NATIONAL
FOR GRADES 5, 6 & 7
BIOLOGY
1
GEOMETRY
5
Geometry and
Beauty
The Penguin
Huddle
ENVIRONMENT
JANUARY 2016
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11
Whale of a
Mystery
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CHEMISTRY
Harder than
Diamonds
INNOVATION
Smart Cutlery
13
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The Penguin
Huddle
I
magine living outdoors
with a wind chill of minus
60 degrees Celsius. That
is how cold the winter can be
in Antarctica where emperor
penguins live. The penguins
huddle together for warmth,
taking turns in the centre of
the group so none of them get
too cold standing on the edge
for too long.
Emperor penguins huddle
together for 10 minutes to a
few hours, in groups ranging
from a few to 1,000 penguins.
The average huddling time
is 50 minutes. By huddling,
emperor penguins generate
body heat and warm the
air around them with their
breath.
Although the air is freezing,
the centre of a huddle can be
37.5 degrees Celsius. That
is actually too hot for the
penguins, so they rotate or
break up the huddle.
There are usually 8 to 10
penguins per square metre.
If a huddling penguin moves
even one step, the others
move to keep the cold out.
Scientists have found that
penguins move 5 to 10
centimetres every 30 to 60
seconds. When one penguin
moves, it creates a wave of
movement through the entire
huddle.
Huddling penguins tend to
move in a spiral. This is how
the penguins on the outside
move into the warm centre
and the penguins in the
centre take their turns on the
cold outer edge. Penguins will
usually join a huddle on one
side and come out the other
side. They don’t seem to shove
their way into the middle, but
cooperate and move together.
Some scientists
hypothesize that penguins
break from their huddles when
it gets too warm. Scientists
have evidence that penguins
eat snow after leaving a
huddle—perhaps to lower
their body temperature.
DID YOU KNOW?
Some scientists think
penguins move around in
the huddle to rotate the eggs
under their pouches so the
bottoms don’t freeze.
It only takes one penguin to
start movement in a huddle,
and one penguin can break
it up. If one penguin moves
to break up the huddle, the
entire group disperses within
a few minutes.
WORD POWER
DISPERSE: To break up and scatter; spread in
all directions.
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HYPOTHESIZE: To make a prediction about
the outcome of an experiment or investigation.
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BIOLOGY
The Penguin Huddle
1. How cold is it where emperor penguins live?
2. How do they keep warm?
3. How many penguins are there in a huddle? How long does a huddle last?
4. How do penguins move in a huddle?
5. How do penguin huddles break up?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. Give some examples of ways in which other animals stay warm during the winter.
2
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Flightless Birds
There are many flightless birds around the world, including two kinds of dabbling ducks. Following are a
few of these non-flying species.
1.
Flightless Cormorant
In the Galapagos archipelago, you will find the only flightless cormorant in the
world. This bird has turquoise blue eyes. It is different from other cormorants
due to its wing size. The wings are short and stubby, and it couldn’t fly even if
it tried. Although it has the smallest wings, it is actually the largest of all the
cormorant species. Like other cormorants, its feet are webbed and the bird is
a superior diver, feeding on the ocean floor just off the coast. This bird evolved
to be flightless due to the lack of natural predators in its range. The flightless
cormorant can grow to be one metre tall and can weigh up to four kilograms.
Its wing length is about 25 centimetres.
2.
Emu
The emu is the largest bird to call Australia its native home. It can grow to be
almost 2 metres tall and can weigh up to 60 kilograms. The emu is a nomadic
wanderer that has the exceptional capability of starving for weeks while
searching for food. Like many birds, the emu swallows rocks to help digest its
food. It has a pouch in its throat that can be inflated to make deep booming
sounds. At night, the emu sits down for quick naps, only to rise and look around
a short time later. When attacked, it can kick its attacker. Younger emus are
vulnerable to attack from the air and so run in erratic patterns to avoid creatures
such as eagles.
3.
Ostrich
The ostrich is the largest living bird. It can be almost three metres tall and weigh
up to 145 kilograms. Its eggs are also the world’s largest—about 15 centimetres
long and 1.5 kilograms in weight. Living in Africa, the ostrich runs instead of
flying. One stride can cover up to 4.9 metres. It holds its short wings out for
balance when it runs. The ostrich kicks out with its strong legs to defend itself.
