UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA
Lesson 4
HUMAN
Exploration
UNIT 4: EXPLORE! FROM SKY TO SEA
Lesson 4
HUMAN
Exploration
Navigators have developed and improved tools
to help them find their way. Students learn
how people have invented tools throughout
history to fulfill needs. They also learn the
need to continue to improve tools. Advances
made in navigation often carry over to other
areas of society.
Table of Contents
4 Launch!
Senses and Tools. Explorers use their senses and develop tools to help them navigate.
6 Compass Capers
A1: Directions. Navigators use four main directions to know which way to go.
12 Latitude Attitude
A2: Latitude. Latitude lines run horizontally around a globe.
18 X Marks the Spot
A3: Latitude Tools. Navigators developed tools to find their latitude.
26 Along Those Lines
A4: Longitude. Longitude lines run vertically around a globe and cross latitude lines.
32 Prime Time Points
A5: Longitude Tools. Navigators measure longitude using time.
38 Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars
A6: Modern Tools. Modern navigation uses tools such as sonar, lidar, radar, and satellites.
Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Launch!
(Senses and Tools)
senses and
tools!
how do explorers
navigate?
Explorers use their senses and develop
tools to help them navigate.
Ready?
Familiarize yourself with How Did You Get There? (U4.L4.Launch!-page 5).
Create Hawaiian Island cutouts or label sheets of paper with island names.
Tape islands on floor as large-scale map of Hawaiian Islands.
Materials
How Did You Get There?
(mp3 and lyrics)
Hawaii
Standards
Set?
• Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: Star Light, Star Bright (Stars and Constellations)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 1: Compass Capers (Directions)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 2: Latitude Attitude (Latitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: Along Those Lines (Longitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 5: Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
SC.1.2.1
Go!
SC.2.2.1
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
SC.K.2.1
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Think about it...
How do navigators find their way?
Launch!
Sing and move to How Did You Get There? as a class.
Do the motions as a class as you sing the song.
CHORUS
How did you get there?
Oh, I’m unaware,
I am some place,
But I have no clue where.
Exploring
History
Was it a GPS?
Or a compass?
A quadrant or a good memory from the last time?
Sway arms above head.
Did you wander to your destination?
Or, ask directions at the nearest gas station?
Put hands on hips and
sway.
How did you get there?
Navigation comes from the
Latin word navis (ship) and
agere (drive).
Walk slowly around islands.
Repeat
Did you use a chart and calculate
Your longitude and latitude?
Or did you get lost and get frustrated
And have a really bad attitude?
What's in a
Word?
Swing arms on side of hips.
Walk slowly around islands.
Vikings brought birds to
release on their voyages in
order to follow them to the
nearest land.
Hawaii Nei
Ancient Hawaiians
watched for either manu
o ku (fairy tern) or noio
(noddy tern) to know when
they were within 40-120
miles of land.
CHORUS
Repeat
Were you following the North Star?
Were you following somebody in another car?
Did you paddle west to the sunset?
Is that how you found your way?
Did you see a nene and follow him
To land the next day?
How did you get there?
Sway arms above head.
Put hands on hips and
sway.
Swing arms on side of hips.
CHORUS
How it works
Senses and tools! Navigators use their senses to find their way. They
also develop and improve tools.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Compass Capers
(Directions)
Directions!
HOW DO you know
which way to go?
navigators use four main directions to know which way to go.
Ready?
Materials
Compass (1 per group)
Cardboard
Scissors
Aluminum foil
Construction paper
Tape
Bar magnet (1 per group)
Small plastic bowl
Engage
Find north and label that side of classroom, “north.”
Label the east, west, and south walls of your classroom.
Cut a big star from cardboard and cover with foil. Hang on north wall.
Cut out a rising sun and paste on the east wall and a setting sun for
the west wall.
(1 per group)
Large plastic bowl
(1 per group)
Water
Treasure
Paper
Drawing materials
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.2.1
SC.K.6.1
SC.1.1.1
SC.1.1.2
SC.1.2.1
Set?
• Unit 1-Lesson 4-Activity 4: Magnetic Personalities (Electromagnets)
• Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: Star Light, Star Bright (North Star)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
SC.2.2.1
SC.2.7.1
6
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Think about it...
Can you find directions using only your senses?
Engage
Keiki Storytime
Use your senses to find north individually.
