptic,
include Calbovista Morse 1935
species),
Calvatiella Chow 1936
and Handkea Kreisel 1989
to
species
distances
never
by
true
slit-like
pits.
(Capillitium
(Capillitium
with
Bovista
Bovista type,
(Capillitium Lycoperdon
type,
synonyms
belong
1839,
to
Calvatia
nomen
as
conceived here.
—
rejiciendum.
Type species: Lycoperdon
giganteum
1786 : Pers. 1801.
Hippoperdon
Lanopila
Fr.
Lasiophaera
Mont. 1842,
1848.
nomen
Type species:
rejiciendum. Type species:
L.
Reichardt 1870. Type
wahlbergii
Fr.
non
H. crucibulum Mont. 1842.
1848.
species: L. fenzlii
Eriosphaera Reichardt ex de Toni 1880,
fenzlii
1971),
Martirosjan,
pits elongated, slit-like; eight species).
Langermannia Rostk.
Batsch
Central
Morse (1935: Calbovista), Homrich & Wright (1973:
by
of Lycoperdon
false septa,
following
&
1980; Lange,
Kreisel (1989), the genus Calvatia Fr. should be restricted
type, with false septa,
pitted;
1943), Aus-
1949),
(1990: Gastropila, Langermannia).
this definition, Calvatia does
two
(Miller & al.,
Ponce de Leon (1976:
1) and provided-if pits
(Fig.
(Bottomley,
South Africa
1970), Armenia (Melik-Khatchatrjan
1984), and the arctic regions
genera have been dealt with e.g.
Calonge
1944),
1962), North America (Zeller & Smith, 1964), Kazakhstan
Europe (Smarda, 1958; Kreisel,
with
of
whole, but regional revisions have been published e.g. for Brazil (Silveira,
tralia and New Zealand
By
is
Gastropila,
The gasteromycetous genus Calvatia Fr.
as
Leiden
(1992)
Kreisel
of Calvatia are enumerated and
species
Botanicus,
431-439
(Gasteromycetidae)
H.
(Lasiosphaera), Hypoblema,
pp.
preliminary survey
Calvatia
The
Hortus
Rijksherbarium /
Reichardt 1870.
Lessone
1832.
Type species: Lasiosphaera
Reichardt 1870.
Hypoblema
Pila
Speg.
C.G.
1921,
Lloyd
non
1903.
Type species: Lycoperdon lepidophorum
Bertrand & Renault 1892.
Ell. & Ev.
1885.
Type species: Mycenastrum fragile
Lev.
1844.
*
Fachrichtung Biologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat, Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, Greifswald, D-0-2200,
Germany.
431
432
PERSOONIA
Fig.
1. Pattern of
capillitium
characters in
Vol.
a.
14, Part 4,
Calvatia,
b.
1992
Handkea,
and
c.
Calbovista.
KREISEL:
Homrich &
Gastropila
Emendation
Wright 1973,
and
of
survey
Calvalia
433
Lev.
Type species: Mycenastrum fragile
nom, nov.
1844.
There is
nomenclatural inconvenience. The
a
(Greuter &
Art.
(ICBN:
ICBN):
Rostk. and
Langermannia
1848
1988 (=
al.,
and
132)
as
14.4). Herewith it is proposed
favour of the taxonomic synonym Calvatia Fr.
used
currently
Most
or
with
many
of Calvatia live in
species
in semi-desertic
vegetation,
in forests and other
C.
longicauda,
at
in
the antarctic
zone
in Fireland,
limited, characteristic
as
Fr.
Fr.
1848 in
question.
in
arctic-alpine meadows,
Only
pyriformis,
a
few
species
occur
C. subtomentosa, C.
(Greenland),
extending
as
recorded
tropics.
from the continental arctic
and
from
species
have
by Lange (1990),
But all individual
areas.
seven
stirpes
was
not
arrange 32
to
satisfying,
to
recognized
for
some
North American
species
of these groups appear rather
arrange 35
recognized
taxa
in
eight
sec-
follows.
—
1.
Calvatia
sect.
Calvatia
Craniiformis
Zeller & Smith 1964.