When danger approaches, an ostrich will lie low to hide, stretching its neck along
the ground. The colours of its feathers blend with the sandy soil. From far away,
it looks like the ostrich has buried its head in the sand.
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Kakapo
Found in New Zealand, the kakapo is the world’s only flightless
parrot. It can’t fly, but it can climb trees, and it uses its wings to
help parachute to the forest floor. The kakapo is active at night and
walks alone on the forest floor looking for food. It spends the day
sleeping in trees. On the ground, this moss-green parrot moves with
a jog-like gait. One of its defences is to freeze and hope to blend into
the background when danger is near. This worked well when its only
predators were eagles that use sight to hunt. After other predators
were introduced to New Zealand, the number of kakapos started to
decrease, and now there are less than 150 kakapos left in the world. They are found on two islands off
the coast of New Zealand where there are no predators (which include foxes, cats, wild dogs, and rats).
Kakapo eggs are about 50 millimetres long.
5.
Kiwi
The kiwi is the national symbol of New Zealand. Adult kiwis have
powerful legs that can be used to fight anything that threatens
them, but young kiwis are defenceless against predators. The
kiwi is active at night and lives in the forest. During the day, it
sleeps in a den or nest. The kiwi is the only bird to have nostrils at
the end of its very long bill. It uses its nostrils to find food in the
ground. The kiwi has a unique type of brownish-gray feathers that
look like hair. It also has long whiskers around its beak. The kiwi’s
egg is very large compared to the size of the bird itself.
For each fact below, circle the bird for which it is true.
1. The world’s only flightless parrot
Kiwi
Kakapo
2. The only bird to have nostrils at the end of its very long bill
Kiwi
Flightless Cormorant
3. The largest bird to call Australia its native home
Emu
Ostrich
4. Has turquoise blue eyes
Ostrich
Flightless Cormorant
5. Uses its wings to help parachute to the forest floor
Emu
Kakapo
6. The largest living bird
Emu
Ostrich
7. The national symbol of New Zealand
Kiwi
Emu
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Geometry and
Beauty
S
nowflakes have long
been the subject of both
art and science. Poets
remark on their beauty, while
scientists wonder how they
form such a variety of shapes.
If you study snowflakes
carefully, you will discover
a theme in their shapes: a
theme based on the number
six. Snowflakes consist of ice
crystals that usually have
six sides, and these crystals
form branches that repeat
in patterns of six. But just
as simple Lego blocks can
be used to create complex
shapes, six-sided ice crystals
connect together to form
intricate shapes.
The Chinese may have
been the first to discover
the six-sided nature of
snowflakes. An ancient text
mentions the six-pointed
nature of “snow flowers.”
In 1611, Johannes Kepler
made his own discovery
of the six-sided nature of
snowflakes. He theorized
that it had something to do
with how water molecules
connected together when
frozen. He was on the right
track, but it wasn’t until the
20th century that scientists
were able to more fully grasp
how snowflakes form.
Crystals are solid materials
whose atoms or molecules
connect together in a
repetitive and symmetrical
three-dimensional pattern
called a lattice. In the case
of snowflakes, crystals form
when water molecules in
the atmosphere begin to
freeze around a central point,
usually a particle of dust.
Each water molecule is made
up of two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen.
a snowflake falls through
air, gravity doesn’t affect the
formation of the shape—so
the snowflake can form edges
and arms in all directions.
As the snowflake grows,
water molecules tend to
attach at the edges. This
is why snowflakes tend to
grow lacy branches and side
branches. But if you count the
branches and side branches,
you will still come up with the
number six for each of them.
DID YOU KNOW?
Johannes Kepler discovered
the laws of physics that
describe how planets revolve
around the sun.
Because of the shape of
the water molecules, they
tend to form together as a
hexagon—a symmetrical
six-sided shape. As more
and more molecules clump
together, this shape becomes
larger and larger. Also, since
WORD POWER
INTRICATE: Hard to follow or understand
because it is complicated and full of
details.
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SYMMETRICAL: Made up of identical parts
facing each other around an axis.
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GEOMETRY
Geometry and Beauty
1. How is the number six shown in snowflakes?
2. What are crystals?
3. When do crystals form in the case of snowflakes?
4. Why do the crystals in snowflakes have six sides?
5. Why do snowflakes tend to grow lacy branches and side branches?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. Do you think it is true that no two snowflakes are identical?
