ББК 81.2 Англ-92
Авторы: Г.А. Краснощекова, М.Г. Бондарев, О.Г. Мельник, А.А. Опрышко, О.В. Осадчая.
Radio Engineering. Излание 2-е (испр. и доп.): Учебное пособие. – М: Изд-во
«Флинта», 2014. – 161 с.
Под общей редакцией Г.А. Краснощековой.
Учебное пособие “Radio Engineering” предназначено для формирования и
совершенствования
профессионально
ориентированной
иноязычной
коммуникативной компетенции студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся
по следующим направлениям подготовки и специальностям: 11.03.01 «Радиотехника»,
11.03.02 «Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи», 11.05.01
«Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы», 11.05.02 «Специальные радиотехнические
системы», 11.05.04 «Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы специальной
связи». Пособие может быть использовано аспирантами, докторантами, научными
сотрудниками, а также широким кругом лиц, имеющих базовый уровень
сформированности коммуникативной компетенции по английскому языку и
интересующихся актуальными проблемами в области систем радиосвязи и
радиодоступа, мобильной, спутниковой и специальной связи, радиотехнических
средств передачи, приема и обработки сигналов, средств радиоэлектронной борьбы.
«Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим объединением по образованию в
области лингвистики Министерства образования и науки Российской
Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов-бакалавров технических
направлений»
Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РГНФ, проект 12-36-01237.
Рецензенты:
Профессор кафедры стилистики английского языка МГЛУ, канд. филол. ннаук, доцент
И.К. Сескутова;
Доцент кафедры английского языка ТГПИ им. А.П. Чехова, канд. филол. Наук
Н.Э. Додонова.
© Г.А. Краснощекова, М.Г. Бондарев, О.Г. Мельник,
А.А. Опрышко, О.В. Осадчая 2012.
Предисловие
Современное состояние образовательной парадигмы обусловливает необходимость
повышения качества образования в отечественных высших учебных заведениях инженернотехнического профиля и актуализирует необходимость изучения дисциплины
«Иностранный язык для специальных целей». Формирование и совершенствование
профессионально ориентированной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции позволит
будущим инженерам осуществлять эффективное профессиональное общение со
специалистами других стран, повысить уровень собственной академической и
профессиональной мобильности в национальном и международном образовательном
поликультурном пространстве, стать конкурентоспособными на рынке труда,
приумножать достижения российской и мировой науки и техники.
Учебное пособие “Radio Engineering” написано с учетом программы обучения
иностранному языку для специальных целей студентов инженерно-технических вузов по
направлениям подготовки и специальностям 11.03.01 «Радиотехника», 11.03.02
«Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи», 11.05.01 «Радиоэлектронные
системы и комплексы», 11.05.02 «Специальные радиотехнические системы», 11.05.04
«Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы специальной связи». Аутентичный
текстовый материал тематических разделов пособия и разработанный комплекса
упражнений
соответствуют
профессионально
ориентированной
проблематике.
Сложность текстов ориентирована на студентов с уровнем сформированности
лингвистической компетенции в объеме базового курса изучения дисциплины
«Иностранный язык», что соответствует уровням A2 - B1 по Шкале Совета Европы.
Текстовый материал и система заданий учебного пособия предназначены для
индивидуальной, групповой и самостоятельной работы студентов в аудитории под
руководством преподавателя, а также для внеаудиторной работы. Организация
обсуждения предложенных в тематических разделах пособия проблем в студенческой
аудитории в форме ролевой игры, диспутов, игр-соревнований, обсуждений «круглого
стола», проектов, презентаций и других форм общения на иностранном языке
представляется значимой, так как моделирует ситуации естественной профессиональной
коммуникации.
Учебное пособие “Radio Engineering” может быть рассчитано на 150-200 и более часов
практической аудиторной работы в зависимости от индивидуального календарнотематического планирования и структурно-содержательного блока рабочих программ с
учетом специфики обучения студентов в определенном вузе.
Пособие содержит 10 тематических разделов (Modules), охватывающих следующие
проблемы: “How Radio Works”, “Transistorized World”, “Telecommunication”, “Digital
Video and TV”, “Mobile Communication”, “Wireless LANs and PANs”, “Radar Technology”,
“Electronic Warfare”, “Satellite Services”, “Radio Astronomy”. Каждый раздел включает
следующие компоненты:
Lead In – знакомство с проблемой раздела, выполнение предтекстовых заданий с целью
предварительного обсуждения проблемы с опорой на фоновые знания студентов.
Pronunciation – проведение фонетического тренинга блока основных лексических единиц
раздела.
Word Study – работа с дефинициями ключевых лексических единиц раздела.
Word Building – знакомство с особенностями словообразования, релевантными для
ключевых лексических единиц раздела.
Grammar Focus – знакомство с ключевым грамматическим явлением раздела.
Reading A, B – аутентичный текстовый материал по проблеме раздела.
1
Language in Use - задания лексического характера с опорой на прочитанный текстовый
материал.
Detailed Comprehension система заданий для выявления степени понимания
прочитанного текста.
Разделы Speaking и Writing содержат задания по формированию навыков и умений
устной и письменной речи, имеющие целью развитие творческого мышления и умения
студентов выражать собственную точку зрения на рассматриваемую проблему, и
призваны стимулировать обучающихся к дальнейшему изучению и критическому
осмыслению данной проблемы.
Get Real Box содержит ссылки на Интернет-сайты, работа с которыми поможет
обучающимся творчески использовать дополнительный материал по проблематике всех
разделов пособия в ходе выполнения заданий разделов Writing и Speaking, наиболее полно
реализовать профессиональные интересы, проявить индивидуальность и креативность
при реализации продуктивных видов речевой деятельности.
Раздел Reading С содержит дополнительный текстовый материал по проблемам
тематических разделов пособия.
В разделе Word List даны списки предлагаемых для изучения лексических единиц,
структурированных в соответствии с тематическими разделами пособия.
Комплекс упражнений каждого тематического раздела разработан с целью
интенсивного вовлечения студентов в дискуссию, позволяющую анализировать
предложенную проблему, аргументировано выражать собственную точку зрения,
выдвигать, обобщать и оценивать возможные решения.
Учебное пособие “Radio Engineering” может быть использовано преподавателями
английского языка в качестве основного и дополнительного образовательных ресурсов при
реализации курса “Английский язык для специальных целей”. Авторы надеются, что
специфика структурно-содержательной организации материала и разработанная система
упражнений поможет преподавателю в выборе адекватных методов и приемов в процессе
планирования занятия по дисциплине. Пособие может быть использовано не только
студентами-бакалаврами высших учебных инженерно-технических заведений, но и
аспирантами, докторантами, научными сотрудниками, а также широким кругом лиц,
имеющих базовый уровень сформированности коммуникативной компетенции по
английскому языку и интересующихся актуальными проблемами в представленной
предметной области.
Авторы пособия благодарят рецензентов – профессора кафедры стилистики
английского языка МГЛУ, кандидата филологических наук, доцента И.К. Сескутову, доцента
кафедры английского языка Таганрогского государственного педагогического института
им. А.П. Чехова, кандидата филологических наук, Н.Э. Додонову, коллектив кафедры
иностранных языков Института управления в экономических, экологических и социальных
системах Южного федерального университета за ценные замечания, предложения и
методические рекомендации, позволившие значительно улучшить пособие при
переиздании.
Коллектив авторов
2
MAP OF THE BOOK
MODULE 1 HOW RADIO WORKS
5
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Useful Prefixes
Tenses Revision
Broadcast in Details
Reading B
Writing / Speaking
Reading С
Antennas/Analog Radio
vs. Digital Radio
Analog vs. Digital
Pros and Cons
Digital Radio Features
MODULE 2 TRANSISTORIZED WORLD
17
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Noun Suffixes
Passive
Transistor Jubilee
Reading B
Writing / Speaking
Reading С
Junction Transistors
Transistor Technology
Evolution
Transistor Promises
MODULE 3 TELECOMMUNICATION
10
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Abbreviations
Infinitive of purpose
Uses of Radio
Reading B
Writing / Speaking
Reading С
Telecommunication
HD Radio technology
features
HD Radio / What is HD
Radio broadcasting?
MODULE 4 DIGITAL VIDEO AND TV
104
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Compounds
Contextual use of
preposition
Digital Video
Reading B
Writing / Speaking
Reading С
Digital Video Applications
– User Benefit
HDTV / Smart TV vs. 3DTV
Technology
HD Broadcasting
Challenges
MODULE 5 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
104
Word Building
Grammar
Negative Prefixes
Noun Attributes I
Reading B
Writing / Speaking
Reading С
Mobile communication: GPRS vs. UMTS / What is
past, present and future LTE?
Cells and Handover
Reading A
GSM
MODULE 6 WIRELESS LANs AND PANs
104
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Noun Suffixes
Participle I / Complex
Subject
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
Specifications
3
Reading B
Writing/Speaking
Reading С
What is ZigBee
Wireless LANs and PANs
advantages and
disadvantages, new
standards promises
ZigBee Beacons and
Network Layer / Bluetooth
Advantages and
Disadvantages
MODULE 7 RADAR TECHNOLOGY
104
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
-ed/-ing adjectives
Passive Infinitive
Fundamentals of Radar
Reading B
Writing/Speaking
Reading С
Military Radar vs. Weather
Radar
Radar Applications
Through-wall
Systems
MODULE 8 ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Radar
104
Word Building
Grammar
Conversion
Preposition + Gerund
Electronic warfare basics
Reading B
Writing/Speaking
Reading С
Signals Intelligence
Reading A
EW fully adaptive threat
response technology
MODULE 9 SATELLITE SERVICES
104
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Compound Adjectives
-ing Forms
GPS
Reading B
Writing/Speaking
Reading С
Satellite Services
Specific Satellite Services
Description
The Changing World of
Satellite Communications
MODULE 10 RADIO ASTRONOMY
104
Word Building
Grammar
Reading A
Useful Suffixes
Noun attributes II
Radio Astronomy
Reading B
Writing/Speaking
Reading С
Radio Interferometry
Single Dishes vs.
Interferometers
What Does Space Sound
Like?
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
104
WORD LIST
104
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
104
4
MODULE 1 HOW RADIO WORKS
Useful prefixes
Active and Passive
Broadcast in details
Antennas/Analog
Radio vs. Digital Radio
Digital Radio
Speaking
Writing
LEAD-IN
❶ a) Every day we listen to the news, the weather forecast, or enjoy
music. Just stretch you hand and turn on your radio… What is radio?
Complete the following:
Radio is a d _ v _ c _ for delivering n _w _, en _ er _ ai _ me _ t,
general i _ f _ r _ a _ i _ n _ and
d _ t _ transmission.
It’s a complicated
m_c_a_i_m
working for our pleasure.
It is f _ d by waves that are turned into beautiful
s _ u _ ds…
How big is radio wave? Have a look at the picture above. Compare the
length of radio wave and other wavelengths. Curious, isn’t it?
b) Do you know how radio works? Have a look at the association word
cloud and write out words that refer to radio elements and that refer to
other elements and devices to the list below the word cloud:
Radio elements: 1. ____________ 2. ___________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________
5. ____________ 6. _____________ 7. ____________ 8. ____________ 9. ____________
10. ___________ 11. ____________ 12. ____________
5
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly. Consult your dictionary if necessary:
amplifier
['æmplɪ,tjuːd]
frequency
['rez(ə)nən(t)s]
amplitude
[ kə'pæsitə]
interference
['friːkwənsi]
capacitor
['sɜːkitri]
oscillation
[,ɪntə'fɪ(ə)rəns]
circuitry
[,kəu'æksiəl]
receiver
['ɔsɪleɪʃ(ə)n]
coaxial
['æmplɪ,faɪə]
resonance
[rɪ'siːvə]
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms. There are
three gap definitions. Fill in them on the basis of your knowledge and
experience:
alternate (adj)- occurring in or forming a repeated series;
amplitude (n)- the maximum variation from the zero or mean value of a periodically
varying quantity;
antenna (n)capacitor (n)- a device for accumulating electric charge, usually consisting of two
conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric;
circuitry (n)-
the design of an electrical circuit; the system of circuits used in an
electronic device;
discard (v)- to get rid of as useless or undesirable;
electric loop (n)- a closed electric or magnetic circuit through which a signal can circulate;
feedback (n)- the return of part of the output of an electronic circuit to its input, so
modifying its characteristics, can be negative or positive;
frequency (n)- the number of times that a periodic function or vibration repeats itself in
a specified time, often 1 second, usually measured in hertz;
inductance (n)- the property of an electric circuit as a result of which an electromotive
force is created by a change of current in the same circuit or in a
neighbouring circuit;
interference (n)- any undesired signal that tends to interfere with the reception of radio
waves;
oscillation (n)- regular fluctuation in value, position, or state about a mean value;
radio broadcasting radio wave (n)- an electromagnetic wave that is used for sending signals through the air
without using wires;
transmitter(n)receiver (n)- the equipment in a telephone, radio, or television that receives incoming
electrical signals or modulated radio waves and converts them into the
original audio or video signals.