North, South, East, and
West by Allan Fowler
(J 526 F)
• Stand up.
• Face north.
Point to the north star. Say, “North!”
• Face south.
Point. Say, “South!”
Just for Fun
Say “Never Eat Soggy
Wheat!” to remember the
order of north, east, south,
west.
• Turn back to the north star.
Say, “North!”
• Point your right arm to the rising sun.
Turn your head. Say, “East!”
• Point your left arm to the setting sun.
Turn your head. Say, “West!”
Hawaii Nei
• Face south.
Unlike cardinal directions,
mauka (toward the
mountain) and makai
(toward the sea) change
depending on your
position.
Point. Say, “South!”
• Find east and west again.
• Repeat.
NORTH!
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Historical note
According to his map,
Magellan thought Asia
would be a few days past
South America. Eightynine days later, with a
crew reduced to eating
rats, leather, and sawdust,
they arrived in Guam.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Compass Capers
Think about it...
How can you tell which side is north?
Explore
Build and use a water compass in small groups.
• Label north side of bar magnet.
• Tape bar magnet inside small plastic bowl.
• Float small bowl in a large bowl of water.
• Use this to find north.
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Explain
Knowing direction plays an important part of exploration. Otherwise, you
could not figure out how to get to where you want to go! North, south, east,
and west represent the four cardinal directions. North points toward the
north pole and south points opposite. The sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
Can you find direction using only your senses?
What's in a
word?
Geography comes from
Greek words ge (Earth)
and graphia (description).
Yes! You can find the north star in the night sky or the sun in the day
with your sense of sight. Once you know one direction, you can always
figure out the other three. They never change in relation to each other!
What tool can you use to find direction?
Compass! Navigators need to know their direction all the time. Since
they can only see the North Star on clear nights, they invented a
simple tool called a compass that always points north.
Historical note
Vikings used a sun
compass to explore
the southern coast of
Greenland (which used to
be green). Vikings farmed
there from 982 AD until the
little Ice Age, which began
in the 1500s.
Hawaii Nei
Ancient Hawaiians
created star houses as
the foundation for their
navigation.
www.mgf-hawaii.org
>>Resources >> Let’s Go
Voyaging
NOAA Link
NOAA’s ships, such as
Ka’imimoana, use a
gyrocompass rather than
a magnetic compass for
navigation.
www.moc.noaa.gov/ka/
index.html
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Compass Capers
Think about it...
How does a compass work?
Elaborate
Use a modern-day compass to follow a treasure map in small groups.
• Practice using a compass.
Find north. Walk ten steps east. From there, walk twenty steps south.
• Hide your group’s “treasure”.
Mark spot.
• Draw a map with directions to get from a landmark to your treasure.
Example: Start at door. Walk two steps east. Turn north. Walk ten steps. Make sure to
note what you used to mark your treasure spot!
• Switch maps!
Find another group’s treasure using the compass and map.
How it works
Magnets! Think of your water compass. Auntie says the north end of a magnet points
north because Earth’s magnetic field acts like a great, big magnet.
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Evaluate
How do you know which way to go?
Answer by playing Simon Says as a class.
• Go outside.
Choose one student to be Simon.
• Simon: Stand on north side of students.
Hold up North Star.
Invention
Center
When compasses were
first invented in China,
they used them for
fortune-telling and NOT
navigation!
• Simon: Give directions.
Examples: “Simon says, ‘Take two steps west.’”
“Take three steps east.”
• Class: Listen to directions.
When Simon says “Simon says...” follow the command.
If Simon does not say “Simon says” before the command, do not follow
command.
Historical Note
Ancient Phoenicians sailed
and traded around the
Mediterranean Sea. Until
200 years ago, navigators
called the North Star the
Phoenician Star.
If you head north and turn left, what direction is now
behind you?
Think about it
Assess
SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom
and/or world.
SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,
materials of which they are made).
SC.1.1.1 Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment,
and techniques safely.
SC.1.1.2 Explain the results of an investigation to an audience using
simple data organizers (e.g., charts, graphs, pictures).
SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.
Where do you find the
magnet in your modern
compass?
Answer: The needle!
Literature
Link
The Librarian Who
Measured the Earth
by Kathryn Lasky
(B Eratosthenes)
SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of
new technologies.