Type species: Lycoperdon craniiforme
Subgleba cellular,
Mature
Calvatia
sect.
Langermanniopsis Kreisel 1962.
Calvatia stirps
not.
C.
craniiformis,
and unnatural. The author proposes
heterogeneous
tions
in
genus
and cultivated soils.
the moist and the arid
to
Lanopila
name
Lanopila
name
C. gigantea and C. crucibulum.
An attempt of Zeller & Smith (1964)
(incl. Handkea) in
the
to
world-wide distribution,
82°42' latitude in Peary Land
the older
mesophilic grassland,
gardens
sculpta and, sometimes,
a
or
Calvatia
shady places:
The genus Calvatia has
deserts
some
dry
reject
the
conservandum
the older synonyms
1849, for the latter has been recombined and
epithets belonging
more
against
not
to
a nomen
against
protected
Mont., but
Hippoperdon
Calvatia is
name
such
gleba
or
or
compact,
Schw.
1832.
Exoperidium
none.
furfuraceous.
Capillitium pitted
or
olivaceous brown.
a) Capillitium with large pits
Calvatia
(Schw. 1831) Fr. 1849
craniiformis
Eastern and
Cent. U.S.A.,
Japan, China,
? Transcaucasia; forests.
Type
from N. Caro-
lina, U.S.A.
Calvatia
py riformis (Lev.
Hippoperdon pyriforme
1846) Kreisel, comb.
Lév. in Annls Sei.
Calvatia
gardneri (Berk. 1873)
Calvatia
gautierioides (Berk.
Tropical Africa, Mauritius,
Calvatia
C.G.
forests.
nov.
(Bot.) Sér. III, 5: 164. 1846 (basionym).
1904 (Sri Lanka).
& Br. 1873) Petch 1919 (Sri Lanka).
Sri Lanka, Java,
subtomentosa
Tropical Africa;
Lloyd
nat.
Type
Dissing
& M.
from Zaire.
Japan;
Lange
forests.
1962
Type
from Java, Indonesia.
Vol.
PERSOONIA
434
Calvatia
Calvatia
1992
1890 (Kansas, U.S.A.).
(Argentina).
1887 (S. Chile).
Speg.
in S. Europe
Widespread
Australia.
1881
Speg.
Bovista antarctica
4,
(Berk. & Curt. 1869) Reid 1976
rugosa
rubroflava (Cragin 1885) Morgan
Bovista cisneroi
Part
14,
(Italy) China, Japan, N„ Cent.,
and S. America, Caribbean,
from Cuba.
Type
b) Capillitium with small pits
Calvatia
1839) Hollos 1902
(Rostk.
candida
Bovista olivacea Cooke & Massee 1887, doubtful synonym (Australia).
North America, Greenland, Iceland, S.E.
? Panama.
from Cent.
Type
Calvatia
1836) Kreisel,
(Berk.
argentea
Bovista argentea Berk, in Ann.
Only
Calvatia
nat.
flava
Lycoperdon
Massee
comb.
in J.R.
holotype
comb.
(Massee 1887) Kreisel,
flavum
Australia,
nov.
Hist., Lond. 3: 400, 1836 (basionym).
from the type (Madras, India;
known
temperate Asia, S. Africa,
Europe,
Europe.
microsc.
K
I).
1
nov.
Soc.
1887: 721
(basionym)
(Cape,
S.
Africa; holotype K !).
Lanopila capensis
South Africa;
one
c) Capillitium
not
Calvatia
Calvatia
C.G.
Lloyd
pitted
(P. Henn.
longicauda
& M.
rosacea
S. America.
Calvatia
Only
by
Gastropila
Lloyd
(Zaire).
from Cameroon.
Type
known
Only
by
the type collection from Macas, Ecuador.
Zeller 1947
the type collection from
2. Calvatia
C.G.
1962
Kreisel 1987
ochrogleba
known
1887)
Lange
forests.
Tropical Africa, Madagascar;
Tropical
Africa).
with very minute pits
or
agaricoides Dissing
Calvatia
1923 (S.
doubtful collection from Sri Lanka.
sect.
