Zootaxa 3190: 47–55 (2012)
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On the subfamilial assignment of Platybunoides (Opiliones: Eupnoi:
Phalangiidae), with the description of a new species from China
CHAO ZHANG & FENG ZHANG1
College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China. E-mail: [email protected]
1
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Platybunoides Šilhavý, 1955, currently included in the subfamily Platybuninae Staręga, 1976, is reassigned to Phalangiinae Latreille, 1802 for the absence of ventral spur in proximal segment of chelicerae, the absence of ventral thorns on pedipalpal femur, and the presence of distomesal bump on pedipalpal patella and tibia. A new species, Platybunoides songi
sp. nov., from Liupan Mountain, Ningxia, China, is described and can be recognized by having a large ocularium, unarmed
pedipalps, hairs being restricted to ventral femur, and the presence of a small bump distally on prolateral femur.
Key words: Phalangiidae, taxonomy, Liupan Mountain, China
Introduction
The family Phalangiidae Latreille, 1802 currently contains 47 genera and 408 species (Pinto-da-Rocha & Giribet
2007). Members of this family have a soft or leathery body and relatively long legs (Cokendolpher et al. 2007). It is
currently subdivided into four subfamilies (i.e., Phalangiinae Latreille, 1802, Platybuninae Staręga, 1976, Oligolophinae Banks, 1893 and Opilioninae C.L. Koch, 1839).
The genus Platybunoides Šilhavý, 1955 was erected based on the type species, P. argaea Šilhavý, 1955 (only
with the male holotype), from Erciyas daği (Turkey). The genus was secondarily placed in the subfamily Phalangiinae by Šilhavý (1965). Later, Staręga (1976) suggested that Platybunoides should belong to the new subfamily
Platybuninae which was erected by himself. Although Platybuninae was not accepted by all opilionologists at that
time (e.g., Martens 1978), Staręga (1981) again mentioned the same species in the list of Platybuninae. Later,
Crawford (1992) and Kury (2011) followed the designation of Staręga, and placed Platybunoides in the same subfamily.
While examining the harvestmen specimens collected from Liupanshan National Natural Reserve, Ningxia,
China, a new Platybunoides species was found and describe here as Platybunoides songi sp. nov.. Based on this
material and published references the placement of Platybunoides is reassessed.
Material and methods
BLI follows Staręga (1972). It is abbreviated from “Beinlängenlindex” (index of legs length) and is the relation of
the femur I length to the carapace width. Carapace width was measured between the incisions of coxae II and III.
The glans orientation surface follows Cokendolpher (1985). The cross-sectional shape of the truncus and glans
refer to Martens (1978). The specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and were examined and drawn under a
Leica M165c stereomicroscope equipped with drawing tube. Further details were studied using a compound microscope (Nikon YS100). The type specimens of the new species were deposited in the Museum of Hebei University,
Baoding, China (MHBU). All measurements are given in mm.
Accepted by A. Schoenhofer: 29 Dec. 2011; published: 10 Feb. 2012
47
Taxonomy
Platybunoides Šilhavý 1955
Platybunoides Šilhavý 1955: 36; 1965: 373; Staręga 1976: 103, 107; Crawford 1992: 39.
Type species: Platybunoides argaea Šilhavý 1955, by original designation.
Diagnosis. Body length 1.8–3.2. Carapace with sparse denticles on the lateral borders and around ocularium, without trident. Ocularium prominent with a medial groove and two rows of 7–10 acute tubercles. Supracheliceral
lamella with a pair of denticles. Proximal segment of chelicera without ventral spur. Pedipalp unarmed, femur without ventral setiferous tubercles (only with hairs), a small bump prolaterally and distally; patella and tibia with one
larger bump prolaterally, which is furnished with setae; pedipalpal claw present but without pectination. Secondary
sexual characters absent in the shape of chelicera and pedipalp.
Distribution. China, Turkey.