6
❹ Match the following words (A) with their synonyms (B):
A
B
discard
condenser
amplitude
disturbance
interference
get rid of
receiver
largeness
transmit
catcher
oscillation
dispatch
capacitor
vibration
Match the following words (A) with their opposites (B):
A
B
amplify
decrease
input
demodulation
modulation
enlarge
discard
output
reduce
save
alternate
waste
accumulate
invariable
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
feedback signal
сигнал обратной связи
input data
входящие данные
radio broadcast
радиовещание
oscillation
колебание
pick up a signal
уловить сигнал
interference
помеха, шум
integrated circuits
интегральные схемы
alternate field
переменное поле (напр., магнитное)
in-phase
синфазный; совпадающий по фазе
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues
__d__a____
c__e
_n__c___
_i__u__
f_e_u___y
the max variation from the zero of a periodically varying quantity;
 the central, most essential part of something in one word;
 a coil of wire which main function is to produce electrical current;
 a complete path through which an electric current can flow;
 the number of times that a periodic function or vibration repeats itself in
a specified time, often 1 second, usually measured in hertz.
7
❼ Match the words to make word combinations.
electric
around
радиочастота
electric
sound
распространять волны
howl
charge
радиолампа
transmit
circuit
отражать звук
to tune a
generator
электрическая цепь
interference
information
электрический заряд
radio
on radio
эффект микрофона
radio waves
tube
передавать информацию
feedback
waves
подстроить приемник
to resonate
receiver
радиопомехи
to propagate
frequency
генератор радиоволн
vacuum
signal
сигнал обратной связи
WORD BUILDING
Useful prefixes
A lot of prefixes are used in English for special purposes. Here is a list of
prefixes which are useful in helping you to understand unfamiliar words
and terms. Some of them are used with a hyphen. Look them up if you're
not sure:
en- put in or on; cause to be in a certain condition: enclose, enqueue;
em- a variant of en-before b, m, and p: emit, empower, embody;
dis- indicating reversal: charge – discharge;
macro- large or great in size or duration: macroscopic;
micro- very small: microelectronics;
de- reversal of something: decode, decompose;
re- again/back: retransmit, replace;
sub- under or below: submenu, subcarrier;
de- remove/reduce: decode, deactivate;
mis- wrongly, badly or incorrectly: misconnection, misprint;
over- excessive; beyond a limit: overvoltage, overload.
❽ Fill in the gaps with the proper prefixes:
semi-
in-
over- dis- mis-
micro- dis-
re-
em-
en-
1. Silicon is an example of a very good _________conductor.
2. Keyboard is used as a device to _________put data into computer.
3. _____phone is picking up the original sound in the first place.
4. Battery usually ___charges not to the point.
5. When frequency is picked up, _____phasized and fed round the howlaround loop, we get resonance effect.
6. Cell phone ______ables people to communicate at any distance.
7. Setting a battery in the place one can’t ___ arrange plus and minus.
8. _______use of electric devices leads to serious injure or even death.
8
9. Antenna captures available signals, and _____cards the unwanted ones.
10. Information _______load makes listeners tired.
❾ There is a great number of special terms formed with the prefix radio,
for example:
radiogoniometer – a device used to detect the direction of radio
waves, consisting of a coil that is free to rotate within two fixed coils at
right angles to each other;
radiopager – a small radio receiver fitted with a buzzer to alert a
person to telephone their home, office, etc., to receive a message.
radioisotope – an isotope that is radioactive
Imagine three new compounds (materials, components etc.) with the
prefix radio-, and define them. Use dictionary if necessary.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Tenses
❿ Put the verb in brackets into the proper form. If you need help use
GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
1.
A generator __________ (produce) radio waves.
2.
BBC __________ (translate) the news every hour.
3.
Last century G. Marconi __________ (invent) radio.
4.
Many radioengineering terms application sphere _________ (still,
change) thanks to the electronic engineering development.
5.
Radio __________ (listen) to for many years and it is still popular.
6.
Radio __________ (use) today more for entertainment.
7.
The first public radio broadcast __________ (make) in 1910, NY.
8.
The radio _________ (need) two antennas to carry different signals.
9.
The term “HD” _________ (mistake) for High Definition, but it is just
a trademark brand name for the product.
10.
The will be time when radio _________ (think) of as a bulky obsolete
devise.
11.
Trapdoors let unwanted signals__________ (pass), while doorways
allow __________ (pass) only wanted ones.
12.
We call the feedback positive if oscillation can __________ (occur).
13.
What __________ the constituent parts that _________ (make) a radio
_________ (produce) sounds?
READING A
⓬ Scan the text and match the headings with the paragraphs.
a) Types of Modulation
b) Radio Basic parts
c) Radio wave and Frequency
9
Read the text and find the information about radio receiver function.
BROADCAST IN DETAILS
Radio waves transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through
the air, over millions of miles! Though radio waves are invisible and completely
undetectable to humans, they have totally changed the whole world.
1. ____________________________
What is radio wave? Radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by
an antenna. Radio waves have different frequencies. Tuning a radio receiver
you can pick up a signal.
The radio frequency waves travel with the sound in order to “carry” it to home,
portable and car radio receivers. The radio waves are made by various types of
transmitters, depending on the wavelength. They are also given off by stars,
sparks and lightning, which is why you hear interference on your radio in a
thunderstorm.
The first practical device used to generate radio waves was the vacuum tube
that was later replaced in part by semiconductors like transistors and the
integrated circuits.
Radio broadcasting is the method of transmitting electromagnetic waves
through space. The waves are detected by a conductor.
Conductor emits
alternate electromagnetic fields.
2. ____________________________
How can we make radio wave stronger? The amplitude (strength) of the radio
wave is varied in time with the audio wave. This is called the Amplitude
Modulation. Because the strength of the radio wave is constantly changing and
because the most types of radio interference are AM, this type of modulation is
losing favor.
Any other modulations? Sure, FM or Frequency Modulation. In this case the
strength of the radio frequency wave is fixed and its actual frequency is varied in
time with the changing frequency and amplitude of the audio signal. The greater
the audio amplitude, the higher the deviation in the radio frequency and the
higher the audio frequency, the greater the rate at which the radio frequency
changes.
3. ____________________________
What are the constituent parts that make a radio sing or speak? Lots of hard
working little things, but we’ll name some essential ones.
A radio wave generator works like this. An output signal from an amplifier is
fed back into its own input. If the signal is fed back, it is "in phase" and oscillation
will occur. It is positive feedback. The effect is called 'howl-around'.
There must be a device to resonate sound. It is radio frequency oscillators and
inductors (coils). Simply speaking, they pick up a frequency, emphasize it and
feed round the howl-around loop. The frequency at which circuits resonate
depends on the values of inductor and capacitor. By choosing specific values, any
resonant frequency may be selected.
There is a special filter for incoming signals, called receiver. Receiver can be
thought of as a series of trapdoors and doorways through which the signals must
pass. Unwanted signals fall through the trapdoors. Doorways allow only wanted
10
signals. Each filter has finer and finer "holes" until only one signal remains. The
first of these filters is the antenna itself and the very first circuit to which it is
connected inside the receiver.
Nobody wants noise. It’s work for FM discriminator. FM discriminator responds
to the deviation in the frequency and has very little response to changes in its
amplitude.
Once the audio has been covered by the detector, it passes to the audio
stages of the receiver. Depending upon the quality of the receiver, the audio will
be boosted and further adjusted before emerging into the world once again
through the loudspeaker.
And that's how radio works.
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓭Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the box.
receiver
loop
interference
semiconductors
audio amplitude
invisible
frequency
resonate
trapdoors
fed back
1.
A _________ is known as filter through which the signals must pass.
2.
The greater _________, the higher is deviation in the radio frequency.
3.
Radio frequency oscillators and inductors pick up a frequency,
emphasize it and feed round the howl-around _________.
4.
FM discriminator is designed to respond to deviation in _________.
5.
Unwanted signals fall through the _________.
6.
You hear_________ on radio in a thunderstorm because radio waves
are also given off by lightning.
7.
Some of the output from an amplifier is _________ into its own input.
8.
Vacuum tube was replaced by _________.
9.
Radio waves are invisible, unkempt, unruly and _________.
10. Radio frequency oscillators ________ sound.
COMPREHENSION
⓮ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
1.
Radio waves have different frequencies.
2.
If the signal is fed back, oscillation will occur.
3.
There is no special filter for incoming signals.
4.
When audio 'howl-around' occurs, a general low noise-level quickly
reduces into howl.
5.
Semiconductors integrated circuits replaced vacuum tubes.
6.
Only radio wave generator gives off waves.
7.
The strength of the radio wave is never changing.
8.
Doorways allow only unwanted signals.
9.
Capacitor filters sound.
10. Frequency oscillators and inductors pick up a frequency, emphasize it
11
and feed round the howl-around loop.
⓯ Complete the sentences as in the text:
1. Radio frequency waves travel with the sound in order to …
2. Radio waves have different …
3. FM discriminator responds to …
4. The amplitude (strength) of the radio wave is varied in …
5. Once the audio has been recovered by the detector, it passes to the …
6. Doorways allow only …
7. There is a special filter for incoming signals, called …
8. Because the strength of the radio wave is constantly changing and
most types of radio interference are AM, this type of modulation is …
9. A radio wave is …
10.
An output signal from an amplifier is fed back into its own …
READING B
Scan the text given below. Read the text and sort two texts out of it; title
the paragraphs; rearrange the paragraphs in a logical way:
Antennas
Analog radio vs. Digital radio
1. _________________________________
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
ANTENNAS/ ANALOG RADIO VS. DIGITAL RADIO
____________________________________________________
What device catches radio waves? An antenna does. It is metal rod or dish to
receive radio waves and to turn them into electrical signals feeding into radio or
television or telephone system. In other words, it is a receiver. There is an
antenna that works vice versa, - transmitter. It is a kind of antenna that turns
electrical signals into radio waves. So waves can travel thousands of kilometers.
Let’s consider antennas’ general functions.
____________________________________________________
Now signal is sent in blocks because it is made up of a mathematical code.
When a digital signal meets interference, the entire signal can be lost because of
the detached blocks of the digital signal. When the signal is present it is easier to
tune up than the analog one thanks to the broadcast mathematical exactness.
Most new radio systems are digital. Digital signal has its ups and downs.
____________________________________________________
To transmit radio programs microphone is used. It captures sounds and turns
them into the electrical energy. Electricity makes sounds in a form of signal flow
along a tall metal antenna. As the electrons in the electric current wiggle back
and forth along the antenna, they create invisible electromagnetic radiation in
the form of radio waves. These waves travel out at the speed of light, taking a
12
radio program with them. How do antennas look?
____________________________________________________
Digital radio is broadcast free to air over the airwaves. Internet radio is radio
services streamed over the telecommunications networks. Free to air broadcast
radio stations also stream their current radio stations plus any new digital
services on the internet as well as broadcasting. What type of radio will survive?
____________________________________________________
The simplest antenna is a single piece of metal wire attached to a radio.
TV or radio broadcasting antennas are huge masts sometimes stretching
hundreds of meters into the air, because they have to send powerful signals over
long distances. Let’s learn how many antennas are needed.
____________________________________________________
Broadcasting is further perfected. New features of digital allow stopping a
program and going back and listening again to any part of a broadcast. Finding
stations will also become simpler as the technology advances. Listeners will no
longer have to search for the perfect placement of the tuning dial for the best
reception.
____________________________________________________
Transistor radios have at least two antennas. One – is a telescopic rod pulled
out from the case and swivels around for picking up FM signals. The other is an
antenna inside the case, fixed to the main circuit board to pick up AM signals.
Two antennas are needed because a single antenna can't pick up such a hugely
different range of wavelengths. So, how long an antenna should be?
____________________________________________________
It's the wavelength of the radio waves that determines the length of the
antenna you need to use. The length of the antenna has to be about half the
wavelength of the radio waves you're trying to receive.
____________________________________________________
Radio stations are working toward converting to a digital signal. The sound is
clear if the signal is strong. If the signal is weak, it is can be lost. Digital handheld
radios struggle to transmit quality for the digital system cannot distinguish
background noise from the voice sound. Is digital radio the same as the internet
one?
____________________________________________________
Analog radio waves broadcast a continuous signal. So every note of a melody
is heard as a complete sound. It means that analog radio transmits a truer
version of the original recording. Analog radios can extend their signal range by
simply turning up the power. Analog radio signal can also deliver true voice, so a
speaker near loud background noise is able to be heard and understood. Let’s
consider the features of modern radio signal.
⓰ Put the sentences in the right order according to the text “Analog
radio vs. Digital radio”.
___. Analog radios can extend their signal range by simply turning up the
power.
___. Digital radio is broadcast free to air over the airwaves.
___. Finding stations will also become simpler.
13
___. Radio stations are working toward converting to a digital signal.
___. The sound is clear if the signal is strong.
___. When the signal is present it is easier to tune up than the analog one.
WRITING
Summarize the general ideas of the text “Analog Radio vs. Digital
Radio”. Use the following advices to make an informative summary (1/3
of the original text). Follow the steps:
1. Read the text again. Think of or find the key idea/ideas of the text and
write it.
2. Make a plan of the text (use ex. 19, Unit 1) and write it.
3. For every paragraph of the text choose and write key words and phrases.
4. Make sentences on the chosen key words and phrases to express the
main idea of every paragraph and write them.
Join the sentences into the summary with the help of the words and
constructions given below and write it.
SPEAKING
⓱ Divide into groups and take part in a round-table discussion of Radio:
analog vs. digital pros and cons, and radio development.
