9/9/2016
Take The University
Challenge
What You Don’t
Know
Can Hurt You:
Using Sources
Properly
What is Plagiarism?
“The passing off of someone else’s words, ideas,
or data as your own.”
Ask yourself:
◦ Could a reader think that I came up with this
idea or these words on my own when I really
read/heard it/them somewhere?
◦ Can I (or should I) remember where/when I
came across these ideas or data?
Common Forms of Plagiarism
◦ Deliberate
◦ Deliberate/Unintentional: Examples include –
◦ copying something word for word and not putting quotations
around it
◦ failing to give a citation for a quotation or a
summary/paraphrase
◦ Improper paraphrasing: Copying a passage and only changing a
few words or copying the sentence structure of a source.
Trent’s AI policy considers both violations!
The Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism
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Create Distance by Taking
Notes on Sources
◦ Your goal is to write your outline and draft from
your notes. This puts distance between you and
your sources and helps you to notice similarities
and contradictions between sources.
◦
This will emphasize analysis rather than
regurgitation.
◦ It will help you to avoid plagiarism
Use Sources Properly
Ways to Use Primary and Secondary Sources
as Evidence
•
Quotations – using the actual words from a source. Use “quotation marks”
to designate quotes.
•
Summary – a concise discussion of the main points or ideas from a source;
in general, it includes little detail.
– Example: Despite changes in legislation, Colchester argues that
indigenous peoples have little participation in conservation efforts
(Colchester, 24).
Example of Poor Paraphrasing
Original Source:
Economies of scale sent farmers away from local, independent suppliers
to better deals in regional supply centres. Larger livestock barns led to
demands that municipalities and provincial regulators set standards
for the increasing volumes of livestock manure being produced on
small acreages.
Improper Paraphrase
•
Paraphrase – restating detailed information or evidence in your own
words.
– Example: For thirty years, international conservation agencies like the
World Conservation Union and World Parks Congress have made
recommendations to governments about the use of protected lands
(Colchester, 28).
Economies of scale sent farmers away from local small businesses to
save money in regional supply stores. Larger livestock barns led to
demands that governments make laws about the increasing volumes
of livestock manure found on small farms.
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Proper Paraphrase
In his book, Palwick focuses on mass production as a
primary cause of rural economic hardship. Increasingly,
farmers tried to economize by buying goods from large,
centralized suppliers rather than local businesses. Using
the example of increases in livestock manure, Palwick
shows that as farms themselves increased in size, so too
did the need for laws to regulate them, laws which were
often too expensive for small farmers to comply with.
Notice
Not only did I change the words, I attempted to
convey more than exactly what those words said; I
attempted to convey the author’s overall
argument.
When You Paraphrase…
Let’s Try It!
◦ Work from your notes rather than looking at a
• You must put the source into your own words and
source while you are writing about it.
◦ Cover up the original text and say out loud what
you think its main idea is.
◦ Try starting with “The author argues that…..” or
“Her work supports my argument because….”
sentence structure. Cover the original, re-write it in your
words, and cite the source of your paraphrase.
• Reference your source properly in the text.
Include the
source in your list of sources at the end of your essay.
• Test your summary or paraphrase. Underline all of the
words that you have included in your summary or
paraphrase that are identical to the original source. Is your
wording or sentence structure too similar? Do you include
more than three words in a row that are identical to the
source?
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“Between about 1895 and 1915, in
countless Canadian and American
borderland towns and cities where
social and cultural resources were
scant, hockey, so often seen as
‘Canada’s game’ was shared by
Canadians and Americans, both as
spectators and players. It became in
these years one of many ‘hands across
the borders’ in an era of intensifying
nationalism in both countries”
(Holeman, 2004, p. 34).
Here’s My Try!
Examining hockey-culture at the turn of the
twentieth century, Holeman (2004) argues that
rather than being exclusively Canadian, hockey
helped to unify Americans and Canadians living in
border towns; despite growing nationalism during
this period, in these towns the game brought
together athletes and fans from the two countries.
How Did You
Do?