6
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Making Snowflakes
You can make snowflakes out of many different materials, including craft sticks, cotton swabs, yarn, and
paper. The snowflakes most commonly seen are made from folding and cutting paper. This step by step
guide will teach you how to make six-pointed paper snowflakes. All you will need for this is paper and
scissors. You can use fancy paper, wrapping paper, tissue paper, or plain white copy paper. Be sure that
you follow each step carefully. Each step is one fold.
1. Begin with a square piece of paper. You can make a
square from a rectangular piece of paper by folding
one corner down to form a triangle and trimming off
the excess paper.
2. Fold the square of paper diagonally to make a
triangle.
3. Fold this larger triangle in half to make a smaller triangle.
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4. Imagine this triangle in thirds, and then fold the right “third” over.
5. Fold the left third over. Try to get all of the folds to line up as close as
possible for the most symmetrical snowflake.
6. Flip your folded paper over so that you are looking at the back. Then,
cut off the top of the paper at an angle. Make sure to cut it off so that
all remaining layers of paper are equal. Cutting at an angle is what
makes the points of the snowflake.
7. Shape it! This is where your imagination comes in. Begin cutting away from the sides of the paper.
Usually, cutting small triangles from the sides is easiest, but don’t forget to try other shapes. Be
careful not to cut all the way from one side to the other, or else you’ll chop your snowflake in half!
8. Unfold the paper very carefully to reveal your snowflake.
8
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Smart Cutlery
T
wo Grade 11 students
from West Point Grey
Academy in Vancouver,
British Columbia, have come
up with an award-winning
idea: smart cutlery.
Angela Wang and
Madeleine Liu want to create
cutlery that can detect toxins
and allergens in food. This
would enable diners to avoid
foods containing harmful
bacteria or substances that
could trigger an allergic
attack.
The students imagine a
device that is attached to
ordinary cutlery that could
send waves of light into the
food. Sensors would detect
and analyze the reflected
waves. By comparing the
light information against a
database, the device would
be able to identify the various
components in a plate of
food.
This technology would
allow the cutlery device to
WORD POWER
TOXIN: A poison produced by some microorganisms and causing certain diseases.
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almost instantly tell you, for
example, if your pasta sauce
contained peanuts that would
trigger your peanut allergy.
The cutlery device could be
designed to flash a red light,
warning you if it encounters
such an allergen.
Using the same technology,
the device could also tell you
if harmful bacteria like E. coli
were present. It could even
give you an analysis of the
nutritional value of your meal.
Wang and Liu’s idea,
which they call “Culitech,”
quickly caught the attention
of judges at the Startup
Weekend Vancouver event held
November 20 to 22.
Startup Weekend is a
global movement where
entrepreneurs come together
to share ideas, form teams,
and launch companies.
Entrepreneurs are encouraged
to pitch their ideas to a panel
of judges.
Weekend in Vancouver, 125
participants pitched 52 ideas.
Wang and Liu’s Culitech came
out on top. They received
$10,000 in prizes for having
the top pitch at the event.
Aided by the money and the
contacts they made, the pair
of high school students are
planning to continue the
research and development
needed to make their idea
come to life.
DID YOU KNOW?
In their pitch to the judges,
Liu noted that 1 in 13
Canadians suffer from a food
allergy.
At the November Startup
ALLERGEN: Any substance that causes an
allergy.
COMPONENT: Any of the main parts of a
whole; ingredient.
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INNOVATION
Smart Cutlery
1. What do two Grade 11 students from West Point Grey Academy want to create?
2. How would the device work?
3. What would this technology allow you to do?
4. What is Startup Weekend?
5. What prize did the two students win? What do they plan to do with it?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. Why is it important to be able to detect something that could trigger an allergic attack?
10
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Whale of a
Mystery
I
n the spring of 2015, one
of the largest groups of
stranded whales ever
recorded was found on the
southern Chilean coast.
Researchers flying over the
region in April discovered 37
sei whales lying dead on the
shore, which caused them to
launch investigations.
The Chilean government
is concerned because sei
whales are a protected
species in Chile. They are also
considered an endangered
species, threatened by
climate change, pollution, and
entanglement in fishing nets.