Differentiation from related genera. Platybunoides is similar to Platybunus C.L. Koch, 1847, Megabunus
Meade, 1855, Metaplatybunus Roewer, 1911, Megistobunus Hansen, 1921, Rilaena Šilhavý, 1965 and Acanthomegabunus Tsurusaki et al., 2000 by having a prominent ocularium. It can be distinguished from Platybunus,
Metaplatybunus and Megabunus by the presence of long setiferous tubercles on ventral pedipalpal femur, which is
longer than half the femur width, and the presence of hairs only on ventral pedipalpal femur in Platybunoides (Martens 1978: 259–285, figs 453, 456, 459, 483, 488, 496, 502, 514, 522, 527; Murányi 2008: 55–56, figs 10–11, 16–
17). Platybunoides is similar to Megistobunus, Rilaena and Acanthomegabunus by having short setiferous tubercles in ventral femur, but can be distinguished by the presence of distomesal bump and apophyses on pedipalpal
patella and tibia. Megistobunus, Rilaena and Acanthomegabunus have much longer apophyses (Staręga 1984: 31;
Martens 1978: 287, fig. 534; Tsurusaki et al. 2000: 74, figs 1G, 3B–C, E–F).
Platybunoides can be distinguished from Buresilia Šilhavý, 1965 and Rafalskia Staręga, 1963 by the absence
of a basal apophysis in the male in pedipalpal femur (Roewer 1956: 258, figs 27–29; 269–270, figs 69–71; Šilhavý
1965: 374; 397–399, figs 3–5).
It is important to note that the date of the publication was not 1956 for this genus, which is different from
Crawford’s catalogue (Crawford 1992) or Kury’s checklist (Kury 2011). The original date of publication for this
genus was 1955 (Šilhavý 1955). Crawford (1992) also changed the gender for Platybunoides he assumed masculine. While a compound genus-group name ending in the suffix –oides is to be treated as masculine the original
author can fix another gender by combination with an adjectival species-group name in another gender form (ICZN
30.1.4.4.). The species epithet of P. argaea refers to the ancient name of the mountain Argaeus, so Šilhavý (1955)
deliberately changed the gender specifying the genus as feminine.
Key to the male specimens of Platybunoides
1.
-
Proximal segment of chelicera dorsally with a few conspicuous denticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. argaea
Proximal segment of chelicera dorsally with hairs only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. songi
Platybunoides songi sp. nov.
(Figs 1–29)
Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jingyuan County, Liupanshan Natural
Reserve, Hongxia Forest Farm, about 2082 m asl., 35°27´N, 106°18.´E, 25 June 2008, C. Zhang leg. (MHBU-OpiNX1025). Paratypes, 2♂, 1♀, same data as holotype (MHBU-Opi-NX1026–1028); 1♂, 1♀, Liupanshan Natural
Reserve, Erlonghe Forest Farm, about 2200 m asl., 35°22.953´N, 106°16.527´E, 23 June 2008, C. Zhang leg.
(MHBU-Opi-NX1029–1030).
Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. argaea (Šilhavý 1955: 36–37, pl. III, figs 1–6), the only other know
species of the genus, but can be easily distinguished by the following characters: (1) chelicera with only hairs,
rather than denticles; (2) male pedipalpal femur with only two conspicuous denticles retrolaterlly, rather than setiferous tubercles dorsally; (3) glans posteriorly with a medial protrusion in profile.
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FIGURES 1–10. Platybunoides songi sp. nov., male holotype. 1. Body, dorsal view. 2. Same, lateral view. 3. Genital operculum, ventral view. 4. Left chelicera, prolateral view. 5. Same, retrolateral view. 6. Distal segment of left chelicera, frontal view.
7. Left pedipalpus, prolateral view. 8. Same, retrolateral view. 9. Femur of left pedipalpus, dorsal view. 10. Patella and tibia of
left pedipalpus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1 mm (1–2); 0.5 mm (3–10).
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FIGURES 11–21. Platybunoides songi sp. nov., male holotype (11–16); male paratype (17–21). 11. Penis, dorsal view. 12.
Same, lateral view. 13. Glans, dorsal surface. 14. Same, ventral surface. 15. Same, lateral view. 16. Stylus, lateral view. 17.
Penis, dorsal view. 18. Same, lateral view. 19. Glans, dorsal surface. 20. Same, ventral surface. 21. Same, lateral view. Scale
lines: 0.4 mm (11–12, 17–18); 0.125 mm (13–15, 19–21); 0.05 mm (16).
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FIGURES 22–29. Platybunoides songi sp. nov., female paratype. 22. Body, dorsal view. 23. Eye tubercle, lateral view. 24.