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites
for useful information
http://transition.fc
c.gov/cgb/consum
erfacts/digitalradio
.pdf
http://www.abc.ne
t.au/radio/digital/
http://www.cnet.co
m.au/digital-radioall-you-need-toknow240053702.htm
Pay attention to the following points:
 purpose of the device;
 major characteristics of the device;
 conditions of application;
 special extra gadgets;
 sphere of application;
 universality, comfort and simplicity of use.
Use READING C section texts as well as GET REAL box links to help you.
The following discourse markers may help you:
Adding information
moreover (very formal)
another thing is
furthermore (formal)
what is more
in addition
besides
as well as that
in any case
Logical consequence
therefore (formal)
so
consequently (formal)
then
as a result (formal)
thus
14
READING C
DIGITAL RADIO FEATURES
Traditional AM/FM radio stations use analog signals to transmit programming
to listeners. To broadcast analog signals to radio receivers is no longer necessary
for the success of AM/FM radio stations. Digital radio broadcasting, with clean
efficient sound, created slow demise of analog radio broadcasting. Analog is
going digital. Digital radio broadcasting is rapidly changing the sound of
traditional AM/FM radio in a global market.
The oldest form of digital broadcast was spark gap telegraphy1, used by
pioneers such as Marconi. By pressing the key, the operator could send messages
in Morse code by energizing a rotating commutating spark gap. Spark gap
transmitters are now illegal, because their transmissions span several hundred
megahertz. This is very wasteful of both radio frequencies and power. The next
advance was continuous wave telegraphy2, or CW, in which a radio frequency
produced by a vacuum tube electronic oscillator was switched on and off by a
key. CW uses less than 100Hz of bandwidth. CW is still used, these days primarily
by amateur radio operators (hams). Strictly, on-off keying of a carrier should be
known as Interrupted Continuous Wave3 or ICW.
Radio teletypes usually operate on short-wave (HF) and are much loved by the
military because they create written information without a skilled operator. They
send a bit as one of two tones. Groups of five or seven bits become a character
printed by a teletype. From about 1925 to 1975, radio teletype was how most
commercial messages were sent to less developed countries. They are still used
by the military and weather services.
Aircraft use a 1200 Baud4 radio teletype service over VHF to send their ID,
altitude and position, and get gate and connecting-flight data. Microwave dishes
on satellites, telephone exchanges and TV stations usually use quadrature
amplitude modulation5 (QAM). QAM sends data by changing both the phase
and the amplitude of the radio signal. QAM packs the most bits into a radio
signal. Usually the bits are sent in "frames6" that repeat. A special bit pattern is
used to locate the beginning of a frame.
Systems that need reliability, or that share their frequency with other services
may use corrected orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing7 or COFDM.
COFDM breaks a digital signal into several hundred slower subchannels. The
digital signal is often sent as QAM on the subchannels.
Modern COFDM systems use a small computer to make and decode the signal
with digital signal processing8 which is more flexible and far less expensive than
older systems that implemented separate electronic channels. COFDM resists
fading10 and ghosting because the narrow-channel QAM signals can be sent
slowly. An adaptive system or one that sends error-correction codes can also
resist interference, because most interference can affect only a few of the QAM
channels. COFDM is used for WiFi, some cell phones and many other local area
network, digital TV and radio standards.
Most new radio systems are digital. Analog radio signals cause characteristic
changes, or modulations, in the radio waves that carry them: amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Differences that distinguish
15
analog radio from digital radio include signal characteristics, sound clarity and
cost. Digital radio offers exceptional quality sound and a range of exciting
features to enhance your listening experience.
·
Clearer sound and improved reception
·
More choice of stations, with up to 22 digital only stations.
·
Tuning by station name, not frequency, making it easy to find favorite
stations.
·
Scrolling text on screen.
·
Additional features on some digital radio models include the ability to pause
and rewind live radio and broadcast slideshow images. The technology allows in
the future for downloadable music direct to the radio's memory and Electronic
Program Guides.
With digital radio all you need is a digital receiver or a device with a DAB+ chip
in it and no subscription fees, just tune in.
The transmitter sends program signals broken into fragments and coded in
numbers or digits. The transmitter sends each fragment many times to increase
the chances of it getting through. Even when things interrupt or delay some of
the fragments, the receiver can still piece together fragments arriving from other
places and put them together to make an uninterrupted program signal.
To help avoid interference, a digital radio signal travels on a huge, broad band
of radio frequencies about 1500 times wider than those used in analog radio.
This wide band allows a single digital signal to carry six stereo music programs or
20 speech programs in one go. Blending signals together in this way is called
multiplexing. Part of the signal might be music, while another part could be a
stream of text information that tells you what the music is, the name of the DJ,
which radio station you're listening to, and so on. That's more or less how digital
radio works.
Comments:
1
spark gap telegraphy – искровое телеграфирование;
2
continuous wave telegraphy – однополосное телеграфирование;
3
Interrupted Continuous Wave – короткая (электромагнитная) волна;
прерывистая незатухающая волна;
4
Baud (Emile Baudot) – Эмиль Бодо, создатель кода Бодо;
5
quadrature amplitude modulation – квадратурная амплитудная
манипуляция;
6
frames – блоки, группы;
7
corrected orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing –
мультиплексирование на основе ортогонального разделения частот;
8
digital signal processing – цифровая обработка сигналов (ЦОС);
9
fading – затухание сигнала, фединг;
16
MODULE 2 TRANSISTORIZED WORLD
Passive Voice
Transistor Jubilee
Junction Transistors
Transistors
development
Speaking
Writing
LEAD-IN
The story of the “little mighty giant” or transistor, now is seventy years
old. Since 1947 transistor has been revolutionizing life of the whole world.
Here are the major milestones in the Transistor Electronics: 1948 – point
contact transist; 1948 – point contact transistor; 1950 – single-crystal
germanium; 1951 – grown junction transistor; 1952 – alloy junction
transistor; 1952 – zone melting and refining; 1952 – single-crystal silicon;
1955 – diffused-base transistors; 1957 – oxide making; 1960 – planar
transistor; 1960 - MOS transistor; 1960 – epitaxial transistors; 1961 integrated circuits. Tiny and incredibly quick today, transistor keeps on
being developed.
On the ground of your experience, think what engineering fields does
transistor unite?
❶ a) Basically transistor contains three
major parts. Guess them from the
jumbled words below and write the
names of the parts in their places in the
gaps in the picture:
easb
mteirte
otleocrlc
b) Think and name five devices containing transistor as a core
incorporated element. Write the devices in the list below:
Transistor devices:
1..____________________
17
2. ____________________
3. ___________________
4. ____________________
5. ___________________
с) Judging from your experience and knowledge explain in simple words
what transistor is.
d) Consider the word cloud given below and pick out two main functions
of transistor, justify your choice:
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly. Consult your dictionary if necessary:
junction
['ɪnsjuleɪtə]
reliability
[ fɪ'delətɪ]
boundary
[rɪ'vεːs 'baɪəst]
depletion
[rɪ,laɪə'bɪlɪtɪ]
reverse-biased
['f'ʌŋkʃ(ə)n]
deficiency
[dɪ'fɪʃənsɪ]
function
['baυnd(ə)rɪ]
fidelity
['æltɪtjuːd]
insulator
['dzʌŋkʃ(ə)n]
altitude
[dɪ'plɪ∫(ə)n]
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms. There are
three gap definitions. Fill in them on the basis of your knowledge and
experience:
amplifier (n)- an electronic device used to increase the strength of the signal fed into it;
conductor (n)- a substance, body, or system that conducts electricity, heat, etc.;
urrent (n)- a flow of electric charge through a conductor;
diode (n)- a semiconductor device containing one p-n junction, used in circuits for
converting alternating current to direct current;
input (n)- the signal or current fed into a component or circuit;
insulator (n)-
18
integrate (v)- to make or be made into a whole; incorporate or be incorporated;
microchip (n)- a small piece of semiconductor material carrying many integrated circuits;
modulation (n)- the act or process of superimposing the amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.,
of a wave or signal onto another wave or signal or onto an electron beam;
output (n)photolithography (n)-
is the process of making integrated circuits through optical erosion;
relay (n)semiconductor (n)- a substance that has an electrical conductivity that increases with
temperature and is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator;
sequence (n)- an action or event that follows another or others;
slice (n)- integrated microcircuit, electronic chip, crystal;
transistor (n)- a semiconductor device, having three or more terminals attached to
electrode regions, in which current flowing between two electrodes is
controlled by a voltage or current applied to one or more specified
electrodes.
❹ Match the following words (A) with their synonyms (B):
A
B
circuit
enlarge
sequence
substrate
chip
integrity
diode
extend
junction
speed
vacuum tube
valve
semiconductor
slice
velocity
arrangement
Match the following words (A) with their opposites (B):
A
amplification
B
Insulator
discrete
demodulation
receiver
break
modulation
degradation
oscillation
continuous
integrate
steadiness
conductor
transmitter
switching
disconnecting
19
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
electronic spared component
быстро перегорать
conductor
диэлектрик
insulator
контролировать электрический ток
photolithography
переключение и модуляция
slice
полупроводниковая пластина
switching and modulation
проводить электрический ток
to control current flow
проводник
to carry electrical flow
фотолитография
to burn out rapidly
электронный запасной элемент
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues:
_m__t__
__p__f___
_ _ _ m _ _ i_ _
__q__n___
_u__t___
 the region in a transistor in which the charge-carrying holes or electrons
originate;
 a device used for the amplification of audio frequency signals in radio;
 an element that is a semiconducting metalloid, used in transistors, as a
catalyst, and to strengthen and harden alloys;
 number of times that vibration repeats itself in a specified time;
 a contact between two different metals or other materials.
❼ Match the words to make word combinations:
alternating
charge
заменить механический элемент
electric
circuit
интегральная схема
electric
circuit
исходящий сигнал
integrated
current
передача сигнала
output
mechanical relay переменный ток
signal
power
улучшить качество
to consume
quality
электрическая цепь
to improve
signal
электрический заряд
to replace
transmission
потреблять энергию
WORD BUILDING
Noun suffixes
The most common noun suffixes are:
-tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery.
But far the most common noun affix in academic English is: -tion.
Consider the table and memorize the use of the noun suffixes:
-tion, -sion
- action/instance of V-ing: amplification, extension, inclusion;
20
-ment
-age
-al
-ence, -ance
-ity
-ness
-cy
- action/instance of V-ing: development, improvement, incpuragement;
- action/result of V: breakage, wastage, package;
- action/result of V: denial, proposal, refusal;
- action/result of V: interference, resistance, endurance;
- state or quality of being A: similarity, conductivity, connectivity;
- state or quality of being A: darkness, readiness, carelessness;
- state or quality of being A: currency, frequency, efficiency.
❽ Using the table data change the following words into nouns and write
the result. Read the pair of words out aloud. Check the pronunciation if
you are not sure in reading.
to amplify -
___________________________________
to insulate -
___________________________________
to modulate -
___________________________________
to conduct -
___________________________________
frequent -
___________________________________
to integrate -
___________________________________
to consume -
___________________________________
electrical -
___________________________________
weak -
___________________________________
to vibrate -
___________________________________
Stress shift
Feel the music of the language and add the stress naturally.
There are many two-syllable words in English which meaning and class
change with a change in stress. Examples:
PREsent(n) - gift; PREsent(adj) - opposite of absent; preSEN (v) - to offer;
Export(n) - exPORT (v); Import(n) - imPORT(v); Object(n) - obJECT(v).
Stress on the second from end syllable:
Words ending in –ic: GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic;
Words ending in –sion and –tion: teleVIsion, revelATION.
Stress on third from end syllable:
Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy: deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, geOLogy
phoTOgraphy;
Words ending in –al: CRItical, geoLOgical, photographical.
Compound words:
For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part:
21
BLACKbird, GREENhouse, FACEbook.
For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part:
bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned, long-TERM.
For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part:
to underSTAND, to overFLOW, to interACT.
❾ Mark the stress in the following words, following the rules above. If
you hesitate, consult a dictionary:
amplify – amplifier – amplification
collect – collection – collector
conduct – conductor – semiconductor
electricity – electrician – electric – electron
transistor – transistorize – transistorized
energy – energise – energetic – energetically
insulate –insulated – insulator – insulation
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Passive Voice
❿ Put the verbs in brackets into the passive form. Pay attention to the
tenses. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILE 2 (p. 109).
1. Transistor __________ (invent) in 1947.
2. Transistors __________ (compose) of semi-conductors such as silicon
and gallium arsenide.
3. There is a way in which a molecular level transistor might __________
(synthesize) by organic chemistry.
4. Switching and modulation __________ (implement) by transistor.
5. The invented device __________ (define) as transistor.
6. Photolithography __________ (apply) to make integrated circuits.
7. The little current in the middle slice is the juice that __________
(supply) by an antenna or another transistor.
8. Field effect transistors __________ (make) using both semiconducting
carbon nanotubes and heterostructured semiconductor nanowires.
9. The task __________ (accomplish) by adding one transistor to another.
10. Today millions of transistors can __________ (organize) on a tiny chip.
READING A
⓫ Scan the text and match the headings (a–e) with the proper
paragraphs (1 - 5):
a.
Modern microchips
b.
Quality-price ratio
c.