By June 2015, 305 sei
whale carcasses and 32
skeletons had been found on
the Chilean coast between
the Gulf of Penas and Puerto
Natales. It is not unusual
for whales to wash up in
this region, but 337 is an
unusually high number.
The region is remote, the
shorelines are steep, and the
water is rough. It is nearly
WORD POWER
ENTANGLEMENT: When something is
tangled up or caught in something.
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impossible to land on the
coastline by air or by sea, so
evidence has been collected
using flyover photos and
satellite images. Researchers
hope to find a way to land and
collect samples as well.
So far, the cause of death
is unknown, but it has been
concluded that the whales
died at sea before being
washed ashore. It was not
being stranded onshore that
killed them.
There have been cases
in the past in which a large
number of whales washed
ashore. About 15 years ago,
600 grey whales washed up
on the Pacific coast of North
America, from Alaska to
Mexico. The case in Chile is so
strange because the whales
were found in a much smaller
region and they appear to
have washed ashore over a
much shorter time period. It
is also strange because sei
whales are not normally found
in groups.
The research report is
being written up and will be
released later this year. In
the meantime, researchers
will continue to fly over and
look for any new carcasses
that may have washed up in
nearby regions.
DID YOU KNOW?
Sei whales are among the
fastest and largest of the
baleen whales—whales that
have special plates in their
mouths to filter food (instead
of teeth). They can reach 19.5
metres and 50 tonnes!
CARCASS: The body of a dead animal.
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ENVIRONMENT
Whale of a Mystery
1. What was found in the spring of 2015 along the coast of Chile?
2. Why is the Chilean government concerned?
3. How many whales were found by June 2015?
4. Why has it been difficult to find out what happened?
5. There have been similar cases in the past. Why is the case in Chile so strange?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. What do you think could have caused so many whales to die?
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Harder than
Diamonds
A
common trivia question
is: What is the hardest
substance known to
man? The answer: Diamonds!
But trivia books and scientific
manuals will now have to be
rewritten, as diamonds are no
longer at the top of the list.
Scientists have created
a new substance called
Q-carbon that is harder than
diamonds. Like diamonds,
Q-carbon is made up of
carbon atoms.
Diamonds are created
when carbon atoms are
pushed together under
immense pressure and high
temperatures to form a crystal
lattice. This means that the
carbon atoms have connected
with each other in a repetitive
and symmetrical pattern.
This pattern is very stable
and strong, which is why
diamonds are so hard.
Recently, researchers at
North Carolina University
took amorphous carbon and
subjected it to a laser blast.
The laser heated the carbon
to 3,727 degrees Celsius,
causing it to melt. Then the
liquid carbon was cooled very
rapidly, causing it to form into
a very tight crystal lattice, in
which the carbon atoms are
even closer together than they
are in diamonds. This is why
Q-carbon is denser and harder
than diamonds.
Scientists call the
rapid cooling of materials
“quenching.” This is the
source of the “Q” in Q-carbon.
Q-carbon is 60 percent
harder than diamond. It
also is magnetic and can
conduct electricity. It may
prove useful in developing
and improving a number of
different technologies. One
suggestion is that it could be
used for deep-sea drilling.
The material also glows
when exposed to low levels
of energy, which may make it
useful for creating brighter,
longer-lasting screens in
electronic devices.
Because the process uses a
simple laser at room pressure
and room temperature,
it is actually fairly easy
and inexpensive to make
Q-carbon. And by adjusting
how quickly the material was
quenched, the scientists were
able to make tiny diamonds
instead of Q-carbon.
DID YOU KNOW?
Before this recent research on
carbon, graphite and diamond
were the only known solid
forms of carbon.
WORD POWER
LATTICE: An interlaced structure or pattern
that resembles a framework of thin strips
that are crossed and fastened together.
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AMORPHOUS CARBON: A form of carbon
that does not have a regular, well-defined
crystalline structure.
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CHEMISTRY
Harder than Diamonds
1. What is Q-carbon made of?
2. How are diamonds created?
3. How was Q-carbon created?
4. What are some of the properties of Q-carbon?
5. For what might Q-carbon be used?
CRITICAL THINKING
1. What are some other materials that you think of as being strong?
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Gemstones
Gemstones come in every colour of the rainbow and are gathered from all corners of the world. Each
gemstone is unique with a special colour and birthplace. Some tell a story or are believed to have special
powers, but all of them share a common beauty. Following are the descriptions of six gemstones.