SC.2.7.1 Identify the properties of magnets.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Latitude Attitude
(Latitude)
lAtitude!
What lines run
across the
globe?
Latitude lines run horizontally around a globe.
Ready?
Explore
Materials
Choose a tall object outside for students to use during activity.
Globe
Balloon (one per pair)
Permanent markers (red, black)
String
Elaborate
Blow up balloons (one per pair).
Set?
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.1.3
SC.K.6.1
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: Along Those Lines (Longitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
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Scientists say...
...parallel as another name
for latitude.
Think about it...
What direction do latitude lines lie?
Engage
What's in
aWord?
Latitude comes from the
Latin word latitudo, which
means “width.”
Play Latitude-Altitude as a class.
• Stand up.
Make sure you have enough space around you.
• Teacher: Say, Latitude!
Students: Lie down flat on the floor.
• Teacher: Say, Altitude!
Students: Stand up tall.
Hawaii Nei
For a complete curriculum
on Polynesian and
Micronesian navigation
see
www.ethnomath.org/
resources/prel1996.pdf
• Repeat several times.
Take turns calling out latitude and altitude.
NOAA Link
The Office of Ocean
Exploration leads US
efforts in discovering
Earth’s final frontier.
www.oceanexplorer.noaa.
gov
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Latitude Attitude
Think about it...
How does latitude link with altitude?
Explore
Watch a tree disappear as a class.
• Lead student: Call out, “Latitude!”
• Other students: Lie down.
Look out the window at a tall object (example: tree).
• Lead student: Call out, “Altitude!”
• Other students: Stand up.
Look at the same tall object outside. Observe differences.
• Repeat many times.
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Explain
Latitude lines measure a point’s distance from the equator. In other words,
they tell you your altitude from the equator. Uncle says latitude lines run
east-west (horizontal) like steps of a ladder, but measure north and south
(altitude).
In what direction do latitude lines lie?
East-west! these horizontal imaginary lines encircle the globe. Tutu
says latitude lines on a globe look like they lie down, like you did when
you said latitude!
What's in a
word?
Altitude emerges from
Latin for high (altus).
How does latitude link with altitude?
Height! Latitude measures altitude (up/down distance). Uncle says
at different latitudes, such as from the floor or standing upright, you
see the same object from a different angle. Latitude lines act similarly.
Objects in the sky, such as the North Star, look different from different
latitudes. Human explorers measure this difference to calculate their
latitude.
Did you Know?
Besides the equator, four
other lines of latitude
have names: Arctic Circle,
Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of
Capricorn, and Antarctic
Circle.
Hawaii Nei
The Tropic of Cancer runs
through the northwestern
Hawaiian Islands.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Latitude Attitude
Think about it...
How are latitude lines labeled on a globe?
Elaborate
Observe latitude on a globe in pairs.
• Find latitude lines on a globe.
Observe their numbers.
• Partner one: Hold red marker very still at center of balloon.
Partner two: Rotate balloon slowly and steadily so a straight line connects with its
beginning.
• Partner one: Label line 0o. • Repeat one inch above red line with black marker to create a second line.
Label line 20o N.
• Create third circle near top with black marker.
Label line 70o N.
• Duplicate with two lines below middle line. Change the N to a S in the label.
How it works
Number and letter! The equator equals zero degrees latitude. As you head north or
south from the equator, the numbers go upwards! This shows the increasing distance
from the equator. Look at the latitude lines directly above and below the equator. They
share the same number. This tells us they are the same distance from the equator. To
tell the difference between them, we label latitude lines north (N) or south (S).
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Evaluate
What lines run across the globe?
Answer by measuring different latitute lines in pairs.
• Measure the length of the equator.
Keiki Storytime
The Island-Below-the-Star
by James Rumford (E H
Ru)
Wrap string around a globe or your balloon globe at the equator.
Measure the length with a ruler. Record.
• Measure the length of the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle.
Record.
• Compare the lengths of these latitue lines.
Why is the the equator the longest?
Just for Fun
Put your finger over the
Hawaiian Islands on a
globe. Slowly spin the
globe. What countries
share the same latitude?
Is Hawaii located higher or lower degrees latitude than
Alaska?
NOAA Link
The National Geophysical
Data Center offers an
online calculator to find the
latitude of your community!
www.ngdc.noaa.gov
Search “latitude”
Assess
SC.K.1.3 Collect data about living and non-living things.
SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,
materials of which they are made).
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
X Marks the Spot
(Latitude Tools)
how do you measure
the angle between an
object in the sky and
the horizon?
latitude
tools!
Navigators developed tools to find their latitude.
Ready?
Materials
Pipe cleaner (1 per student)
Ruler (1 per student)
Tape
Pen cap (Bic brand)
(1 per student)
Quadrant template
(U4.L4.A3-p.24)
Cardboard (thin)
Glue
Hole punch
String
Brad (1 per student)
Bead (1 per student)
Elaborate
Photocopy Quadrant Template (U4.L4.A3-page 24) (one per student).
Glue onto thin cardboard or poster board.
Cut around edges.
Fold on dotted line.
Tape edge with dotted line under ruler. Quadrant should hang.
Dry under heavy book.
Cut string into six-inch lengths (one per student).
Set?
• Unit 4-Lesson 3-Activity 1: Star Light, Star Bright (North Star)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 2: Latitude Attitude (Latitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.2.1
SC.K.8.2
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
SC.1.2.1
SC.2.2.1
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Think about it...
What tool did ancient Polynesians use to calculate latitude?
Engage
Hawaii Nei
Hōkūpa’a is the Hawaiian
name for the North Star.
Make a Polynesian latitude hook individually.
• Draw the North Star (Polaris) on white board in classroom.
• Make loop in middle of pipe cleaner.
Hold up two fingers. Place middle of pipe cleaner on fingers Twist pipe
cleaner to make a loop.
• Place loop on ruler.
Hold ruler vertically. Tape loop on top of ruler.
• Hold latitude hook in front of you.
Hold at arm’s length, with hook on top.
Invention
Center
Over the years, people
invented tools to measure
latitude:
1400s: Quadrant (plum
line)
1730s: Octant (double
reflecting mirrors)
1760s: Sextant (false
horizon)
• Look through loop and align North Star inside loop.
• Change your latitude.
Walk five to ten steps north, toward the star.
• Hold latitude hook in front of you again.
Historical note
• Observe the location of the
North Star.
Thomas Jefferson
personally taught
Meriwether Lewis how to
determine latitude using
an octant.
Hold it at the same arm’s length as the first trial.
Star should be above the loop.
• To find your original latitute,
turn and walk south till the
North Star is again in your
loop.
• Keep the same latitude.
Walk five to ten steps east or
west.
• Hold latitude hook in front of
you again.
Hold it at the same arm’s length
as the first trial.
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On a Related
Note
Prince Henry the Navigator
invented a new way to
determine latitude in the
1400s: the sun! He used
a quadrant and a book of
coordinates to explore the
coasts of Africa and find
a new route to India from
Europe.
19
Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
X Marks the Spot
Think about it...
What tool did Europeans use to find latitude?
Explore
Make a cross-staff individually.
• Placing your staff.
Rest edge of a ruler carefully below your eye, keeping eye closed. Ruler should stick
straight out toward horizon.
• Adjusting your transom.
Rest pen cap on ruler. Cap stem should stick down below ruler against its edge.
• Look at objects of various heights.
Close eye near cross-staff (ruler).Looking with other eye, slide pen cap back and forth
along ruler. Line up bottom of cap stem with horizon. Line up top of pen cap with object.
• Notice pen cap will be closer to your eye for some objects and farther away for
other objects.
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Explain
Throughout history, navigators have developed different tools to measure
latitude. These tools use the horizon (line where land and sky appear to
meet) and a set object (often the north star) to calculate latitude.
What's in a
word?
Horizon comes directly
from Greek via Latin it
means “bounding (circle)”.
What tool did Polynesians use to find latitude?
Latitude hook! The latitude hook measures the distance between the
north star and the horizon. Polynesians could sail east or west and
make sure they remained at the same latitude by keeping the North
Star in the hook. They could sail north to a different latitude, and see
the North Star rise above their hook. They could return to their original
latitude by sailing south until the North Star realigned in their hook.
What tool did European navigators use to find latitude?
Cross-staff! With the cross-staff, navigators first lined up the transom
with the horizon and the north star, just like you did. They could then
use the corresponding number on the staff to calculate latitude.
Think about it
Horizontal originally meant
“relating to the horizon.”
How does horizontal link to
latitude?