Semiconductors
22
d.
The 'magic' a transistor performs
e.
Transistor functions
⓬ Study the text in a more detailed way and write in the gaps sentences
or their essential parts that contain the following ideas:
ability to control
semiconductance
______________________________________________
efforts to find a better
amplifier
______________________________________________
invisible electronic
device
______________________________________________
logic gates
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
quadraphonic hi-fidelity
sound
______________________________________________
reliability of transistors
in IC
______________________________________________
sophisticated layering
techniques
______________________________________________
transistor can control a
strong current from
another circuit through
itself
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947, the transistor resulted from efforts to find a
better amplifier and a replacement for mechanical relays. The vacuum tube
amplified music and voice during the first half of the 20th century, and it made
long-distance calling practical. But it consumed lots of power, operated hot and
burned out rapidly. Cheaper to make than the vacuum tube and far more reliable,
the transistor cut the cost and improved the quality of phone service.
1. ______________________________
The transistor has many applications, but only two basic functions: switching and
modulation. Transistor controls current flow, be it through a lamp or a device to
be activated. Both acts as a switch–on/off–and as a modulator/amplifier
hight/low. The important difference is that the "hand" operating the transistor is
millions of times fast. And it's attached to another electrical source – a radio
signal in an antenna, for example, a voice in a microphone, or data signal in a
computer system, or even another transistor.
2. ______________________________
Transistors are made of semi-conductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide.
These materials carry electricity moderately well – not well enough to be called a
conductor, like copper wires; not badly enough to be called an insulator, like a
piece of glass. Hence their name is semi-conductor. The 'magic' a transistor
performs is in its ability to control its own semiconductance, namely acting like a
conductor when needed, or as an insulator (nonconductor) when that is needed.
23
3. ______________________________
Semi-conductors differ in the way they act electrically. Putting a thin piece of
semiconductor of one type between two slices of another type has startling
results: a little current in the central slice is able to control the flow of the current
between the other two. That little current in the middle slice is the juice that is
supplied by an antenna or another transistor for example. Even when the input
current is weak, as from a radio signal that's traveled a great distance, the
transistor can control a strong current from another circuit through itself. In
effect, the current through the 'output side' of the transistor mimics the behavior
of the current through the 'input side'. The result is a strong, amplified version of
the weak radio signal.
4. ______________________________
In microchips today, which contain millions of transistors 'integrated' together in
a particular pattern or 'design', the amplified output of one transistor drives other
transistors that, in turn, drive others, and so on. Build the sequence one way and
the chip can be made to amplify weak antenna signals into rich quadraphonic hifidelity sound. Build the chip differently, and the transistors interact to create
timers to control watches or microwave oven, or sensors to monitor
temperatures, detect intruders, or control car wheels from locking (ABS systems).
Arrange the transistors in a different array and create arithmetic and logic
processors that drive calculators to calculate, computers to compute, 'process'
words, search complex data bases for information, networks to 'talk' to each
other, or systems that transmit voice, data, graphics and video to make our
communications networks.
It may take a score of transistors, interconnected in teams called logic gates, to
accomplish a task as simple as adding one and one. But put enough transistors
together in appropriate patterns and transistors end up knock off big jobs by
working fast-switching on and off 100 million times per second or more-and by
working in huge teams.
As discrete components as in the old days, a thousand transistors would occupy
dozens of printed circuit boards the size of postcards. But thanks to such
techniques as photolithography and computer-aided design, millions of
transistors and other electronic components, complete with wiring, can be
compactly organized on an integrated circuit smaller than a cornflake.
5. ______________________________
Thus, the cost of the transistor today is virtually free – about a hundred
thousandth of a cent apiece. And transistors in integrated circuits are extremely
reliable. If spared from electrical shocks and blows from blunt instruments, a
working microchip will probably keep on working for a hundred years.
The way to make transistors still better, cheaper, and more efficient is to
understand semiconductors even better. And that's just what Bell Labs is up to.
Its scientists today know how to build semiconductor materials virtually atom by
atom, from a wide selection of materials using sophisticated layering techniques
that mother nature herself would be proud of. It's almost like magic. So, what is a
transistor? It's a marvelous, virtually invisible electronic device that has changed
our lives ... forever.
LANGUAGE IN USE
24
⓭ Complete the sentences with suitable words and word combinations
given below:
a) electronic device
antenna
b) silicon
f) logic
c) design
d) amplified
g) electronic components
semiconductor
e)
h)
i) score
1. Transistor is a marvelous, virtually invisible ____________ ____________.
2. The vacuum tube ____________ music and voice during the first half of
the 20th century.
3. Transistors are made of semi-conductors such as _____________ and
gallium arsenide.
4. Thanks to such techniques as photolithography and computer-aided
_____________,
millions
of
transistors
and
other
_____________,
_____________, complete with wiring, can be compactly organized on an
integrated circuit smaller than a cornflake.
5. If to build the sequence of transistors in one way, chip can be made to
amplify weak _____________ signals into rich quadraphonic hi-fidelity
sound.
6. If transistors are arranged in a different array, arithmetic and
_____________ processors can be created.
7. Scientists today know how to build _____________ materials virtually
atom by atom, from a wide selection of materials.
8. A _____________ of transistors, interconnected in logic gate, accomplish
a task simply and quickly.
COMPREHENSION
⓮ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
1. The telephone network required hundreds of thousands of relays to
connect circuits together to complete calls and its cost was very low..
2. The transistor has only two basic functions: switching and modulation
– the latter often used to achieve amplification.
3. The way to make transistors still better, cheaper, and more efficient is
to understand conductors better.
4. Thanks to such techniques as photolithography and computer-aided
design, millions of transistors and other electronic components,
complete with wiring, can be compactly organized on an integrated
circuit tiny in size.
5. In microchips today, which contain millions of transistors 'integrated'
together in a particular pattern or 'design', the amplified output
of one transistor drives other transistors that, in turn, drive others,
and so on. So the device purpose depends on the sequence of
25
transistors in the integrated circuit.
6. Both the dimmer and the transistor monitor current flow, be it through
a lamp or a device to be activated.
7. The cost of the transistor today is not high By choosing specific values,
any resonant frequency may be selected.
8. Semiconductors studying will help to improve transistors.
9. Transistors cooperate to create timers to control watches or
microwave oven, or sensors to monitor temperatures, detect intruders,
or control car wheels from locking.
10. Silicon and gallium arsenide carry electricity well enough to be called a
conductor, like copper wires.
⓯ Complete the sentences as in the text:
11.
A score of transistors, interconnected in teams called …
__________________________________________________________________________
12.
The transistor has many applications, but only two …
__________________________________________________________________________
13.
Transistors in integrated circuits are extremely …
__________________________________________________________________________
14.
Transistor resulted from efforts to find a better amplifier and a …
__________________________________________________________________________
15.
Thanks to such techniques as photolithography and computeraided design, millions of transistors can be …
__________________________________________________________________________
READING B
⓰ a) Scan the text and decide whether these points are discussed in it.
Tick the proper gap:
No
The n-type emitter
has many extra
electrons.
Diode as an essential
device.
Bipolars functions
Outdoor link
The n-type emitter
Yes
No
Yes
How much current
goes through a
transistor
The n-type and the ptype..
The p-n junctions.
Emitter-base junction
Low doping use
b) Entitle the text:
___________________________________________
To understand how a transistor works, first consider a diode. It is a simple
union of the two most fundamental kinds of semiconductor, known as n-type
and p-type. Both conduct current, but the n-type does it with electrons, while the
p-type depends on electron deficiencies, better known as holes.Joining these two
types of semiconductors forms what is known as a p-n junction at their
26
boundary. This is the core of a semiconductor diode, which conducts current in
one direction.
Connect a battery's positive terminal to the n-type material and electrons are
attracted to that terminal, while holes in the p- type material move toward the
negative terminal. The diode is said to be reverse-biased, and hardly any p-n
junction current flows.
Now reverse the battery connections. Electrons in the n-type material move
toward the junction and are constantly replenished by the battery. Meanwhile,
holes in the p-type material stream toward the junction, repelled by the positive
battery terminal. The depletion region shrinks tremendously as holes and
electrons combine at the junction, neutralizing one another, as more stream in
on either side from the battery. The diode is said to be forward-biased; current
flows easily. Thus, a diode can control the direction of current, but not how large
it is.
A transistor, on the other hand, can control how much current goes through
it and also act as an amplifier. The simplest transistor has three parts: an emitter,
a base, and a collector.
In an n-p-n transistor the n-type emitter has many extra electrons, the
relatively thin p-type base has a small number of holes, and the n-type collector
has a moderate number of electrons, (junction transistors are also known as
bipolar devices because, in the emitter, holes and electrons flow in opposite
directions).
A transistor amplifier takes a small, varying voltage – an input signal –
between the base and the emitter, and uses it to control a larger current flowing
from the emitter to the collector. That's the output. The key agents in this
amplification are the depletion regions. With two p-n junctions in the device,
there are two depletion regions: one between the emitter and the base, the other
between the base and the collector.
First, the emitter-base diode is forward-biased by a voltage source. Electrons
flow from the emitter into the base. The base-collector diode, on the other hand,
is reverse-biased, so that holes will not flow into the base, which would intercept
any electrons coming across from the emitter and therefore block current from
flowing through the device.
With this setup, the current through the transistor, from emitter to collector,
is controlled by the depletion region around the emitter-base junction. When it is
thick, the current is choked off; when it is thin, lots of current flows through the
device. But hold on – when it is thin, and electrons shoot across the emitter-base
junction, aren't they blocked by the fat depletion region around the basecollector junction? No – the base is narrow, so the momentum of the electrons
pouring in from the emitter brings them close to that junction. From there, the
positive voltage at the junction then sweeps most of the electrons into the
collector. Only a few are lost in the base as they move into the vacant holes.
The transistor is designed so that the flow of electrons from emitter to
collector is very sensitive to the current into the base. This is done by making the
base very thin (so electrons don't have far to go before reaching the collector)
and using low doping (electrons cannot easily find vacant holes to fill). The
voltage across the base-emitter junction provides the electric field that drives
27
electrons from the base into the collector.
With the emitter-base junction forward-biased, a varying voltage put on top of it
– an input signal – varies the depletion region, which in turn varies a relatively
large current flowing through the device. Add a load resistor in the collector
circuit, and that small varying input produces a much larger varying collector
voltage. Depending on the circuit, the result will be current, voltage, or power
amplification.
⓱ Summarize general ideas of the text; try to enumerate more fields of
transistors application. How many parts does the text contain?
application field
reasons
1.
2.
3.
…
⓲a) Title every part and write the subtitles in the table below. Thus,
you’ve got the plan for text B.
b) Enrich your plan with key words or word combinations for every part
and write them next to the subtitles.
Subtitles:
Key words / word combinations:
§ 1________________________: __________________________________________________
§ 2________________________: __________________________________________________
§ 3________________________: __________________________________________________
§ 4_______________________: ___________________________________________________
§ 5_______________________: ___________________________________________________
§ 6________________________: __________________________________________________
§ N _______________________: __________________________________________________
WRITING
Think about the future generations of transistors, molecular and quantum
transistors development. Write an essay describing your ideas (from 1000
to 1.200 printed signs). Make sure to use the active vocabulary of the Unit
2. Get Real links may well be helpful.
Essay tips
Essay structure follows the standard format.
Introduction: This will follow the general-to-specific format.
It goes without saying…
28
A major problem is that…
Many people believe that…
It is generally claimed that…
According to…
We must take into account…
Thesis statement: It usually refers to the subject, the writer’s assertion
about it and the clear reasons for the assertion.
The first / the main / the greatest point to consider is…
Further…
Moreover…
Let us not forget…
For example / instance…
Another example of… is…
Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph should address specific
connected with the thesis statement and support it with examples.
It is also true that…
Despite the fact that…
In comparison with…
The main / greatest advantage of … is…
Although…
idea
Conclusion: This is essentially a summary of the main points. In this
section, you will also need to emphasize the thesis. In addition, you could
give the reader something to chew upon.
To conclude…
To sum up…
This means that…
Personally I believe that…
Taking everything into consideration / account…
SPEAKING
⓳ a) Explain the pictures to the left in a scientific way. Take notes before
GET REAL
Check these websites
for useful information
http://futureforall.org
/computers/compute
rs.htm
http://electronics.how
stuffworks.com/diode
2.htm
speaking if necessary. Encountering a difficulty turn back to the Text B
and extract the necessary information there.
b) Divide into groups. Using the information of Unit 2 as well as your own
ideas, try to solve these problems:
A. In what devices transistors seem to reach its highest significance in
the nearest future?
B. Imagine a situation when all transistors won’t work anymore in all
possible devices due to some harmful influence. What would
substitute transistors? Would it be a step forward or back to the
vacuum lamps?
Use READING C section texts as well as GET REAL box links to help you.
29
READING C
TRANSISTOR PROMISES
Samsung develops new graphene transistor, promises to drastically improve
performance over silicon
Researchers at the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology have refined a
technology that allows them to create a new, faster transistor.
Graphene’s electron mobility is more than 200 times faster than silicon, and
semiconductor devices with this technology are expected to have highly
increased performance.