Homrich &
Gastropila
Wright
in
Oregon,
U.S.A.
(Homrich & Wright) Kreisel, comb.
Mycologia
65:
780.
1973
nov.
(basionym). Type species:
Mycenastrum fragile Lev. 1844.
Calvatia
stirps Pachyderma
Endoperidium thick,
gleba
1
none.
Mature
Specimens
gleba
marked with
Zeller & Smith 1964.
spongy;
exoperidium thin,
olivaceous
to
smooth.
brown.
'!' have been studied
by
the author.
Capillitium
with small
pits.
Sub-
KREISEL:
Calvatia
pilula
Kreisel,
Emendation
nom.
of
survey
Calvatia
435
nov.
Mycenastrum fragile Lév. in Annls Sei.
Homrich &
Gastropila fragilis (Lev.)
and
Wright
(Bot.), Sér. m, 2: 221.
nat.
1844
1973. Non Calvatiafragilis (Vitt.
(basionym).
1842) Morgan
1890 (see below).
Calvatia primitiva C.G.
Lloyd
1904 (nomen nudum; doubtful
fide Ponce de
synonym),
Leon 1976.
Calvatia pachyderma
auct.
p.p.,
Western N. America (incl.
pseudonym (e.g.
Demoulin & al.,
Mexico), S. America, Medit. Europe
1988).
(Spain,
S. France), Aus-
tralia, ? S. Africa. Type from Montevideo, Uruguay.
Calvatia
Nepal. Type
(Arizona, California,
Oregon,
Utah), high altitudes of Iran and
from Arizona, U.S.A. Forrestudy of the type, cf.
3.
Calvatia
Lanopila Fr., Fungi
Fr.
1890
(Peck 1882) Morgan
pachyderma
Western N. America
sect.
(Fr.) Kreisel, comb.
Lanopila
151. 1848
Natalenses:
Calonge
& Martin, 1990.
nov.
(basionym). Type species: Lanopila wahlbergii
1848.
Exoperidium smooth,
thin.
not
Capillitium
pitted. Subgleba
none. Mature
gleba
olivaceous
brown.
Calvatia
bicolor
(Lev. 1846) Kreisel,
in Ann.
Bovista bicolor Lév.
Sei.
nat.
comb.
nov.
(Bot.), Sér. m, 5: 162. 1846 (basionym). Lanopila
bicolor (Lev.) Pat. 1899. Langermanniabicolor (Lev.) Demoulin&
Lanopila wahlbergii
Lasiosphaera fenzlii Reichardt
Bovista
Bovista
tosta
Widespread
Berk. & Curt.
in the
Calvatia
Bombay,
lacerata
Calvatia
Langermannia
1870 (Nicobar Islands, Indonesia).
(Tuyu, Argentina).
(Winberg, O.F.S.,
of Africa,
subtropics
India (PC and
Calvatia
only
sect.
Rostkovius
stirps Gigantea
rudimentary.
diam.
smooth
Mature
K
S. Africa).
Asia, Indonesia, Caribbean, Cent, and
!).
A.H. Smith 1964
known
by
or
gleba
the type collection from
Langermannia
in Deutschl. Fl„
sionym). Type species: Lycoperdon giganteum
Exoperidium
1975.
1888 (Cuba).
and
Taxon of doubtful position,
4.
Fenzl
Verwoerd 1925
tropics
S. America. Type from
in
1881
glaucocinerea Speg.
Lanopila radloffiana
Dring
1848 (Natal, S. Africa).
Fr.
Oregon,
(Rostk.) Kreisel, comb.
Pilze (ed.
Batsch 1786
J.
:
Sturm) III,
U.S.A.
nov.
18: 23.
1839 (ba-
Pers. 1801.
Zeller & Smith 1964.
deeply
areolate.
Capillitium
with small
pits. Subgleba indistinct,
olivaceous brown. Size of fruit-bodies
enormous,
80-600
mm
PERSOONIA
436
Calvatia
(Batsch 1786
gigantea
:
14, Part 4, 1992
Vol.
Pers. 1801) C.G.