Invention
Center
An early version of the
cross-staff dates to
the Chaldeans in 400
BC. They used it as a
religious tool, rather than a
exploration one.
NOAA Link
Make another tool to
measure latitude!
www.noaa.gov
Search “Make Your Own
Astrolabe”
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
X Marks the Spot
Think about it...
How does a quadrant work?
Elaborate
Make a quadrant individually.
• Punch hole in black circle of prepared Quadrant (U4.L4.A3-page 24).
Place brad through hole.
• Tie six-inch string around brad.
Tie bead to other end of string. Bead should hang off the edge of quadrant an inch.
• Test quadrant.
Hold ruler in line with your eye with quadrant pointing down. Press string against scale.
Read number. Point toward ceiling. Press and hold string against scale. Read number.
• Compare heights of different objects in room with quadrant.
When you point upward, the number should go higher.
How it works
Measures latitude! The taller an object, the higher the latitude and bigger the number.
Just like with the cross-staff, explorers could use a quadrant to calculate their latitude.
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What's in a
Word?
Evaluate
How do you measure the angle between an object in the
sky and the horizon?
Answer by using one of your tools to measure latitude.
Quarter means one-fourth
of anything
Quart: one-fourth of a
gallon
Quadrant: one-fourth of a
circle
Quadrat: four-sided square
Quadruped: four-footed
animal
How do you think explorers have improved these tools
since the 1400s?
Think about it
In 300 BC, the Romans
stole a sundial and placed
it at a temple in Rome.
About 100 years later,
folks noticed it did not
measure time correctly.
Why?
Answer: The latitude
differed from its original
location!
Assess
SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technologies at home, in the classroom,
and/or in the world.
SC.K.8.2 Identify different types of celestial objects seen in the day and
night sky.
SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.
SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of new
technologies.
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Historical Note
Columbus knew the earth
was round. He and other
navigators learned about
its shape and size from
writings of ancient Greeks
who calculated it quite
accurately using math!
23
Quadrant Template
U4 L4 A3: X Marks the Spot (Elaborate)
30
20
10
80
90
Fold and tape this side under ruler.
40
45
50
60
70
0
front
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Intentionally Left Blank
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25
Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Along Those Lines
(Longitude)
What lines run
up-and-down the
globe?
Longitude!
Longitude lines run vertically around a globe and
cross latitude lines.
Ready?
Explore
Materials
Painter’s tape
Index cards
Bag
Balloons (U4.L4.A2-page 16)
(1 per pair)
Black marker (1 per pair)
Red marker (1 per pair)
Map or globe
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.2.1
SC.1.2.1
SC.2.2.1
26
Tape multiple three-by-three foot grids on floor using painter’s tape (one per
four students).
Label grids A through C across and 1 through 3 down.
Label each individual square for younger students.
Write each coordinate on a separate index card (A1, A2, etcetera).
Place index cards in bag.
Evaluate
Find the coordinates for several different places.
Set?
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-2: Latitude Attitude (Latitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-5: Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity-6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
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Think about it...
How do longitude and latitude lines differ?
Engage
Play Say that Again in pairs!
• Face a partner.
Reading
Resource
Latitude and Longitude by
Rebecca Aberg (J 526.6
Ab)
Put your hands on the sides of your mouth and your chin.
• Say, “Long Loooongitude.”
Notice how your mouth stretches long.
• Now say, “Flat Laaaaatitude.”
Notice how your mouth stretches flat.
Scientists say...
...lines of meridian for lines
of longitude.
• Repeat several times.
NOAA Link
Make an origami map
of the world using
images from the National
Geophysical Data Center.
www.noaa.gov
Searth “Earth Origami”
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Along Those Lines
Think about it...
What are coordinates?
Explore
Play Battling Ships in groups of four.
• Divide into pairs.
Choose one explorer and one ship per pair. Assign two teams to each grid.
• Explorer: Choose coordinate orders from bag.
Do not let other team see the secret location of your ship!
• Explorer: Call out coordinates. Ship: Move to location.
Try to sink other team’s ship.
• Opposing team’s explorer: Say, “Hit!” or “Miss!”
• Ship: Place index card on missed spots.
Remember their ship is not in those spaces!
• Continue until one team sinks the other team’s ship.
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Explain
Longitude lines link to Earth’s rotation. Think back to the lesson on spinning
(U4-L2-A2). Earth rotates completely once each day. Longitude tracks the
passing of time as Earth rotates.