Distal segment of left chelicera, frontal view. 25. Left pedipalpus, retrolateral view. 26. Same, prolateral view. 27. Femur of left
pedipalpus, dorsal view. 28. Patella and tibia of left pedipalpus, dorsal view. 29. Seminal receptacle in ovipositor. Scale lines: 1
mm (22); 0.5 mm (23–29).
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Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of the late Prof. Daxiang Song (1935–2008), a well
known arachnologist in China.
Description. Male (holotype) habitus as in Figs 1–2. Coloration: dorsum with brown background. Central area
of propeltidium with two brown parallel stripes on the preocular region. Propeltidium divided by a ledge, parallel
to lateral borders, in a central area and two lateral ones: lateral areas with a marginal white background and discontinuous brown stripes, central area with a few dark brown patches or stripes around the ocularium. Ocularium
brown, with blackish eye rings, also with somewhat pale yellow patches laterally and darker median band dorsally.
Meso- and metapeltidium with imperfect transverse rows of light spots medially and darker patches laterally.
Opisthosomal scutum with obscure light brown saddle, darker anteriorly and lighter posteriorly. Many light yellow
spots on the saddle surface. Lateral saddle with pairs of pale yellow stripes. Remainder of abdominal surface with
brown and light brown spots and patches. Free tergites yellow brown.
Venter. Distal part of coxae brown, remainder of coxae pale yellow, scattered with brown spots. Genital operculum and postgenital sternites white, with light brown patches laterally. Proximal segment of chelicerae yellow,
reddish brown dorsoventrally; second segment reddish brown prolaterally and retrolaterally, remainder brown.
Pedipaplus pale yellow but femur medially, patella and tibia dorsally and ventrally somewhat brown. Legs brown,
but with somewhat yellowish annulations on each segment, apical femur, patella and tibia yellowish white.
Dorsum (Fig. 1). Entire body soft and leathery. Propeltidium with a few denticles, without trident. Each side of
ocularium with six denticles. Supracheliceral laminae with one denticle on each lamina. Ozopores visible from
above and with one anterior and two posterior small denticles. Ocularium prominent (about 1/3 of width and 2/3 of
length of carapace) with a medial groove and rows of nine to ten acute tubercles (ten on the right, nine on the left).
Mesopeltidium with a few micro-denticles. Metapeltidium and abdominal scutum smooth.
Venter. Surface of all coxae only with hair. Genital operculum (Fig. 3) almost trapezioid, surface with irregularly arranged setae. Anterior margin convex. Lateral margin somewhat concave, almost twice as long as posterior
margin. Opisthosomal sternites smooth, with sparse setae.
Chelicera (Figs 4–6). Proximal segment short, without a ventral spur, only with a few dorsal setae. Second
segment with setae on the frontal surface, and a cluster of short setae at base of fixed finger. Fingers short,
inner edges toothed as illustrated (Fig. 6): teeth on the fingers serrated, altered by a few larger and further
smaller ones.
Pedipalpus (Figs 7–10). Coxa retrolaterally with one apophysis which composed of five setiferous tubercles.
Femur retrolaterally with two conspicuous distomesal denticles, on the prolateral distal side having an bump with a
cluster of setae. Patella and tibia prolaterally with large bump covered the same setae as that of femur, respectively.
Tarsus prolaterally with a longitudinal row of micro-denticles. Remainder of each pedipalpal segment only with
hair. Claw without teeth.
Legs. All trochanters prolaterally and trochanter I–III retrolaterally with a few denticles. Femur with rows of
teeth, the rest of each segment only with rows of setae.
Penis (Figs 11–16). Shaft widened basally, tapering until half of its length, then somewhat widened at distal
end. Distal 3/5 of shaft flattened ventrally and arched dorsally; the other two fifths of shaft oval, and its ventral surface medially concave to form a shallow ditch, gradually extending to 1/3 base of shaft. Base without bifurcation.
Shaft stright from lateral view, base broad, gradually tapering until half of the shaft. Musculature limited to proximal 2/5. Glans slightly widened distally to form a ‘bullet’ end from dorsal view, but of somewhat triangle from lateral view, dorsal surface almost straight. Glans expanded dorsally and ventrally, especially close to the stylus,
forming a sink mark in the centre of glans from lateral view. Two pairs of short setae close to the distal glans. Stylus
long, acicular.