“Despite several years of research into graphene electronics, sufficient on/off
current ratio in graphene transistors with conventional device structures has been
impossible to obtain. We report on a three-terminal active device, a graphene
variable-barrier “barristor” (GB), in which the key is an atomically sharp interface
between graphene and hydrogenated silicon. Large modulation on the device
current (on/off ratio of 105) is achieved by adjusting the gate voltage to control the
graphene-silicon Schottky barrier. The absence of Fermi-level pinning at the
interface allows the barrier’s height to be tuned to 0.2 electron volt by adjusting
graphene’s work function, which results in large shifts of diode threshold voltages.
Fabricating GBs on respective 150-mm wafers and combining complementary pand n-type GBs, we demonstrate inverter and half-adder logic circuits.”
(http://www.sciencemag.org)
Obviously, this is huge news for Samsung, as semiconductors take up a
sizable chunk of its operations. No word yet on if, when, and how Samsung will
use this technology, though.
Superconducting Transistor Promises PC Revolution
Andrea Caviglia and colleagues at the University of Geneva in Switzerland
have applied a voltage to a single crystal containing strontium titanate and
lanthanum aluminate, which created a superconducting version of a field effect
transistor (FET). A year ago, the team grew a single crystal containing the two
metal oxides as separate segments, and found a layer of free electrons at the
interface of the materials. The electron gas flowed without resistance just above
absolute zero. Applying the voltage to the interface enabled the team to switch
the superconductivity on and off. The team made the first superconducting
transistor by using the lanthanum aluminate side of the crystal as a source-drain
channel and the strontium titanate layer as the gate. "With no electric field, there
is
zero
resistance
between
the
source
and
drain
as
the
device
is
superconducting," Caviglia says. However, applying an electric field to the
strontium titanate shifts the layer of free electrons away from the interface and
the lanthanum aluminate stops conducting current. Computers that use a
superconducting FET would be "much faster than the gigahertz speeds currently
available," Caviglia says.
Carbon Transistors Promise More Speed and RAM Capacity
The chronic shortage of RAM in smartphones due to space and power
constraints could be solved by replacing silicon transistors with carbon
transistors.
If claims made by scientists at TAU are to be believed, the transistors
30
consisting of C60 molecules (the name is derived from a 60 carbon atom
structure) can be built in a smaller sizes and could operate much more efficiently.
Elad Mentovich from TAU found that other than silicon transistors, his C60
transistors can both store and transfer energy and do not need the capacitor that
is required for a silicon transistor. The result would be more room for transistors
and reduced energy consumption. According to Mentovich, the carbon
transistors could be built as small as 1 nm and manufactured on today's
manufacturing equipment.
The next phase of the research is to find a production fab that will actually
produce the transistors.
31
MODULE 3 TELECOMMUNICATION
Abbreviations
The infinitive of
purpose
Uses of radio
Telecommunication
HD Radio
LEAD-IN
❶ What inventors mentioned in the text below are referred to as:
- radio developers;
- television developers;
- telephone developers;
- telegraph developers?
Brief history of a revolution in telecommunication
A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of
the
20th
century
with
pioneering
developments
in wireless
radiocommunications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi
won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly
notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and
electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel
Morse, Alexander Graham Bell , Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest, as
well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth.
Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant
distances to communicate. In earlier
times, telecommunications involved the
use
of
visual
as beacons, smoke
telegraphs, signal
signals,
such
signals, semaphore
flags,
and
optical heliographs, or audio messages
via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns,
or sent by loud whistles, for example. In
the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now
also includes the use of electrical devices. List as many electrical devices
as you can think of, justify your ideas.
32
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Write the words according to the transcription. Consult your
dictionary if necessary:
[ˌflʌkʧu'eɪʃ(ə)n]
_______________
['juːtɪlaɪz]
_______________
[fɪ'delətɪ]
_______________
['æmplɪtjuːd]
_______________
[aɪ'ɔnəsfɪə]
_______________
['sæt(ə)laɪt]
_______________
[ɪ'mjuːn]
_______________
['mʌltɪpl]
_______________
['ɔːltəneɪt]
_______________
['maɪkrəfəun]
_______________
['kɪləuhɜːts]
_______________
['miːdɪəm]
_______________
[ˌɪntə'fɪər(ə)ns]
_______________
[ɪ'kwɪpmənt]
_______________
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms. There
are three gap definitions. Fill in them on the basis of your knowledge
and experience.
alternate (adj) - with first one thing, then another thing, and then the first thing again.
amplitude (n) - the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the
position of equilibrium; the maximum difference of an alternating
electric current or potential from the average value.
broadcast (v) - to send out a programme on television or radio:
Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea.
cause (v) constant (adj) - staying the same, or not getting less or more: We've kept up a fairly
constant speed.
deviation (n) - different direction.
fluctuation (n) - change, especially continuous and between one level or thing and
another: fluctuations in temperature.
fidelity (n) - the degree of exactness with which something is copied or reproduced.
modulation (n) - the act or process of superimposing the amplitude, frequency, phase,
etc., of a wave or signal onto another wave (the carrier wave) or signal or
onto an electron beam.
multiple (adj) range (n) receive (v) - (of a radio or television) to change signal into sounds and pictures.
require (v) - to need or make necessary: Please telephone this number if you require
any further information.
satellite (n) - an artificial object sent up into space to travel round the earth, used for
collecting information or communicating by radio, television, etc:
The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite.
subcarrier (n) - a carrier wave modulated by a signal wave and then used with other
subcarriers to modulate the main carrier wave.
subtract (v) - to remove a number from another number.
33
❹ Match the following words with their antonyms:
A
B
send
constant
changeable
weak
strong
receive
loud
fidelity
low
narrowband
manual
automatic
fluctuation
quiet
multiple
stability
broadband
single
ambiguity
high
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
to subtract
fluctuation
source
constant
to contain
subcarrier
sub-band
narrowband
to broadcast
spectrum
to retune
network
содержать, вмещать
поддиапазон
сеть
диапазон
узкополосный
постоянный
вычитать
перенастраивать
источник
колебания
поднесущая
транслировать
❻ Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters to make words and match
them with the definitions.
ICORMHNPEO
_____________________
- Something that you can hear or that can be
heard.
M T T T A I E R N S R - A piece of equipment that changes radio and
television signals into sounds and pictures.
_____________________
- A piece of equipment for broadcasting radio
or television signals.
AETLLSEIT
_____________________
_____________________
- A company which sends out radio or
television broadcasts
OUDNS
- An artificial object in space.
IERCEERV
_____________________
- A piece of equipment that you speak into to
make your voice louder, or to record your
voice or other sounds.
NTSIOAT
_____________________
34
❼ Match the words to make word combinations and find their
equivalents in Russian.
amplitude
channel
радиочастотный спектр
radio
messaging
высококач. воспроизведение
capture
spectrum
электромагнитные помехи
spark
signal
амплитудная модуляция
digital
fibre
захват частоты
subcarrier
effect
цифровые данные
analog
modulation
система электросвязи
telecommunication
interference
оптическое волокно
optical
fidelity
изображение с помехой
snowy
systems
мгновен. обмен сообщениями
instant
pictures
серверы поднесущей
high
data
устойчивый сигнал
strong
services
аналоговый канал
аааа
WORD BUILDING
Abbreviations
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning ‘short’) is a shortened form
of a word or word group. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or
group of letters taken from the word or word group: e.g. – for example,
DSP – digital signal processing, laser – light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation.
Types of abbreviations:
alphabetical (each letter is pronounced as in the alphabet): DSP;
acronyms (pronounced like a word): laser;
graphical (words and word groups are pronounced fully, abbreviation
occurs in writing only): i.e. – that is to say, Mon – Monday.
❽ Complete the chart classifying the abbreviations into acronyms,
alphabetical and graphical ones (tick the right cell). Then try to guess
what they stand for.
abbrev.
alph.
acron.
TETRA
SSB
VHF
MHz
AM
TV
km
RADAR
etc.
FM
RC
e.g.
35
graph.
meaning
HD
аааа
GRAMMAR FOCUS
The Infinitive of Purpose
❾ Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the
infinitives. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
1. Radar receivers are required to reject interfering signals so that the
required information can be optimally detected.
2. Channel 13 should be used to contact a ship when there is danger of
collision.
3. All ships of length 20m or greater are required to guard VHF channel
13.
WORD STUDY
4.
Radio telescopes must be very large in order to attain the resolution
of optical telescopes.
5. We need to send out a signal in order to "activate" your radio.
6. It is quite necessary for him to make a great number of calculations to
solve the problem.
7. I must learn how the radio works. Come and tell me all about it.
8. To make the experiement you must improve the device.
9. Its developers and users use the web to exchange information ideas.
10. In order to understand why modulation is necessary, imagine a
situation where you are sending a message with semaphore flags.
11аааа
READING A
❿ According to the following plan, find in the text specifying sentences:
1. AM broadcast radio
2. FM broadcast radio
3. Subcarrier services
4. VHF
5. SSB
USES OF RADIO
There are a number of uses of radio.
AM broadcast radio sends music and voice in the Medium Frequency
(MF—0.300 MHz to 3 MHz) radio spectrum. AM radio uses amplitude
modulation, in which louder sounds at the microphone causes wider
fluctuations in the transmitter power while the transmitter frequency
remains unchanged. Transmissions are affected by static because
lightning and other sources of radio add their radio waves to the ones
from the transmitter.
FM broadcast radio sends music and voice, with higher fidelity than AM
radio. In frequency modulation, louder sounds at the microphone cause
the transmitter frequency to fluctuate farther, the transmitter power stays
36
constant. FM is transmitted in the Very High Frequency (VHF—30 MHz to
300 MHz) radio spectrum. FM requires more radio frequency space than
AM and there are more frequencies available at higher frequencies, so
there can be more stations, each sending more information. Another
effect is that shorter VHF radio waves act more like light, travelling in
straight lines, hence the reception range is generally limited to about 50100 miles. During unusual upper atmospheric conditions, FM signals are
occasionally reflected back towards the Earth by the ionosphere, resulting
in Long distance FM reception. FM receivers are subject to the capture
effect, which causes the radio to only receive the strongest signal when
multiple signals appear on the same frequency. FM receivers are
relatively immune1 to lightning and spark interference.
FM Subcarrier services are secondary signals transmitted "piggyback"2
along with the main program. Special receivers are required to utilize
these services. Analog channels may contain alternative programming,
such as reading services for the blind, background music or stereo
sound signals. In some extremely crowded metropolitan areas, the
subchannel program might be an alternate foreign language radio
program for various ethnic groups. Subcarriers can also transmit digital
data, such as station identification, the current song's name, web
addresses, or stock quotes3. In some countries, FM radios automatically
retune themselves to the same channel in a different district by using
sub-bands.
Aviation voice radios use VHF AM. AM is used so that multiple stations
on the same channel
can be received. (Use of FM would result in
stronger stations blocking out reception of weaker stations due to FM's
capture effect). Aircraft fly high enough that their transmitters can be
received hundreds of miles (kilometres) away, even though they are using
VHF. Marine voice radios can use AM in the shortwave High Frequency
(HF—3 MHz to 30 MHz) radio spectrum for very long ranges or
narrowband FM in the VHF spectrum for much shorter ranges.
Government, police, fire and commercial voice services use narrowband
FM on special frequencies. Fidelity is sacrificed to use a smaller range of
radio frequencies, usually five kilohertz of deviation (5 thousand cycles
per second), rather than the 75 used by FM broadcasts and 25 used by
TV sound.
Civil and military HF (high frequency) voice services use shortwave radio
to contact ships at sea, aircraft and isolated settlements. Most use single
sideband voice (SSB), which uses less bandwidth than AM. SSB sounds
like ducks quacking on an AM radio. Viewed as a graph of frequency
versus4 power, an AM signal shows power where the frequencies of the
voice add and subtract with the main radio frequency. SSB cuts the
bandwidth in half by suppressing the carrier and (usually) lower
37
sideband. This also makes the transmitter about three times more
powerful, because it doesn't need to transmit the unused carrier and
sideband.
TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio is a digital cell phone system for
military, police and ambulances.
Commercial services such as XM and Sirius offer digital satellite radio.
Comments:
1
Immune - not affected or influenced by something.
2
3
Piggyback - attached to, carried on, or allied with something else.
Stock quotes Stock Exchange Automated Quotation System. A screen-based
dealing system allowing all market-maker; buying and selling prices for a given
security to be displayed to all traders simultaneously.
4
Versus – against.
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓫ Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and word combinations from
the text.
1. AM is abbreviation for ________________.
2. FM requires more _______________space than AM.
3. FM receivers are not affected by lightning and________________.
4. Digital data, such as station identification, the current song's name,
web addresses can be transmitted by ________________.
5. Using sub-bands FM radios automatically _________ themselves to the
same channel in a different district.
6. ___________of aircraft can be received hundreds of miles away because
of the height of the flight.
7. Civil and military HF voice services use _____________to contact ships at
sea.
8. SSB is abbreviation for _____________.
9. Military and police use ____________________.
10. Compared to AM, SSB requires less than half the ______________ and it
offers much more "talk power".
COMPREHENSION
⓬ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true
(+) or false (–), correct the false ones:
1. Atmospheric conditions have no influence on FM signals
transmission.
2. The reception range of shorter VHF radio waves is limited to about
100 miles.
3. AM broadcast radio as well as FM broadcast radio sends music and
voice in the Medium Frequency.
