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I ~egulating the Spaces
. MONROE, JAMES
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example, will h,a ve a wider body than an I.
The operation of adjustment and casting is
repeated as each new combination of perforations passes over the compressed-air outlets.
By an exceedingly ingenious arrangement the
spaces between the words in each line are cast
thicker or thinner, as a result of the spacing indications, so that each line of type when completed exactly fills the page or column measure.
and of war under President Madison, and
finally was the fourth Virginian out of the first
five presidents to hold the highest office in the
American republic.
During the war of 1812 Monroe served under
President lVIadison as secretary of state, and .
also for a time as secretary o£ war. The city
of Washington was burned by the British during
the time that Monroe acted as · secretary of
war, but his measures as a whole won him
popularity, and his position as secretary of
state put him in line for the presidency.
In 1816 Monroe rea9hed the pinnacle of his
career when he was elected to succeed Madison
as president. Monroe's vote in the electoral
college w~s 183, to 34 cast for Rufus King,
the Federalist candidate.
Independence of Caster and Keyboard
So entirely independent are keyboard and
caster of each other that a keyboard in London
or Manchester may prepare a controller ribbon
from which a caster in Glasgow or Edinburgh
may cast a~d set type and set it just as well
as if the two machines were in the same room.
And because the monotype, like the hand compositor, sets movable type, its work may be cor- r-'=7---.- ·-·-·-.
rected or altered by hand, letter by letter, ,~
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instead of having to be reset like linotype .
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This wonderful machine was
invented and tr
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patented in 1887 by Talbert Lanston, for many ' .
years a clerk in the Pension Office in Washington,
U.S.A. It is not so well suited to the work
of daily newspaper offices as the linotype, but
it has a wide field in book, magazine, and general
job printing.
MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831). As the presiFig. 5.-Matrix Case.
dent who first announced the principle known as
Monroe was re-elected almost unanimously
the '' Monroe Doctrine,'' James Monroe, ·fifth
president of the United States, holds ~n im- in 1820 ; -the one vote cast against him at
portant place in American history. The idea that time is said to have been "so that no
of the doctrine that " America is for the Ameri- one might share with Washington the honour
cans" did not, however, originate with Monroe. of a unanimous election.''
During President Monroe's administration he
Washington, in the wars between England and
.France, had publicly warned the nation to displayed his interest in expanding the territory
of the United States. But expansion brought
" beware of entangling alliances.".
new and troublesome questions with it.
Washington's Tribute to Monroe
He was successful in purchasing the Floridas
Monroe's education was rather deficient.
His family, of Scots and Welsh descent, belonged from Spain in 1819, and by the prosecution
to the class of small planters of western Virginia, of a war against the Seminole Indians he
and he had just entered William and Mary opened up that new region to settlement.
College, at the age of 16, when the Revolution
Retirement from Public Life
broke out. With a number of fellow-students
With the inauguration of John Quincy
and profesSors he at once left school to enter Adams in 1825, Monroe retired to private life
the army. Though Washington speaks of hjm after a public career covering more than 40
as a brave officer,. he failed to secure promotion years. His closing years were harassed by
beyond the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
debt, and he removed from Virginia to find · a
In 1780 Monroe left the army and entered home ·w ith his son-in-law, in New York -city,
upon the study of law under Thomas Jeffe~son, where he died on July 4, 1831. . . . ·
then governor of Virginia.
What is known as the " Monroe Doctrine
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Monroe was in turn a member of the Virginia has formed the basis of American foreign policy
Assembly, of the United States Congress under for a hundred years. Its first formal expresthe Articles of Confederation, of th·e State . sion is found in the message of President
Convention which ratified the Federal Consti- Monroe to Congress, December 2, 1823. The
tution, and of the United States Senate under occasion which called it forth grew out of the
that constitution. He was successively min- revolt of the Latin-American colonies from Spain
ister to France, Spain, and England, governor of · about 1815, and the creation of new republics
Virginia for several terms, secretary of state in Mexico, Central America, and South America .
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· contained in the Easy Re/ereflce Fact•lndez at the end of this bJork
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