Female (Figs 22–29). Similar to male but much large, and abdomen wide. Ocularium (Fig. 23) almost ovalrectangular, acute tubercles only lying on the surface (nine on the right, ten on the left). Cheliceral fingers short,
inner edges toothed as illustrated (Fig. 24). Pedipalpal coxa retrolaterally with one apophysis, femur and tarsus
without any denticles and micro-denticles (Figs 25–28).
Ovipositor (Fig. 29) with three forceps and 21 normal segments, each segment strongly stained with a coil of
brown. Seminal receptacles between segments three and six, rather elongated, monovesicular.
Measurements. Male holotype (female paratype): body 1.83 (3.52) long, 1.35 (1.58) wide, BLI 1.81 (1.09).
Eye tubercle 0.48 (0.55) long, 0.55 (0.60) wide, 0.43 (0.48) high. Penis shaft 1.03 long, 0.20 wide at base, glans
0.30 long, stylus 0.15 long. Measurements of left pedipalpus and right legs as in Table 1.
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TABLE 1. Pedipalpus and legs measurements of the male holotype (female paratype).
Trochanter
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Pedipalpus
0.25(0.25)
0.70(0.83)
0.43(0.55)
0.38(0.40)
Leg I
0.25(0.28)
2.45(1.73)
0.51(0.51)
1.63(1.38)
Leg II
0.27(0.33)
4.49(4.13)
0.77(0.77)
Leg III
0.25(0.33)
2.45(2.45)
0.51(0.51)
Leg IV
0.27(0.33)
4.08(3.47)
0.61(0.66)
Metatarsus
Tarsus
Total
0.78(0.90)
2.54(2.93)
2.30(1.79)
3.83(2.60)
10.97(8.29)
3.93(3.47)
4.18(3.47)
6.53(5.61)
20.17(17.78)
1.63(1.73)
2.75(2.70)
4.08(3.98)
11.67(11.70)
2.55(2.24)
4.39(3.83)
5.65(4.49)
17.55(15.02)
Habitat. The specimens were collected by pit fall trap placed near rivulet, the habitat was somewhat wet and
dark because of a dense of broad-leaved cloudforest.
Distribution. China: Ningxia, Jingyuan County, so far known only form the Liupanshan Natural Reserve.
Variation. Size range of male (female). Body length 1.85–1.94 (3.10–3.20); width 1.35–1.45(1.88–2.15).
“In Phalangiidae the glans at rest is usually held at an angle with the corpus. It is articulated, at the jointed
zone, by a long tendon operated from the muscle” (Hillyard & Sankey 1989). The glans can be bent at any angle
from 0° to about 160° to the plane of the truncus (Cokendolpher 1985). The angle between glans and truncus within
same species may show variations in different individuals, e.g., the glans is at about 80° to the truncus in holotype,
however, another male (MHBU-Opi-NX1029) is at more angle to the truncus, nearly 100°; the stylus orientation,
like that of the glans, is not rigidly fixed (Figs 17–21).
Discussion
As Šilhavý erected the genus Platybunoides in 1955, no subfamilial placement was effected. He later placed it in
the subfamily Phalangiinae, based on “ventral side of first cheliceral segment unarmed (in juveniles and adults),
tarsal claw of pedipalpus simple” (“Unbewehrte Ventralseite des ersten Chelicerengliedes, bei Jungen und Erwachsenen” and “Einfache Tarsalklaue des Pedipalpus”; Šilhavý 1965: 372).
However, Staręga (1976) placed Platybunoides in his new subfamily Platybuninae. Platybuninae was established based on external morphological and genital characters, i.e., the absence of ventral spur on the basal segment
of the chelicera, the presence of distomesal apophyses on the pedipalpal patella and tibia, the penis having a broad
base, and the elongated seminal receptacles of the ovipositor (Staręga 1976).
Starega (1976) originally included seven genera in his subfamily. He suggested dividing these genera into two
groups, based on the presence (Lophopilio Hadži, 1931, Platybunus and Megabunus) or absence (Buresilia, Metaplatybunus, Rafalskia and Platybunoides) of long setiferous tubercles on the male pedipalpal femur ventrally.