4. Subcarrier services need special receivers.
38
5. Subcarriers can’t transmit digital data.
6. AM uses wider bandwidth than SSB.
7. Digital Satellite radio is always offered by Commercial services.
8. FM is the most popular modulation technique.
9. Aviation voice radios, government, police, fire and commercial voice
services use AM.
10. Short wave radio is used by Civil and military HF (high frequency)
voice services.
READING B
⓭ Look through the text and give headings to the paragraphs .
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
⓮ Underline the sentences that in your opinion contain the basic
information and summarize the general ideas of the text.
⓯ Complete the chart with the key words from the text.
Paragraph
1
Key words
2
3
4
5
TELECOMMUNICATION
1.______________________________
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the
purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost always
involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters
but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums
or semaphore. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that
assist the process, such as the television, radio and telephone, are
common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of
networks that connect these devices, including computer networks,
public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks.
Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant
39
messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.
2.______________________________
Telecommunication
systems
are
generally
designed
by
telecommunication engineers. Major contributors to the field of
telecommunications include Alexander Bell who invented the telephone
(as we know it), John Logie Baird who invented the mechanical television
and Guglieimo Marconi who first demonstrated transatlantic radio
communication. In recent times, optical fibre has radically improved the
bandwidth available for intercontinental communication, helping to
facilitate a faster and richer Internet experience. And, digital television
has eliminated effects such as snowy pictures and ghosting.
Telecommunication remains an important part of the world economy
and the telecommunication industry's revenue has been placed at just
under 3% of the gross world product.
3.______________________________
The basic elements of a telecommunication system are:
- a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal for
transmission;
- a transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted;
- a receiver that receives and converts the signal back into usable
information.
For example, consider a radio broadcast. In this case the broadcast tower
is the transmitter, the radio is the receiver and the transmission medium
is free space. Often telecommunication systems are two-way and devices
act as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a
mobile phone is a transceiver. Telecommunication over a phone line is
called point-to-point1 communication because it is between one
transmitter and one receiver, telecommunication through radio
broadcasts is called broadcast communication because it is between one
powerful transmitter and numerous receivers.
4.______________________________
Signals can either be analogue or digital. In an analogue signal, the
signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital
signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values.
5.______________________________
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation.
Modulation is a key concept in telecommunications and is frequently
used to impose the information of one signal on another. Modulation is
used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is
known as keying and several keying techniques exist – these include
phase-shift keying, amplitude-shift keying2 and minimum-shift
keying3. Bluetooth, for example, uses phase-shift keying for exchanges
between devices.
Comments:
point-to-point– двухточечный, двухпунктовый
1
keying – манипуляция
minimum-shift keying– манипуляция (с) минимальным сдвигом
2
3
WRITING
40
⓰ HD Radio is a technology that claims to deliver interference-free,
near CD-quality sound to radio listeners. Is that the only advantage of
HD Radio? What is HD Radio? How does it work? Have you ever listened
to it? What features does it have? And what features will it have in
future? Make a conclusion about its application. Use READING C section
text: “HD Radio” , “What is HD Radio Broadcasting” to help you.
SPEAKING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www.polkaudio.com/
polkuniversity/technology/hdradio
http://futureofmusic.org/arti
cle/fact-sheet/hd-radio
http://hdradio.com/what-ishd-radio
http://radio.about.com/od/
hdradio/a/aa092706a.htm
⓱ Divide into groups and take part in a round-table discussion on the
topic “HD Radio technology features”.
Discuss the following points:
 PSD;
 HD2, HD3;
 Digital Sound;
 iTunes Tagging;
 Artist Experience;
 Live Pause;
 Bookmark;
 Traffic.
Use READING C section texts as well as GET REAL box links: “HD Radio”,
“What is HD Radio Broadcasting” to help you.
READING C
HD Radio
Terrestrial radio is currently undergoing a major transformation. Using a
technology called In Band, On-Channel (or IBOC), thousands of broadcasters are
transmitting analog signals simultaneously with higher quality digital signals on
their existing spectrum. In other words, stations are using their allotted
spectrum to broadcast both an analog and digital signal at the same time.
Unlike analog broadcasts, which bleed over onto adjacent frequencies, digital
signals are interference-free; it’s almost like the signal is running on a train
track. Since there’s no need to compensate for the fade off of the station’s main
channel, the spectrum can be used much more efficiently. As a result, the
station’s adjacent or “side channels” can be used for new purposes, including
entirely different programming, transmitting stock prices or traffic information,
or even delivering software updates to your car.
For broadcasters, the transition to HD radio could mean the development of
new revenue streams, either through the creation of entire new stations on
these side channels, or through the leasing of their digital spectrum for data
services. For musicians and listeners, HD radio holds the promise of a wider
choice of programming.
What is HD Radio Broadcasting?
HD Radio™ Technology upgrades broadcast radio from analog to digital.
Broadcasters that upgrade to HD Radio Technology can provide consumers
listening with HD Radio enabled receivers many benefits that improve their
listening experience: CD-like digital audio quality and useful data services such
as real-time traffic, iTunes Tagging and Artist Experience are just a few
examples. Today, there are more than 2,100 stations serving local markets
41
across the country with HD Radio
Broadcast
Technology.
In
addition to the upgrades to the
original primary channel – the
HD1 – HD Radio Technology
enables broadcasters to create
extra FM channels on the radio
dial. We call these HD2/HD3
channels and today more than
1,400 HD2/HD3 channels are
available in radio markets across the country, thereby providing consumers
more diverse listening options than ever.
HD2/HD3 channels are found adjacent to a radio station’s traditional location
on the dial. These channels provide a wide range of new, diverse content and
often provide expanded coverage of the content played on the primary HD1
channel. For example, if a consumer traditionally enjoys listening to classic rock
on 101.1 FM (the HD1), with HD Radio Technology there can be a second rock
channel – perhaps deep cuts from a great album – on the HD2 channel and
additional creative programming on the HD3.
With HD Radio Technology, stations have many ways to reach listeners with
exciting new services and additional useful content via HD2/HD3 channels.
Whether that is by broadcasting three related music genre on each HD Radio
channel, by mixing talk radio with music, placing sports on the FM dial, by
providing in-language channels, or numerous other possibilities, HD Radio
Technology is a major upgrade to the traditional analog radio listening
experience.
Approved by the Federal Communications Commission as the only system for
digital AM and FM broadcasting in the United States; HD Radio Technology is
developed and licensed by iBiquity Digital Corporation and supported by the
leaders of the broadcasting, consumer electronics and automotive industries
42
MODULE 4 VIDEO AND TV
Compounds
Contextual use of
prepositions
Digital video
Digital video applications –
user benefit
HD Broadcasting
challenges
LEAD-IN
❶ Look at the list of video devices. Can you say what the functions of
these devices are? Do you use these devices in your everyday life? Which
are your favourites? Rank these and share your rankings with your
partner. Put the best at the top.
Video Devices
Audio-video transmitter
Video receiver
Charge Coupled Device (CCD)
Projector
Digital Video Camera
Car video
The Shuttle Express Controller
Rank №
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the phonetic transcriptions with the words and pronounce
them properly.
['ælgərɪðm]
synchronous
['sʌtltɪ]
approximation
[mə'nɪpjəleɪt]
infrastructure
['ɪnfrə,strʌkʧə]
manipulate
[,haɪə'rɑːkɪkəl]
adequate
[sə'veɪləns]
requirement
['ædəkwət]
surveillance
[rɪˌlaɪə'bɪlətɪ]
vibration
[tek'niːk]
algorithm
[,gærən'tiː]
reliability
['sɪnkrənəs]
guarantee
[ə,prɒksɪ'meɪʃn]
technique
[vaɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n]
hierarchical
[rɪ'kwaɪəmənt]
Subtlety
43
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms. There are
three gap definitions. Fill in them on the basis of your knowledge and
experience.
application (n) - a way in which something can be used for a particular purpose: The
design has many applications. The application of this research in the
treatment of cancer...
approximation (n) - a guess of a number that is not exact but that is close: Could you give me
a rough approximation of how many people will be coming? What he said
bore no approximation whatsoever to the truth (= was not at all like the
truth).
bandwidth (n) - 1) the amount of information that can be sent between computers,
through a telephone wire, etc: The system will handle not only telephone
calls and data messages but other signals that need high bandwidth, for
instance those that encode TV pictures. 2) the range of frequencies used
to send information over a distance using telephone wires.
capacity (n)- the amount that something can produce: The company aimed to double
its electricity-generating capacity.
cell (n)convert (v) - to change or adapt the form, character, or function of; transform.
define (v) - to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is: In this
dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than
as they are imagined to be'.
domain (n) flawlessly (adv) - perfectly or without mistakes.
implement (v) - to put a plan or system into operation: The changes to the national
health system will be implemented next year.
intact (adj) - not damaged or impaired in any way; complete.
jitter (n) lossy (adj) - of or relating to data compression in which unnecessary information is
discarded.
robust (adj) - (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail: a robust pair
of walking boots; a robust economy.
shrink (v) - to become or make smaller in size or amount.
surveillance (n) - close observation, esp. of a suspected spy or criminal.
❹ Match the following words with their synonyms:
A
B
numerous
appropriate
amount
vibration
to define
domain
to convert
strong
to explain
to transform
many
jitter
entire
suitable
44
robust
intact
available
number
accessible
realm
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
solution
inherently
robust
delivery
latency
range
application
bandwidth
to implement
compression
выполнять
время ожидания, задержка
сжатие
ширина полосы
применение
по сути, по существу
надежный
доставка
диапазон
разрешение
❻ Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters to make words and match
them with the definitions.
- a thick rope of wire or nonmetallic fiber
OUIAD
_____________________
- sound, esp. when recorded, transmitted, or
reproduced
ABLCE
_____________________
- the messages or signals transmitted through
a communications system
TETJIR
_____________________
- an electrical impulse
transmitted or received
MDANOI
_____________________
or
radio
wave
- slight irregular movement, variation, or
unsteadiness, esp. in an electrical signal
MECARA
_____________________
- using signals represented by discrete values
(digits) of a physical quantity, such as voltage
to represent arithmetic numbers
- a device for recording visual images in the
form of photographs, movie film, video signals
GNSILA
_____________________
RTFAFCI
_____________________
❼ Match the words to make word combinations and find their
equivalents in Russian.
lossy
relay
метод сжатия
convert
characteristics
протокол маршрутизации
coaxial
reliability
видеонаблюдение
key
surveillance
необратимое сжатие
video
device
поячеечная передача
viewing
techniques
коаксиальный кабель
network
compression
надежность сети
routing
a signal
ключевые характеристики
45
cell
cable
просмотровое устройство
compression
protocol
преобразовать сигнал
аааа
WORD BUILDING
Compounds
A compound noun, adjective or verb is a fixed expression which is made
up of more than one word and functions as a single word, e.g.
telecommunication, progressive-scan. Compounds may be written as two
words or they may be written with a hyphen instead of a space between
the words, e.g. life-span, leading-edge. Some compounds are written
with a hyphen and occasionally as two separate words, e.g. well-being
and well being. Sometimes they may be written as one word, e.g. crossover and crossover. Unfortunately, there is no rule for this, so you may
need to check in a dictionary. Usually the main stress is on the first part
of the compound, e.g. bedside ['bedsaɪd], but sometimes it is on the
second part, e.g. electrocardiogram [ɪˌlektrəu'kɑːdɪəgræm].
❽ Match the following components to make compound words. Define
their parts of speech.
A
world
wire
net
white
class
trade
short
path
amplitude
wide
piggy
B
back
-off
-distance
-shift
wide
way
room
-based
spread
board
work
аааа
❾ Fill in the following charts with suitable components to make up
compound words.
amplitude
phone
shift
full-based
range
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Contextual use of prepositions
WORD STUDY
Learning prepositions is difficult for some native speakers of English, let
alone for English as a Second Language students. Therefore, activities
46
geared toward practicing prepositions use will be helpful for specialists
in the Radio Engineering field as it enables to understand the subject
matter of the professionally-oriented materials at a higher level.
Furthermore, the acquisition of proper preposition enhances general
sense and usage of the English language.
❿ Fill in the blanks with the prepositions from the box. Translate the
sentences into Russian, if you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p.
156).
into
of(2)
on
by
from
with
to(4)
in(3)
1. ____ order to effectively transmit power over long distances without
prohibitive line losses, the voltage from the generator must be increased
to a significantly higher level.
2. Electrical and electronic engineers are involved _____ developing a
wide range of systems.
3. Digital video signals are converted _____ analog in televisions to
display colors and shades.
4. The transmission system must be capable ____ reproducing this signal
accurately at the receiving end with no loss of information.
5. Radio relies ____ the radiation of energy from a transmitting antenna
in the form of radio waves.
6. The analog TV transmission standard (in the U.S.) was referred ____
as NTSC.
7. A digital signal doesn't suffer ____ the same degradation as an analog
signal.
8. You can use this FM transmitter to connect ____ your vehicle's FM
radio.
9. Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of
about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds ____ the frequency of radio
waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals.
10. RF usually refers ____ electrical rather than mechanical oscillations.
11. Electromagnetic radiation travels _____ means ____
oscillating
electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of
space.
12. Every person who operates radio apparatus shall do so ____
accordance
_____
the Radio
Regulations of
the
International
Telecommunication Union.