How do longitude and latitude lines differ?
Did you know?
A complete circle has 360o
along its outside measure.
Lots of ways! Longitude lines run vertically (north to south). Latitude
lines run horizontally (east to west). Tutu Kane says to think of how
your mouth stretched up and down when you said “longitude” and went
flat when you said “latitude.”
What are coordinates?
Specific places! Uncle says coordinates just take latitude and longitude
and combine them. If you know both, then you know your coordinates.
Every place on Earth has its own latitude and longitude coordinate, just
like in the game.
Interesting
fact
Since there are 24
hours in a day and 360o
in a circle, time zones
are spaced 15o apart
(360o/24hrs=15o).
Hawaii nei
Hawaii-Aluetian Time
zone is 10 hours
behind Greenwich time.
Thus, Hawaii lies near
150o west longitude
(15ox10hrs=150o).
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Along Those Lines
Think about it...
What do longitude and latitude lines look like on a globe?
Elaborate
Make a globe in pairs.
• Start with your balloon from Latitude Attitude Elaborate (U4.L4.A2-page 16).
• Draw the Prime Meridian in red marker.
Draw a straight line from the top of the balloon to the bottom.
• Draw five other longitude lines with black marker.
Space evenly around the globe.
How it works
Grids! Remember the battling ships game (U4.L4.A4-page 28)? You used a grid on the
floor to refer to a specific place to find the ship. Imaginary latitude and longitude lines
on a globe (or map) do the same thing for navigators.
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Did You Know?
Evaluate
What lines run up-and-down the globe?
Answer by looking at a labeled globe/map as a class.
The Prime Meridian in
Greenwich, England is the
starting point for longitude
lines (0 degrees).
http://www.nmm.ac.uk
>>Places>> Royal
Observatory>>Prime
Meridian”
When your teacher calls out coordinates, find the place those
coordinates name.
What are the latitude and longitude coordinates closest to
where you live?
Hawaii Nei
Just for fun - find the
coordinates for the main
Hawaiian islands.
Kauai: 22o north; 159o
west
Oahu: 21o north; 157o west
Maui: 20o north; 156o west
Hawaii Island: 19o north;
155o west
Just for fun
Assess
SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technologies at home, in the classroom,
and/or in the world.
Only eight countries lie on
the Prime Meridian. Can
you find and name them?
Answer: United Kingdom,
France, Spain, Algeria,
Mali, Burkina Faso,
Ghana, Togo
SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.
SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of
new technologies.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Prime Time Points
(Longitude Tools)
how do you
measure time at
sea?
Longitude tools!
Navigators measure longitude using time.
Ready?
Engage
Materials
Rope
Painter’s tape
Sand timer (1 minute)
(1 per group)
Cardboard (1 per group)
Watch (with second hand)
(1 per group)
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.2.1
Tie knots on a long piece of rope to mark every foot.
Make starting line using painter’s tape.
Set?
Links
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 4: Along Those Lines (Longitude)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 6: Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars (Modern Tools)
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
SC.1.2.1
SC.2.2.1
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Think about it...
What does speed have to do with longitude?
Engage
Run the Mismatched Race as a class.
Scientists say...
...meridan instead of
longitude.
• Divide into two groups.
Line up along starting line.
• First group: Run straight ahead as fast as you can for three
seconds.
When teacher says, “Stop”, stop and sit.
• Second group: Tiptoe with baby steps straight ahead very slowly
for three seconds.
Reading
Resource
Sea Clocks: The Story
of Longitude by Louise
Borden (J 526.62 Bo)
When teacher says, “Stop”, stop and sit.
• Compare how far each group went.
Use knotted rope to measure distances.
Interesting
Fact
Unlike latitude, a single
longitude line does not
encircle the globe.
NOAA Link
The National Geodetic
Survey defines and
manages our national
coordinate system.
www.geodesy.noaa.gov
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Prime Time Points
Think about it...
What was one problem with measuring time at sea?
Explore
Use a sand timer in groups of five.
• Time five minutes.
First person: Turn over (one-minute) sand timer. Stand when it stops.
Second person: Turn over sand timer immediately. Stand when it stops.
Repeat, until all five are standing.
• Place timer on piece of cardboard.
• Time five minutes again on a rocking ship.