Calvatia bovista (L. 1753) MacBride 1896 (Sweden),
& Lee 1936 (= Handkea
1801) Kambly
Calvatia maxima (Schaeff.
Lloyd
non
1904
C. bovista (Pers.
1795
:
Pers.
utriformis (Bull.: Pers.) Kreisel).
1774) Morgan 1890 (Bavaria, Germany).
Eastern N. America, Europe, temperate Asia, S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand. Type
from
Thuringia, Germany.
Calvatia
Kawamura 1937 (nom. inval.; ICBN, Art. 36.1)
nipponica
Calvatia gigantea (Batsch
Lasiosphaera fenzlii
Japan,
China.
Calvatia
Type
Reichardt
from
sensu
Liu 1984
Calvatia
(Idaho,
C.G.
1964
1916
Lloyd
C.G.
Hypoblema
sect.
ex
from
Oregon,
U.S.A.
A.H. Smith 1964
smooth
& Ev.
to
(C.G. Lloyd) Kreisel, comb.
1: 140.
Lloyd, Mycol. Writings
perdon lepidophorum Ell.
Exoperidium
japon. (pseudonym).
(Colorado).
Calvatia
Hypoblema
auct.
Oregon, Utah, Colorado). Type
New Mexico,
polygonia
Western U.S.A.
5.
sensu
(pseudonym).
Japan.
booniana A.H. Smith
Central U.S.A.
ture
Pers.) C.G. Lloyd
:
1903
nov.
(basionym). Type species: Lyco-
1888.
areolate, thick, corky. Capillitium
not
pitted. Subgleba
none.
Ma-
gleba olivaceous brown.
Calvatia
lepidophora
(Ell. & Ev. 1888) Coker & Couch 1928
Hypoblema pachyderma C.G. Lloyd 1902.
Calvatia pachyderma (Peck)
Morgan
study. Type
Calvatia
Calvatia stirps
Cyathiformis
gleba
nat.
(Bot.), Ser.
II,
17:
121.
1842
nov.
(basionym).
Type
Zeller& Smith 1964.
Capillitium
with small
pits. Subgleba cellular,
or
compact,
or
violaceous.
crucibulum
Hippoperdon
(Mont.) Kreisel, comb.
Hippoperdon
crucibulum Mont. 1842.
furfuraceous.
Exoperidium
Mature
sect.
Mont, in Annls Sci.
Hippoperdon
species: Hippoperdon
Calvatia
(pseudonym).
Transcaucasia, and S. Africa require further
from S. Dakota, U.S.A.
6.
none.
1890
Morgan
sensu
Central U.S.A. Records from Cent. Asia,
(Mont. 1864) Kreisel,
crucibulum Mont,
in
comb.
Annls Sei.
nat.
nov.
(Bot.) Sér.
II,
17:
121.
1842 (ba-
sionym).
Caribbean, S. America. Type from Cuba (PC !).
Different from Calvatia
(lumen 1-6
mm
cyathiformis by
diam.) and by the lanose,
not
the
huge subgleba
pulverulent
mature
with
gleba.
extremely large
cells
K.REISEL:
Calvatia
Emendation
Lycoperdon fucatum
Hippoperdon pi la
Lev.
1844
1844
survey
of
Calvatia
437
(Bosc 1811) Morgan 1890
cyathiformis
L6v.
and
(Uruguay).
(Uruguay).
North, Cent, and S. America, tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Japan. Type from Carolina,
U.S.A.
Calvatia
1890
fragilis (Vitt. 1842) Morgan
Calvatia lilacina (Mont. & Berk. 1845) P. Henn. 1904 (Australia).
Lycoperdon
Bovista
novae-zelandiaeLev.
cinerea Ellis in
Lycoperdon
Bovista
1846 (New Zealand).
1885 (Kansas, U.S.A.).
violascens Cooke & Massee 1887 (Australia).
amethystina
Cooke & Massee 1888 (N. Africa).
Bovista dealbata Berk,
North America,
Type
Cragin
ex
Massee 1888 (New Zealand).
N. Africa, S.
Europe,
Cent. Asia, S. Africa,
Australia,
New Zealand.
from Italy.