READING A
⓫ Scan the text and match the headings with the paragraphs.
a) Video Reliability
b) Video Quality
c) Implications for Network Infrastructure
d) Compression Techniques
47
⓬ Using the text explain the meaning of the following abbreviations:
-
CCD
ATM
IP
QoS
PNNI
DIGITAL VIDEO
With digital video we are able to take two of our senses, sight and
sound, convert the analog signals, and combine them in the digital realm.
By converting our analog world into the digital realm, we can more easily
manipulate sight and sound.
1. ____________________________
Our vision is inherently analog based. To convert that analog
world to a digital one, we need a device to sample analog signals and
convert them into the digital domain. This is done using a Charged
Coupled Device1 (CCD). A CCD performs sampling and outputs digital
information. Once an image is captured, raw video is converted to more
efficient formats that can be manipulated, transported, and stored. In
order for businesses to take advantage of the benefits of digital video
and to make digital video applications more affordable to implement,
numerous compression techniques have been developed. Video
compression methodologies take the original, raw video data and shrink
it using methods that can either restore the video back to its original
state called lossless compression when uncompressed or to a close
approximation to the original called lossy compression.
2. ____________________________
Historically, video transmission (synchronous video with audio)
was accomplished using traditional analog communication techniques
over a coaxial cable physical infrastructure. For both residential and
business environments this typically means supporting overlay networks.
In addition to the added costs associated with designing, implementing,
and maintaining separate networks, video networks have became
increasingly complex as the size of the video network increases. Once the
video signal (synchronous video with audio) has been digitized,
transporting this signal over a communications network based on
standard networking technologies like ATM and Ethernet/IP becomes
much easier and cost effective for most businesses and even residential
video service delivery. However, due to the latency requirements for
video signals, the supporting network infrastructure must exhibit several
key characteristics discussed below.
3. ____________________________
One of the most difficult tasks is to determine the level of video
48
quality that is adequate and required for a certain need. Needs range
from video conferencing in a business environment to video surveillance
in a public safety environment, to broadcasting for entertainment
purposes. The trade-off surrounds quality versus cost, and it centers on
the level of video quality necessary to achieve the desired level of realism
from the video transmission. These decisions cover the range of digital
video solution components discussed above. Cameras, viewing devices,
compression methods, and appropriate network infrastructure must be
designed and selected to ensure that your video will meet users
expectations. Regarding the network infrastructure segment of the
overall digital video solution, latency is the main issue. Latency in
networking is the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from source
to destination. Together, latency and bandwidth define the speed and
capacity of a network. In order to address the latency requirements of
high-quality digital video transmission, a network based on ATM
provides the best solution on the market today. ATM is an International
Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication Standardization
Sector2 (ITU-T) standard for cell relay. Cells are the basic unit of
transferring data in an ATM network. It is fixed sized and contains
destination information and payload. Since the cells are of fixed size,
exacting algorithms have been invented to ensure that when data is sent,
it will arrive at the appropriate destination intact, with minimal jitter. This
trait is better known as Quality of Service3 (QoS). Today, ATM is the
accepted standard technology for video networking. While there are
many IP video solutions available on the market today, only ATM can
provide the necessary features to support video transmission flawlessly.
Since video is very loss and jitter sensitive, ATM QoS guarantees video
transmissions will arrive at the destination address intact.
4. ____________________________
Another main attribute necessary for digital video transmission is
network reliability. Network reliability affects latency. In the event of a
network outage due to an equipment failure or physical layer problem,
the network supporting digital video transmission must be robust
enough to identify the outage point and re-route traffic so no
interruption in service is noticed by the users. Digital video networks
based on ATM technology have an inherent advantage over Ethernetbased networks due to a robust, hierarchical routing protocol called
Private Network to Network Interface4 (PNNI). Network infrastructures
leveraging PNNI technology have the proven ability to re-route traffic
within 50ms of an outage. This more than supports the latency
requirements of digital video. Conversely, IP/Ethernet networks based on
RIP5 and OSPF6 routing protocols can take up to 30 seconds to re-route
traffic due to an outage. This delay will result in unacceptable video
49
service interruptions. Finally, ATM technology has been widely accepted
as the network technology of choice in every telecommunication service
providers network.
Comments:
CCD (Charged Coupled device) - прибор с зарядовой связью, ПЗС
1
ITU-T - Комитет по стандартизации телекоммуникаций в составе МСЭ. В
2
недавнем прошлом CCITT (Comite Consultatif Internationale Telegraphique et
Telephonique) – Международный консультативный комитет по телефонии и
телеграфии
(МККТТ).
Переименован
в
Сектор
стандартизации
телекоммуникаций - TSS (Telecommunications Standardization Sector). В
задачи ITU-T входит установление стандартов в области электросвязи.
Членами комитета являются министерства связи стран - членов ООН,
частные компании, научные организации и торговые объединения.
Рекомендации по стандартам публикуются в книгах с цветовой кодировкой
(1984 г. - "Красная книга", 1988 г. - "Синяя книга", 1990 г. - "Розовая книга").
QoS (Quality of Service) - качество обслуживания, гарантированное
3
качество обслуживания. Качество и класс услуг по передаче данных,
предоставляемых пользователю АТМ-сетью. Мера производительности
телефонной
системы,
касающаяся
качества
линий
и
количества
блокировок вызовов.
PNNI (Private Network-to-Network Interface) межсетевой интерфейс
4
частных сетей. Спецификация Форума ATM, определяющая методы
маршрутизации.
RIP
(Routing
Information
Protocol)
–
протокол маршрутной
информации, протокол RIP. Протокол, применяемый в маршрутизаторах
для динамического обмена данными о расположении маршрутизаторов в
сети. Определён в RFC 1388 и 1723. В нем вычисляется, сколько переходов
через другие маршрутизаторы будут включать в себя разные пути.
Выбирается путь с минимальным числом переходов.
6
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - открытый протокол предпочтения
кратчайшего пути. Стандарт, разработанный комитетом IETF для
маршрутизаторов
сети
Internet.
Применяется
для
определения
оптимального маршрута. Основан на алгоритме SPF. Обеспечивает
следующие дополнительные возможности: маршрутизацию пакета в
соответствии с заказанным типом обслуживания; равномерное
распределение нагрузки между альтернативными путями одинаковой
стоимости; аутентификацию маршрутизаторов, гарантирующую защиту от
злоумышленников;
задание
виртуального
канала
между
маршрутизаторами, соединенными не напрямую, а через некоторую
транзитную сеть.
5
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓭ Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and word combinations from
the box.
cell relay
bandwidth
domain
50
latency
intact
inherently compression
coaxial cable
robust
jitter
1. How do I eliminate sound from of video files (mpeg and/or avi)
leaving only the video _______________?
2. In literature, there are several techniques for different post-processing
steps for videos. Most of them operate in the so-called pixel
_______________.
3. The video _______________ is used for averaging which is equivalent to a
low pass filter.
4. _______________ may be caused by electromagnetic interference and
crosstalk with carriers of other signals.
5. _______________ detection of moving objects in video streams is a
significant issue for video surveillance.
6. _______________ is a measure of time delay experienced in a system.
7. _______________ can be broadly classified into two types: lossy and
lossless.
8. _______________is the kind of copper cable used by cable TV companies
between the community antenna and user homes and businesses.
9. _______________refers to a method of statistically multiplexing small
fixed-length packets to transport data between computers or kinds of
network equipment.
10. Plasma TVs _______________ produce more even brightness levels
across the screen than LED TVs.
COMPREHENSION
⓮ Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. How can we manipulate sight and sound more easily?
2. What is the main function of Charged Coupled Device?
3. What does video compression methodologies do with video data?
4. Why have video networks became increasingly complex? What is done
to change such situation?
5. Why is the most difficult task to determine the level of video quality?
6. What does latency mean in networking?
7. What are cells?
8. Why must the network supporting digital video transmission be
robust enough?
READING B
⓭ Complete the chart with the key words from the text..
Paragraph
1
Key words
2
3
4
5
6
51
⓮ Determine whether the following information corresponds to the
text:
1. If you can share a whiteboard over the phone it will be easier to
convey ideas and graphic descriptions.
2. If you use ATM-based infrastructure with an ATM core you’ll be sure
that audio will be transmitted without any problem.
3. Airports try to locate any suspicious activity with the help of
computers.
4. With the help of digital video it becomes easier to get medical service
in remote areas of the population.
DIGITAL VIDEO APPLICATIONS - USER BENEFITS
Video Conferencing
Digital video makes it possible for businesses to enhance their capabilities
to deliver more competitive products and services. Much of business is now
conducted by phone, which is, by its nature, one dimensional and lacking in the
ability to convey the subtleties of body language and other robust visual
attributes such as a whiteboard1. By having the ability to share a whiteboard
over the phone makes it easier to convey ideas and graphic depictions. The
solution is to combine voice/video/whiteboard so that phone-based discussions
become more personal and more productive. No matter what cameras,
compression techniques, and viewing devices you select, using either an ATMbased infrastructure or an IP/Ethernet edge with an ATM core will ensure that
the video/audio/whiteboard will be transmitted error free even if there is other
traffic on the same link.
Video Archival and Retrieval
VCR tapes are the most common vehicles for analog video archival.
Typically, however, tapes must be inserted manually, which makes for a laborintensive process. Also, VCR tapes jam periodically and have a limited shelf life.
If digital video surveillance were used, your digital video would be able to travel
uninterrupted from the camera source to a digital archival system, which would
require little human intervention. This would be the same source that your
security personal are watching. Marconi's ATM switches have the ability to
efficiently make copies of data and send that data to multiple locations. This is
known as multicasting. Your security personnel could be in one building while
your archival system could be miles away.
Distance Learning
Distance learning is a natural use for Video Conferencing. Distance
learning can be defined as any learning that takes place with the instructor and
students are remote from each other in classroom environments or even to the
home. Distance Learning has many benefits, including:
- School district with limited resources to hire many Foreign Language Teachers.
With the proper Video setup, that one teacher can teach classes in other
schools within the school district.
- Students who live in rural areas, who are not able to attend world-class
universities can have high quality 2-way video with the use of ATM networking
and Video Conferencing gear.
52
Video Surveillance
Airports and other vital facilities are under increasing scrutiny to increase
their video surveillance activities to locate any suspicious activity. This has led to
an increase in the number of cameras that they need to deploy, monitor and
archive. Moving to a networked infrastructure, deployment of thousands of
cameras is now more feasible and reliable. Video can be multicast to various
locations so that an archiver can be digitally recording the same material as
what is being viewed on monitors.
Video Arraignment
Large communities would like to have their police officers spend more
time enforcing laws than waiting to see a judge after a criminal has been
apprehended. By installing video conferencing gear, taxpayers will be able to
save on the expense of transporting inmates to court is eliminated in many
cases. Eliminating the possibility of escape during the transportation of inmates
is one of the many benefits resulting from conducting video arraignments.
Tele Medicine
In the emerging realm of Telemedicine, digital video is making it possible
to extend the best medical service to remote or underserved areas of the
population. It also makes it possible to leverage the best medical expertise at
multiple sites, quickly and efficiently, for collaborative and remote diagnosis, as
well as evaluation of medical imagery such as X-rays2 and MRI3 images.
Digital video provides an intangible "human touch" that is invaluable to
cultivating and enhancing business relationships with customers, suppliers,
partners and employees. Just as significantly, digital video can help business
attain tangible benefits through cost savings, reduced capital expenditures,
improved operational efficiencies, better communications and enhanced
customer service. It is for these reasons that businesses will increasingly adopt
networked digital video as a competitive asset.
Comments:
whiteboard –
1
виртуальная аудиторная доска, разделяемая виртуальная
аудиторная
доска,
лекционная
доска,
разделяемый
видеоконференцсвязи
программное
редактора
виртуальная
растровых
"классная"
доска,
блокнот.
средство
изображений,
в
виртуальная
Используемое
в
виде
для
графического
котором
участники
конференцсвязи пишут или рисуют (как мелом на доске).
X-rays – рентгеновы лучи
MRI (magnetic resonance
исследование
2
3
imaging)
–
магнитно-резонансное
WRITING
⓯ Let’s look at HDTV in more detail, including what makes it different
from DTV. Does it differ much from DTV? What are the advantages of
HDTV? How does it work? What is the future of HDTV? Make a
conclusion about further development of HDTV. Use READING C section
text: “HD broadcasting challenges” to help you.
SPEAKING
⓰ Divide into groups and take part in a round-table discussion on the
topic “Smart TV versus 3D TV – There’s just no comparison”.
53
Discuss the following points:
- distinctive features;
- main characeristics;
- supplemental;
- advantages and disadvantages.
Use READING C section texts as well as GET REAL box links: “” to help
you.
READING C
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://electronics.howstuff
works.com/hdtv1.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/High-definition_television
http://www.dummies.com/
how-to/content/tuning-into-local-hdtvbroadcasts.html
http://www.highdefdigest.c
om/news/show/UltraHigh_Definition_Television
/Industry_Trends/UHDTV/
UltraHigh_Definition_Television
_Coming_as_Early_as_2017
/3712
HD BROADCASTING CHALLENGES
When you turn on a high-definition broadcast, you assume that your TV will
come to life with the crispest, sharpest picture imaginable. But the fact is hi-def
doesn't always mean high quality.