Repeat earlier activity. When it is your turn, hold cardboard as you rock back and forth
like you are on a ship. Try not to knock over the timer!
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Explain
Longitude can be measured by time. For a long time, early navigators
had trouble measuring longitude at sea because they did not have a tool
accurate enough to measure the exact time.
What does speed have to do with longitude?
Time! To measure longitude, you need to know how far you have
traveled in a specific period of time. Sailors would drop knotted rope
into the sea and keep track of how fast they traveled by counting the
knots. Currents or winds could mess up their calculations though.
Interesting
Fact
While modern sailors no
longer use knotted ropes,
we still refer to speed on
the ocean in knots.
What was one problem with measuring time at sea?
Inaccuracy! Every time the sand ran out, the person on watch turned
it over and kept track. But the waves made it difficult. Think of the
activity. When you rocked back and forth, the sand timer fell over! Even
if it only lost a few seconds, those seconds add up to a lot of time by
the end of the watch!
Literature
link
Listen to the exciting
adventure story Around
the World in Eighty Days
by Jules Verne. What role
did longitude have at the
end of the story?
Did You Know?
Natural features define
many eastern US state
borders, while longitude
and latitude lines
demarcate a lot of western
states.
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Prime Time Points
Think about it...
How did the chronometer improve longitude measurements?
Elaborate
Use a chronometer in groups.
Repeat Explore activity (U4.L4.A5-page 34).
Use a watch instead of a sand timer.
How it works
Accuracy! Similar to a clock, a chronometer could keep time at sea. Each longitudinal
line represents a difference of one hour. If you had an accurate time piece and knew
the time at a set point (Prime Meridian), you could calculate your distance from the
Prime Meridian by counting the number of knots travelled in a given time.
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Evaluate
How do you measure time at sea?
Answer by comparing a sand timer and a chronometer.
What's in a
Word?
Chronometer comes from
the Greek khronos (time)
and metron (measure).
Other words from the
same root include
chronology, chronic, and
chronicle.
What problem might sundials have had in measuring
longitude?
invention
Center
The chronometer, a
timepiece that kept
accurate time even at sea,
was invented in 1761.
It looked much like our
clocks of today.
Assess
SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom
and/or world.
SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.
Greek
Mythology
Once upon a time,
Chronos became the
original Father Time,
complete with long, grey
beard.
SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of
new technologies.
Historical
note
Captain James Cook was
one of the first people
to use the new accurate
chronometer in his
voyages of discovery. He
called it “our trusty friend
the Watch.”
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars
(Modern Tools)
how do you combine
information about
several areas of
navigation?
Modern tools!
Modern navigation uses tools such as sonar, lidar,
radar, and satellites.
Ready?
Materials
Explore
Baking sheet
Marbles
Radar, Sonar, and Lidar
Familiarize yourself with Radar, Sonar, and Lidar lyrics in Explore
(U4.L4.A6-page 40).
Satellite atlas
Foil
Tissue paper
Various materials (examples:
Elaborate
(mp3 and lyrics)
paper cups, cardboard, pipe
cleaners)
Hawaii
Standards
SC.K.2.1
SC.1.2.1
SC.2.2.1
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Check out a satellite atlas, such as The Satellite Atlas by David Flint (J 912 Fl).
Set?
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 1: Compass Capers (Directions)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 3: X Marks the Spot (Latitude Tools)
• Unit 4-Lesson 4-Activity 5: Prime Time Points (Longitude Tools)
Go!
Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.
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Think about it...
How does sonar work?
Engage
Listen to marbles rolling as a class.
• Students: Sit in a row on the floor.
Interesting
Fact
Scientists invented sonar
soon after the famous
sinking of the Titanic.
Sonar can help ships
avoid icebergs.
Close your eyes.
• Teacher: Place baking sheet upright on one side of classroom.
Stand close to baking sheet and roll marbles toward it.
• Students: Listen to how long it takes marbles to hit baking sheet.
• Teacher: Back away from baking sheet and roll marbles again.
Did you Know?
Fishermen use a type of
sonar called a fishfinder.
It helps them to locate fish
near their boat.
• Repeat.
Can you tell when the teacher stands closer to the wall?
On A Related
Note
Some animals, like
dolphins and whales, use
their own form of sonar.
Scientists call it biosonar.
