MEMORANDUM No 02/2002 Innovating Firms and Aggregate Innovation By Tor Jakob Klette and Samuel Kortum ISSN: 0801-1117 Department of Economics University of Oslo This series is published by the University of Oslo Department of Economics In co-operation with The Frisch Centre for Economic Research P. O.Box 1095 Blindern N-0317 OSLO Norway Telephone: + 47 22855127 Fax: + 47 22855035 Internet: http://www.oekonomi.uio.no/ e-mail: [email protected] Gaustadalleén 21 N-0371 OSLO Norway Telephone: +47 22 95 88 20 Fax: +47 22 95 88 25 Internet: http://www.frisch.uio.no/ e-mail: [email protected] No 1 No 36 No 35 No 34 No 33 No 32 No 31 No 30 No 29 No 28 List of the latest 10 Memoranda: Fridrik M. Baldursson and Nils-Henrik M. von der Fehr: Prices vs quantitities: the case of risk averse agents. 23 pp. Oddbjørn Raaum, Kjell G. Salvanes and Erik Ø. Sørensen: The neighbourhood is not what it used to be: Has there been equalisation of opportunity across families and communities in Norway? 34 pp. Finn R. Førsund and Dag Fjeld Edvardsen: International Benchmarking of Electricity Distribution Utilities. 45 pp. Finn R. Førsund and Ove Wolfgang: The Compensation Mechanism in the RAINS Model: The Norwegian Targets for Acidification. 34 pp. Christian Brinch, Erik Hernæs and Steinar Strøm: Labour Supply Effects of an Early Retirement Programme. 40 pp. Tone Ognedal: Should the standard of evidence be lowered to reduce crime? 33 pp. Jon Strand: Public- and private-good values of statistical lives: Results from a combined choice-experiment and contingent-valuation survey. 55 p. Ove Wolfgang: Cost-effective Abatement of Ground-level Ozone in Cities and for Larger Regions: Implications of Non-monotonicity. 28 pp. Svenn-Erik Mamelund: The Spanish Influenza among Norwegian ethnic minorities 1918-1919. 35 pp. Erik Biørn: The Efficiency of Panel Data Estimators: GLS Versus Estimators Which Do Not Depend on Variance Components. 15 p. A complete list of this memo-series is available in a PDF® format at: http://www.oekonomi.uio.no/memo/ W??L@|?} 6h4t @?_ }}hi}@|i W??L@|L? ALh a@!LM k*i||i| @?_ 5@4i* kLh|4} 6iMh@h) Dc 2ff2 Ot|iBW|G `i _ii*LT @ T@ht4L?Lt 4L_i* Lu ??L@|?} h4t hU i?L} |L UL?uhL?| h4*ii* i_i?Ui W| U@T|hit |i _)?@4U Mi@Lh Lu ?__@* i|ihL}i?Lt h4tc _itUhMit |i iL*|L? Lu @? ?_t|h) | t4*|@?iLt i?|h) @?_ i |c @?_ _i* iht @ }i?ih@* i^*Mh4 4L_i* Lu |iU?L*L}U@* U@?}i `*i ?u)?} |i |iLhi|U@* @?@*)tt Lu h4tc ?_t|hitc @?_ |i @}}hi}@|i iUL?L4)c |i 4L_i* )i*_t ?t}|t ?|L i4ThU@* Lh! L? ??L@|?} h4t W| @UUL?|t uLh |i Tihtt|i?Ui Lih |4i Lu h4t< +:# ?it|4i?|c |i UL?Ui?|h@|L? 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