WANT TO TALK TO
SOMEONE ABOUT
YOUR PARAPHRASE?
WRITE YOUR EMAIL
ON THE BACK OF YOUR
CARD AND I’LL TAKE A
LOOK!
Document Your Sources Properly
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9/9/2016
How To Avoid Plagiarism
Citation
1.
◦ Have you baked cookies from a recipe?
◦ Put together a bike or Ikea furniture?
◦ Installed computer software?
Anytime you use ideas/arguments that you have
paraphrased, information, examples, or data, you
must cite your source using a parenthetical citation
or footnote.
2. When you do use someone’s words, use their
EXACT words and put them in quotation marks
and follow them a parenthetical citation or
footnote.
There is no “in between”; you either quote exactly
or you paraphrase entirely.
3. At the end of your paper, you must have a list of the
all of the sources that you included information from in
the paper
(C) 2011 ACADEMIC SKILLS CENTRE
◦ IF SO, YOU CAN DO CITATION.
◦ Simply find the rules and follow them!
17
Think of it this way…
For the Details
◦ If you want to write to
Check out our new online Documentation Guide.
[email protected]
◦ And you leave a period out or add an extra letter,
www.trentu.ca/academicskills/documentation
it will not work.
◦YOU HAVE THIS SKILL
◦ Use this attention to detail when you find and
follow citation rules
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Format of the APA References Page
Social Sciences: American Psychological Association (APA)
IN TEXT CITATIONS:
◦
The references list should be on its own page(s). The title, References, is centred at the
top of the list.
Paraphrasing and Summarizing:
◦
◦
The entire list is double-spaced and alphabetized by authors' last names.
In their 2005 article, Ramilo, Hafkin, and Jorge demonstrate the impact of . . .
◦
Because spousal abuse is often constructed within the framework of heterosexual
relationships, stereotypes about gender carry over into abusive lesbian relationships
(Weinbaum, 2004).
In titles of articles and books, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon,
and proper nouns.
◦
Names are inverted (last name first). Never use the full first name of an author or editor.
Use only initials.
◦
◦
List up to seven authors or editors. When there are more, follow this list with et al.
◦
Include a digital object identifier (DOI) where available. A DOI is an alphanumeric
identifier that insures there is a persistent link to information on the Internet. It is
located on the first page of an electronic journal article near the copyright notice. It is
also on the article's database landing page.
◦
◦
◦
Parreñas (2001) examines the power structures of gender, race, and class . . .
Direct Quotation – you must include a page number
◦
Moderated by class and assimilative policies, marriage between Aboriginal men and
non-Aboriginal women was “[f]ar from being a travesty against society” (Ellinghaus,
2002, p. 69).
APA Style uses a hanging indent. The first line of each reference is set flush left.
Subsequent lines are indented five to seven spaces.
When there are multiple works by one author, list them by publication date (earliest one
first).
II. Humanities: Modern Languages Association
(MLA)
APA References Page
References
◦ Use In-Text Citations that give author’s last name and a page
Journal Article (Accsessed Online):
Herbst-Damm, K.L. & Julik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients.
Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225a
- ORSillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love
and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
number.
◦ You must always include a page number for MLA.
EX: Venus and Adonis are a “cosmological allegory” (Ellrodt 78).
Book:
Parreñas, R. S. (2001). Servants of globalization: Women, migration and domestic work. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
◦ If the author’s name is already mentioned in the text, only the
page number is required in the parenthetical citation.
EX: Miller concedes, in The Poem’s Two Bodies, that “human
beings are…living organisms, whose apprehensions of
themselves and their world is mediated by the body” (215).
Online Source:
Ramilo, C., Hafkin, N., & Jorge, S. (2005). Women 2000 and beyond. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf
Article/Chapter in An Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, B. (2004). Exploring discursive constructions of lesbian abuse: Looking inside and out. In C.L. Winkelmann &
C. Shearer-Cremean (Eds.), Survivor rhetoric : negotiations and narrativity in abused women's language (pp. 94-119).
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
(C) 2011 ACADEMIC SKILLS CENTRE
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Formatting the Works Cited
Page
MLA Works Cited Page
◦
◦
The Works Cited list should be on its own page.