NOAA Link
The National Geodetic
Survey conducts research
using remote sensing
technology to create
shoreline maps.
www.ngs.noaa.gov
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars
Think about it...
What is radar? What is lidar?
Explore
Sing and dance flamenco to Radar, Sonar, and Lidar.
Sonar uses sound. It helps you check all around.
It helps you find a fish. Or a submarine if you wish.
Radar uses radio. Got your boom box in tow.
You can predict the weather. You can land your plane as light as a feather.
Lidar uses light. Measuring wind on a stormy night.
The position of an earthquake. A map of Mars that takes the cake.
Basic Flamenco paso:
• Stand in circle.
• Arm positions:
One arm upwards, other arm “hug” (but not touch) in front of body.
Both arms form circle above head.
Both arms “hug.”
Both arms outstretched.
• Hold each position briefly.
Switch fluidly to next position.
Gently shift class circle back and forth.
**Activity Extension**
Bounce light in pairs.
• Student 1: Beam flashlight on ceiling.
Sit on floor. Shine flashlight onto ceiling.
• Student 2: Use mirror to bounce beam of light back
toward ground.
Place mirror at different heights.
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Explain
Modern technology allows navigators to combine many tools into one.
Instead of separate tools to find distance, latitude, and longitude, modern
tools combine them.
How does sonar work?
Sound, navigation, and ranging! Sonar bounces sound waves like an
echo. A ship makes a sound underwater. Then it listens for the same
sound to bounce back. Think of the baking sheet. Listening to sound
helped you know how far the teacher stood from the baking sheet.
What is radar?
Radio, detecting, and ranging! Radar works like sonar, but with radio
waves instead of sound waves. Radar can identify objects in the air
and ocean surface.
Invention
center
In 1978, the US
government established
the NAVSTAR GPS
system to help our
military. Now the system is
available to everyone.
Did You Know?
The GPS satellite system
costs $750 million every
year, just for maintenance.
What is lidar?
Light and radar! Lidar bounces light waves and can measure how
much living material covers an area on land and in the ocean.
Scientists also use it to measure hurricanes.
Career Corner
Police use lidar to catch
speeders. Unlike radar
guns they cannot be
detected.
NOAA Link
The Office of Coast
Survey measures the
ocean depth and floor
bottoms to produce maps
that will ensure safe
navigation.
www.nauticalcharts.noaa.
gov
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Unit 4: EXPLORE! HUMAN EXPLORATION
Ma-a-a-arvelous-Ars
Think about it
How do satellites help explorers?
Elaborate
Build a trash art satellite model individually.
Construct a trash art NOAA satellite model with used, but clean cardboard,
newspaper, foil, and other trash.
Download pictures of different satellites (www.scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov, Search “satellites”).
How it works
Information! Satellites, like the ones used by NOAA, gather data from space to
monitor our planet. Data is gathered to monitor our oceans, track hurricans, predict
weather, and many other navigation-related uses. Instead of using individual devices
like compasses or latitude hooks, satellites and computers combine data for use by a
single navigation tool.
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Evaluate
How do you combine information about several areas of
navigation?
Answer by making a fold out book of modern tools individually.
Reading
Resource
Satellites and the GPS
by Natalie M. Rosinsky
(J 910.285 Ro)
• Tape two half sheets together to form one long paper.
• Starting at one end, fold paper every three inches.
Fold one panel then flip over and fold again. Continue so it folds like an
accordian. There should be seven panels.
• Make a title page on the first panel, Modern Navigational Tools.
• Draw one type of navigational tool on each panel.
What's in a
Word?
Satellite comes from the
Latin word satellitem,
meaning “attendant”.
Write a little description of each tool on the back panel (optional).
Can you come up with an idea for a new tool that can help
navigators find their way? Share your ideas with the class!
Assess
SC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom
and/or world.
SC.1.2.1 Explain why people create technological devices.
SC.2.2.1 Describe changes that have occurred in society as a result of
new technologies.
Hawaii Nei
When Pearl Harbor was
attacked in World War II,
the military had just started
using radar. Some soldiers
saw the Japanese planes
with the radar but the
young warfighters mistook
them for American ones.
NOAA Link
The National
Environmental Satellite,
Data, and Information
Service uses satellites to
monitor everything from
hurricanes to coral reefs.
www.goes.noaa.gov
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