AMETHYST
Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz that is often used in jewellery. Its purple colour can range from a
light lilac to a deep, intense royal purple. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed amethyst would prevent
drunkenness and would keep the wearer clear-headed and quick-witted. Historically, the finest amethysts
were found in Russia and were featured in royal European jewellery. Today, Brazil is the primary source of
this gemstone, although it is also mined in the United States, Uruguay, and Zambia. The amethyst is the
birthstone for February.
DIAMOND
Diamond is the only gem made of a single element, and it is the hardest gem. It is typically about 99.95
percent carbon. The other 0.05 percent can include one or more trace elements, which can sometimes
influence its colour or crystal shape. Diamonds are measured in carats, which is a unit of weight that is
equal to 200 milligrams. For centuries, diamonds have been adored by women and men and regarded
as the ultimate gift and a symbol of eternal love. Pure diamonds are colourless. Diamonds are found in
countries in Africa and Asia, as well as in Canada and the United States. The diamond is the birthstone for
April.
EMERALD
Emerald is the green to greenish blue variety of beryl, which is a mineral species that also includes
aquamarine. Green is the colour of spring and symbolizes love and rebirth. The green emerald is believed to
grant the owner foresight, good fortune, and youth. The emerald was mined in Egypt as early as 330 BCE.
Cleopatra, Egypt’s female monarch, was famous for wearing emeralds. Ancient Egyptian mummies were
often buried with carved emeralds on their necks to symbolize eternal youth. Today, most of the world’s
emeralds are mined in Colombia, Brazil, Afghanistan, and Zambia. The emerald is the birthstone for May.
RUBY
The ruby is the most valuable variety of the corundum mineral species. Rubies can command the highest
price per carat of any coloured stone. In its purest form, corundum is colourless—trace elements that
become part of the crystal structure cause variations in its colour. Chromium is the element that causes
ruby’s red, which ranges from an orangy red to a purplish red. The ruby represents love, passion, courage,
and emotion. For centuries this gem has been considered the king of all gems—it was believed that
wearing a fine red ruby bestowed good fortune on its owner. Rubies have been the prized possession of
emperors and kings throughout the ages. The central ruby gemstone trade is in Bangkok, Thailand, but
the most valuable rubies come from Myanmar. Other sources include Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikstan,
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Australia, and the United States. The ruby is the birthstone of July.
SAPPHIRE
The name “sapphire” can apply to any corundum that is not red and doesn’t qualify as a ruby, but most
people think of the colour blue when they hear sapphire. Blue sapphire can be a pure blue, but it ranges
from greenish blue to violet blue. The sapphire has been popular since the Middle Ages. Since ancient
times the blue sapphire has represented a promise of honesty, loyalty, purity, and trust. The sapphire
is found in many parts of the world, but the most prized sapphires are from Myanmar, Kashmir, and
Sri Lanka. The purer the blue of the sapphire, the greater the price. The sapphire is the birthstone of
September.
Match each gemstone with the correct colour.
Purple
Ruby
Sapphire
Colourless
Emerald
Red
Blue
Amethyst
Diamond
Green
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Science News Quiz
The Penguin Huddle
1.
penguins huddle together for 10 minutes to a few hours, in groups ranging
from a few to 1,000 penguins.
2. In a huddle, there are usually 8 to 10 penguins per square metre.
True
False
Geometry and Beauty
1. How many sides does a snowflake usually have?
A. Three
B. Six
2. The
snowflakes.
C. Nine
may have been the first to discover the six-sided nature of
Smart Cutlery
1. Startup Weekend is a global movement where parents come together to share ideas, form teams,
and launch companies.
True
False
2. How much did the two students receive in prizes at the event?
A. $2,000
B. $5,000
C. $10,000
Whale of a Mystery
1. Researchers flying over the region in April discovered
shore, which caused them to launch investigations.
sei whales lying dead on the
2. About 15 years ago, 100 grey whales washed up on the Pacific Coast of North America, from
Alaska to Mexico.
True
False
Harder than Diamonds
1. Scientists have created a new substance called
diamonds.
that is harder than
2. Scientists call the rapid cooling of materials “quenching.”
True
False
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