Crawford (1992) listed three additional genera (Bolea Hadži, 1973, Paraplatybunus Dumitrescu, 1970 and
Stankiella Hadži, 1973) in the subfamily Platybuninae. Bolea became synonymized with Lophopilo by Martens
(1978). This was rejected by Crawford (1992) based on morphological similarity with other Platybuninae but was
subsequently overlooked by later authors because of the lack of types and new material. Crawford (1992) discussed
the taxonomic placement of Paraplatybunus but remained ambiguous despite listing it as a valid genus under
Platybuninae. Kury (2011) recently followed Starega (1973) synonymizing Paraplatybunus with Rilaena and
Crawford (1992) accepting Bolea subsequently listing only Bolea and Stankiella to the subfamily Platybuninae. In
addition, the genus Acanthomegabunus Tsurusaki et al., 2000 was transferred from its original placement in Phalangiinae (Tsurusaki et al. 2000) to Platybuninae (Tsurusaki 2007).
One important character in delimiting Platybuninae is “pedipalpal femur thorned ventrally” (often also remaining segments; Cokendolpher et al. 2007), but Cokendolpher et al. failed to mention that this character was absent in
Platybunoides. Platybunoides thereby does not fit the defintion of Platybuninae. The “pedipalpal patella and tibia
with large bump” in Platybunoides agrees better with Phalangiinae and we feel male genital morpohology, as well.
As a result, Platybunoides is hereby transferred to Phalangiinae.
Platybunoides songi sp. nov., matches Platybunoides morphologically and no characters have been found to
warrant placement it in a different genus. We therefore tentatively place the new species in the genus Platybunoides. Despite the morphological similarity with P. argaea geographic proximity between the species is enormous. Platybunoides songi sp. nov. is here recorded from Liupan Mountain, Central China, while P. argaea was
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described from Erciyas daği in Turkey. Although such a considerable disjunction between western and eastern Asia
is unusual, little is known about Chinese harvestmen and their distribution.
Other subfamilies are widespread, Opilioninae mainly Palearctic with some genera occupying large areas.
Egaenus C.L. Koch, 1839 is found with E. convexus (C.L. Koch, 1835) in Europe, while E. kashmiricus Caporiacco, 1935 occurs in southwest Asia, and even in China (Staręga 2003: 92–93). Similar disjunction appears in
Himalphalangium Martens, 1973, which seems to be limited mostly to Nepal, but H. spinulatum (Roewer, 1911)
has been reported from China, Korea and Japan (Staręga 2003: 93–94).
Oligolophinae are Holarctic, highly diversified in central and western Europe (Giribet & Kury 2007). Oligolophus L. Koch, 1872 is a small genus of Oligolophinae, and currently contains four species. The species O. tridens
(C.L. Koch, 1836) and O. hanseni (Kraepelin, 1896) are recorded from Europe, while O. tienmushanensis Wang,
1941 occurs in China (Zhejiang Province), Russia (Khabarovsk and Maritime Provinces) and N-Korea, and O.
aspersus Karsch, 1881 is restricted to Japan (Martens 1978: 310; Tchemeris 2000: 39). The genus Mitopus Thorell,
1876 is fully Holarctic. M. glacialis (Heer, 1845) is endemic to Alps, while M. mongolicus Roewer, 1912 is distributed even in eastern Asia (Martens 1978: 345).
A hint to the possibility that different evolutionary lines within Platybunoides exist is the extreme size difference between the Turkish and the Chinese species and differences in relative size and proportion of the ocularium.
Yet, a careful revision of Phalangiidae might clarify the status of Platybunoides and its species. Our tentative placement of P. songi sp. nov. avoids erection of a novel genus and is thereby a reasonable taxonomic choice.
Acknowledgements
This manuscript was critically read and significantly improved by Dr Axel Schönhofer (San Diego States University, USA) and two anonymous reviewers. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr Jochen Martens (Institut für
Zoologie, Germany), Dr Dávid Murányi (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary) and Dr Nobuo Tsurusaki
(Tottori University, Japan) for providing valuable literature. Dr Xinping Wang (University of Florida, USA) kindly
helped reviewing the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 31071885, 30970325, 31093430), and also by the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Hebei University (09265631D–10).
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