Works Cited
The title, Works Cited, or occasionally, Work Cited, is centred. The title does not
have to put in bold, italics, or underlined.
Article (originally in print but you found it through an online database):
◦
The entire list is double-spaced (or in 1.5, if that is what you are using
throughout the essay).
◦
◦
Each entry is in a format called a "hanging-indent.“
Book:
Arrange the entries in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If the author
is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring the articles, "A"," An", and "The".
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of globalization: women, migration and domestic work. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 2001. Print.
◦
If two or more works by the same author are to be listed, alphabetize the works
by title, then give the author's name in the first entry. For additional entries, type
three unspaced hyphens and a period instead of the author's name;
Online Document:
◦
Publishers' names are shortened. Only the important, indentifying words are
necessary.
◦
MLA is now calling for the medium of publication to follow the publication
information (print, web).
Ellinghaus, Katherine. “Margins of acceptability: Class, education, and interracial marriage in Australia
and North America.” Frontiers. 23:3 (2002) 55-75. Ebsco Host. Web. 03 March 2010.
Notice: Ebsco Host is the name of the online database. You do not need to include a URL.
Ramilo, Chat, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT.”
Women 2000 and beyond. New York: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005. Web. 3 March 2010.
Chapter/Article in an Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, Batya. “Exploring discursive constructions of lesbian abuse: looking inside and out.” Survivor
Rhetoric: Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language. Eds. Carol L. Winkelmann and
Christine Shearer-Cremean. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. 94-119. Print.
Chicago Style/Footnotes
Chicago Style (Footnoting)
◦ Insert a superscript number at the end of the sentence
Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting
◦
Parreñas examines the power structures of gender, race, and class inherent in the unequal
and illegal relationships between migrant domestic workers and their employers. 1 In 2005,
Ramilo, Hafkin, and Jorge demonstrated the impact of ICT on the empowerment of
women.2 Because spousal abuse is often constructed within the framework of
heterosexual relationships, stereotypes about gender carry over into abusive lesbian
relationships.3
1
Rhacel Salazar Parreñas, Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work (Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 2001), 10.
2.
Chat Ramilo, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women through
ICT,” Women 2000 and Beyond, United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005,
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf>.
3.
Batya Weinbaum, “Exploring Discursive Constructions of Lesbian Abuse: Looking Inside and Out,” in
Survivor Rhetoric : Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language, eds. Carol L.
Winkelmann and Christine Shearer-Cremean (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 97.
with the info. you are citing.
◦ This number corresponds to a footnote/endnote with
complete publication info. for the source.
◦ The first footnote contains complete information.
◦ Subsequent footnotes contain only the author’s last
name, short title, and page #.
◦ YOU MUST ALWAYS INCLUDE A PAGE NUMBER IN
CHICAGO STYLE.
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Formatting the Bibliography
◦ The title “Bibliography” is centered and placed one inch
from the top of the page.
◦ Sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s
last name.
◦ List multiple works by the same author in alphabetical
order by the title of the work.
◦ Each source is listed along with its full publication
information.
◦ Double-space all entries.
◦ Use a hanging indent so that the second line of a
bibliographic entry is indented.
For the Details
Check out our online Documentation Guide.
Bibliography
Journal Article:
Ellinghaus, Katherine. “Margins of Acceptability: Class, Education, and Interracial Marriage in
Australia and North America.” Frontiers. 23, no.1 (2002): 55-75.
Book:
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Online Document:
Ramilo, Chat, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender equality and empowerment of women
through ICT.” Women 2000 and beyond. New York: United Nations Division for the
Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf.
Chapter/Article in an Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, Batya. “Exploring Discursive Constructions of Lesbian Abuse: Looking Inside and Out.”
In Survivor Rhetoric: Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language. Edited by
Carol L. Winkelmann and Christine Shearer-Cremean, 94-119. Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 2004.
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◦
◦
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◦
◦
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◦
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