The
following species
Calvatia
Only
Only
Only
by
Exoperidium
Morgan 1895
by
the type collection from
Calvatia
sect.
Exoperidium spiny
Mature
or
areolate.
gleba
brown
Type species: Lycoperdon
cretacea
Oregon,
cretaceum Berk.
1914 (Tome
Ferd. &
with small
or
Winge
septentrionalis
cellular or
1917
Lappmark, Sweden).
Europe,
Austria.
1910
Norway.
from E. Greenland.
Calvatia
large pits. Subgleba
1878.
Arctic N. America, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard,
Type
magnis perforatum.
violaceous brown.
Arctic N. America, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic
arctica
nov.
pons minutis vel
N.W. Territories, Canada.
Calvatia
sect.
brunnea vel brunneoviolacea.
(Berk. 1878) C.G. Lloyd
Calvatia borealis Th. Fr.
Kreisel,
Capillitium
matura
Capillitium
or
U.S.A.
Cretacea
vel areolatum.
spinosum
loculata vel rudimentaria. Gleba
Calvatia
1890
rubrotincta Zeller 1947
known
rudimentary.
known.—
the type collection from South Dakota, U.S.A.
7.
Subgleba
insufficiently
the type collection from Kansas, U.S.A.
leiospora
known
Calvatia
by
are
(Cragin 1885) Morgan
sigillata
known
Calvatia
of this section
M.
Lange
1990
Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard. Type from W. Greenland.
Type
from Belliott Island,
438
PERSOONIA
Calvatia
connivens
Vol.
14,
Part
4,
1992
M. Lange 1990
Greenland, Iceland. Type from W. Greenland.
turneri
Calvatia
(Ell. & Ev. 1885) Demoulin & M. Lange 1990
Calvatia tatrensis Hollos 1901 (Czechoslovakia).
Eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, N.
?
Europe, Alps, Tatry, Caucasus, China,
Mongolia. Type from Labrador, Canada.
bellii (Peck
Calvatia
1885) M. Lange 1990
Eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard.
from Baffin Land (Labrador, Cana-
Type
da).
Calvatia
horrida M.
Lange
1990
Greenland, Svalbard. Type from Svalbard.
Calvatia
Only
Calvatia
Bovista
A.H. Smith in Zeller & Smith
owyheensis
known
by
1964
the type collection from Idaho, U.S.A.
pachydermica
pachydermica
(Speg.
S peg.,
1882) Kreisel, comb.
Fungi Patagonici: 25,
nov.
No. 72. 1887
Fireland and southernmost Chile, several collections
seen.
(basionym).
Type from Punta Arenas, Chile
(LPS !).
Miller & al. (1980) have
cea,
whereas
of these
taxa
synonymized
Lange (1990) recognizes
rather deserve
8.
Exoperidium spinas
infraspecific
Calvatia
Exoperidium
Subgleba
of
coarse,
cellular. Mature
Western U.S.A.
tudes.
Type
cannot
be decided
Sculpta
of this section with C.
taxa
in the arctic
Kreisel,
region.
matura
connivent
Whether or
sect.
nov.
5 ad 30
mm
altas formans.
olivaceobrunnea.
spines
5-30
mm
high. Capillitium pitted.
olivaceous brown.
Harkness 1885.
1885) C.G. Lloyd
1904
(California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington); in conifer forests
from California, U.S.A. This
resemblance with Calbovista
creta-
not some
actually.
pyramidales, compositas,
Types species: Lycoperdon sculptum
Calvatia sculpta (Harkness
of the arctic
species
loculata. Gleba
pyramidal,
gleba
rank
sect.
valde fortes,
Capillitium perforatum. Subgleba
most
seven
species
subsculpta Morse,
is remarkable
which
occurs
by
in the
its
at
striking
same area
high
alti-
external
and habitat.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thanks the
curators
of herbaria B, K, LPS, PC, PRM, S for loan of
type spec-
imens and other authentic collections and for
papers.
providing copies
of
original diagnoses
and other
KREISEL:
Emendation
and
Calvatia
of
survey
439
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CUNNINGHAM,
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M.H. &
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—
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