The standards for what qualifies as HD were set by the Advanced Television
Systems Committee (ATSC) back in the 1990s, and really only involved one
major qualification: having a whole lot of pixels. In fact, there's no real
regulation over high-definition picture quality at all. And that's part of the
reason why different HD stations often have wildly varying levels of picture
quality that change from one moment to the next. Behind the scenes, content
producers, broadcasters and cable and satellite providers are engaged in a
constant tug-of-war over bandwidth and video quality, with no hard metrics to
even define what looks acceptable.
In order to qualify as hi-def, a signal must have either 720 horizontal lines of
progressively scanned pixels (720p), 1080 lines of interlaced pixels (1080i) or
1080 lines of progressively scanned pixels (1080p.) But there's a whole lot more
to the quality of digital television than the number of pixels present. After all,
1080 lines of poor-quality pixels may technically be "high-definition," but that
doesn't mean it looks very good.
One of the most important factors in determining picture quality is bit rate,
or how much video and audio data is being sent down the pipe for each
program. The technology behind digital television relies heavily on digital
compression, and the ATSC specifies that digital TV use the MPEG-2
compression standard, which is also utilized by DVDs, although some satellite
broadcasters use the more efficient MPEG-4 advanced video coding (AVC)
standard. These compression technologies are necessary in order to deliver a
large number of channels to consumers. Without these codecs, an
uncompressed HD video stream could require as much as 1 gigabit per second
of data capacity—that's 52 times the capacity of the average broadcast channel.
With compression, the same stream can be shrunk almost infinitely. But
compression is often used overzealously, and picture quality suffers as a result.
Many people are already familiar with this data-size/fidelity tradeoff from
their experiences with digital music: MP3 files with high levels of compression
may take up less hard drive space, but they sound muffled and unsatisfying. The
same is true for video. When an HD signal is over-compressed, it may have the
same number of total pixels, ensuring it's still technically HD, but the picture is
often tainted with blocky, pixelated noise and image artifacts.
54
MODULE 5 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Negative prefixes
Noun attributes
GSM
Cells and handover
GPRS vs. UMTS
What is LTE?
LEAD-IN
❶ What technologies do you think of when talking about mobile
communication? What are the main features of mobile (cellular) network
organization and functioning? In spite of the fact that mobile
communication has made great strides in the last years, one thing that
keeps a lot of people puzzled is the difference between 2G, 3G, 3.5G so
on and so forth. As radio engineering professionals you must be aware of
the main differences between the technologies mentioned. Study and
comment on the information in the table below.
Generation
Speed
Technology
Features
 multiple users on a single
2G
9.6/14.4 kbps
TDMA, CDMA
channel via multiplexing
 data transmission along with
voice communication
 higher internet browsing
3G
3.1 Mbps (peak)
CDMA 2000
500-700 Kbps
EDGE, UMTS
speeds
 video calling, video
streaming etc.
3.5G
14.4 Mbps (peak)
1-3 Mbps
HSPA
 different device types
 higher speeds for higher data
needs
 lightning fast speeds in order
4G
100-300 Mbps
WIMAX
(peak) 3-5 Mbps
LTE
to keep up with various
services data access demand
 HD streaming
By the way, what do you know about 1G (the first generation of mobile
communication) networks that were the earliest cellular systems to
develop?
55
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Write the words according to the transcription. Consult your dictionary
if necessary:
ff
[skɪːm]
_____________
[pə'fɔːm]
_____________
['ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl]
_____________
[dɪ'rɪvətɪv]
_____________
['Intəfeɪs]
_____________
['məubaɪl]
_____________
[ɪks'pɪərɪəns]
_____________
[səb'skraɪbə]
_____________
[,fʌndə'mentl]
_____________
[kə'məːʃ(ə)l]
_____________
[,ɪnkəm'pætəbl]
_____________
['kærɪə]
_____________
[ə'saɪnd]
_____________
[rɪ'sɔːs]
_____________
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
access (n) - the right or opportunity to use or benefit from something: Do you have
access to a computer?
allocation (n) - the action or process of allocating or distributing something; location,
disposition, placement;
apart (adv) - separated by a distance or, less commonly, by time: How far apart should
the speakers be placed?
assign (v) - (often passive) to choose someone (something) to do a particular job:
Which frequency was assigned to this transmission?
burst (n) - an instance of breaking or splitting; a break, breach, rupture;
carrier (n) - a high-frequency electromagnetic wave modulated in amplitude or
frequency to convey a signal;
cellular (adj) - denoting or relating to a mobile telephone system that uses a number of
short-range radio stations to cover the area that it serves, the signal being
automatically switched from one station to another as the user travels
about;
coverage (n) - the area reached by a particular broadcasting station or advertising
medium: A network of eighty transmitters would give nationwide coverage.
entity (n) - something which exists apart from other things, having its own
independent existence: A GSM network is composed of several entities with
specific interfaces.
node (n) - 1) a point at which lines or pathways intersect or branch; a central or
connecting point; 2) a piece of equipment, such as a PC or peripheral,
attached to a network;
link (n) - a means of contact by radio, telephone, or computer between two points:
This stream is too high to be transmitted over a radio link.
perform (v) - to do an action or piece of work: Computers perform a variety of tasks.
range (n) - the maximum distance at which a radio transmission can be effectively
received;
stand for (v) - to represent, to mean something: QAM stands for quadrature amplitude
56
modulation.
subscriber (n) - someone who subscribes to a product, service or organization (pays
money so that a newspaper or magazine is regularly sent to him): The
cable television company has launched five new channels to increase its
number of subscribers.
transceiver (n) - a device that can both transmit and receive communications, in particular
a combined radio transmitter and receiver.
❹ Match the following words with their synonyms (A,B) and opposites
(C,D):
A
B
C
D
classified
to stand for
growth
unused
scheme
link
incompatible
external
disposition
subscriber
undesirable
consistent
signify
grouped
allocated
suitable
switch
band
average
decrease
communication
allocation
internal
rural
abonent
commute
strength
weakness
spectrum
structure
urban
extreme
❺ Match the following words and collocations (A) with the Russian
equivalents (B):
A
B
bandwidth
переключение сигнала
allocated band
опережение
handover
энергетический потенциал
routing
полоса пропускания
propagation
ближайшая зона
timing advance
радиосопряжение
power budget
маршрутизация
idle time
распространение (радиоволн)
immediate area
выделенный диапазон частот
air interface
время ожидания
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues.
the distance of
coverage
something which has its own
independent existence
57
a
n
a point where two systems
meet and interact
a wave intended to carry a
signal in radio transmission
n
a
a
r
❼ Match the words to make word combinations.
link
the switching
обеспечивать функциональность
subscribe to
radio systems
зависеть от высоты антенны
allocate
time
осуществлять переключение
perform
antenna height
выделить спектр радиочастот
manage
unauthorized use
управлять радио ресурсами
divide in
the A interface
соединять радиосистемы
communicate across
a magazine
разделить по времени
provide
a radio spectrum
соединяться через А интерфейс
protect against
radio resources
защищать от несанкц-ого использ-я
depend on
functionality
подписаться на журнал
аааа
WORD BUILDING
Negative prefixes
Prefixes (un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, and dis-) are often used to give adjectives a
negative meaning (not).
un- is used with many different words: uncommon, unable, unemployed;
in- is used before a limited number of words: invisible;
im- is used before some words beginning with m or p: impatient,
imprecise;
il- is used before some words beginning with l: illegible;
ir- is only used before some words beginning with r: irresponsible;
dis- is used before some adjectives: dishonest.
❽ Form the opposite of these adjectives with the help of prefixes and
translate them. Check your dictionary if necessary.
__accurate
__countable
__aware
__correct
__authorized
__correct
__complete
__able
__regular
__compatibl
e
__known
__usual
__possible
__precise
__desirable
__calculable
__equal
__legal
__mediate
__approving
аааа
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Noun attributes
❾ Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention
WORD STUDY
to nouns as attributes. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
Channel structure, signal processing, cellular telephone systems, study
group, all-European public land mobile system, power line, data transfer
58
rate, Base Station Subsystem, Base Transceiver Station, frequency range,
Subscriber Identity Module, security network, location updating, call
routing, spark gap telegraphy, cell radius, coverage area, antenna height,
weather services, signal strength, separate electronic channel, power
control,
voice
transmission,
frequency
allocation,
power
control,
transmission distance.
аааа
READING A
❿ Scan the text and match the headings with the paragraphs.
a) Multiple access and channel structure
b) Radio link
c) History of GSM
d) Architecture of the GSM network
⓫ Read the text and find the information about the bands allocated for
GSM.
GSM
1. ____________________________
During the early 1980s, cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid
growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in
France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was
incompatible with others in equipment and operation. This was an undesirable
situation. The Europeans realized this and in 1982 the Conference of European
Posts and Telegraphs formed a study group called the Groupe Spécial Mobile
(GSM) to study and develop an all-European public land mobile system.
Commercial service was started in 1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM
networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a
European standard. Over 200 GSM networks operate in 110 countries around the
world. With North America with a derivative of GSM called PCS 1900, GSM
systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now stands for Global
System for Mobile communications.
59
2. ____________________________
A GSM network is composed of several functional entities with specific
functions and interfaces. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts.
The Mobile Station1 (MS) is carried by the subscriber. The Base Station
Subsystem2 (BSS) controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network
Subsystem3 (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center
(MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between
mobile and fixed network users. The Mobile Station and the Base Station
Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface
or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services
Switching Center across the A interface.
3. ____________________________
GSM is a cellular network which means that mobile phones connect to it
by searching for cells in the immediate area. GSM networks operate on four
different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate on the 900 MHz or 1800
MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including the USA and Canada) use
the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency
bands were already allocated. The International Telecommunication Union, which
manages the international allocation of radio spectrum, allocated the bands 890915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the
downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks in Europe.
4. ____________________________
Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must
be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The
method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (TDMA4/FDMA5). The FDMA part involves the division of the 25
MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more
carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier
frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit
of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period which lasts 15/26 ms (or
approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (approx.
4.615 ms). One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.
Comments:
The Mobile Station consists of the mobile equipment and a smart card called the
1
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility. By inserting
the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that
terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other services. The SIM card
may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity
60
number.
The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver
2
Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the
standardized Abis interface (fig. 2), allowing operation between components made
by different suppliers. The BTS contains the radio transceivers that define a cell and
handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. The BSC manages the
radio resources for one or more BTSs. It is the connection between the Mobile
Station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC).
The Network Subsystem. The central component of the Network Subsystem is
3
the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a switching node of the
PSTN or ISDN, and provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile
subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and
call routing to a roaming subscriber.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) – множественный доступ с
4
временным разделением каналов (временное разделение каналов с
многостанционным доступом).
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) – множественный доступ с
5
разделением частот.
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓬ Replace the italicized words with the equivalents from the box.
burst periods
allocation
radio link
cellular
assign
performs
carrier
subscribers
involves
stands f
1. The ubiquity of GSM standard makes international roaming very
common between mobile phone operators. This lets users be
available in many parts of the world.
2. The MSC acts like a switching node of the PSTN, which is Public
Switched Telephone Network, or ISDN, that means Integrated
Services Digital Network.
3. The growth of mobile telephone systems took off in the early 1980s,
particularly in Europe.
4. The 25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into 124 resting frequency
channels, each spaced 200 KHz apart.
5. The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are allocated in some
countries, notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were
previously used for first-generation systems.
6. There are eight radio timeslots grouped into what is called TDMA
frame.
7. The MSC executes the switching of calls between the mobile users as
well as mobile and fixed network users.
8. The BSS controls the wireless communication with the Mobile
Station.
9. The ITU manages the international placement of radio spectrum.
61
10. The FDMA part implies the division of the 25 MHz bandwidth into
124 carrier frequencies.
COMPREHENSION
⓭ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
10.
The GSM network consists of three broad parts: the Mobile
Station, the Base Station Subsystem and the Subscriber Identity
Module.
11.
The Base Station Subsystem and the Mobile Station communicate
across the standardized Abis interface, also known as the air interface
or radio link.
12.
GSM allows for eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency and uses TDMA technology.
13.
GSM operates on four separate frequencies. You’ll find the 850
MHz and 1900 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and the 900 MHz and
1800 MHz bands in North America and Latin America.
14.
GSM’s real benefit for personal mobility is in its SIM card.
15.
The GSM method is a combination of Time Division Multiple
Access and Code Division Multiple Access.
16.
The BSC controls the connection between the Mobile Station and
the Mobile service Switching Center.
⓮ Complete the sentences as in the text.
16.
In 1980s, European countries developed…
17.
A GSM network is composed of…
18.
The MS and the BSS communicate across the interface, known as…
19.
Mobile phones connect to GSM network by…
20.
Each carrier frequency is divided in…
21.
The basic unit of time in the TDMA scheme is called…
22.
The BTS contains the radio transceivers that …
23.
The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by…
READING B
⓯ Look through the text and outline a plan of the basic content.
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
§ _____

________________________________________________
62
§ _____

________________________________________________
⓰ Read the text and underline the sentences characterizing the basic
handover algorithms.
⓱ Put the sentences in the right order according to the text.
There exist four types of handover in the GSM system. They imply
transferring a call between:
a) cells under the control of the same BSC
b) cells under the control of different MSCs
c) channels in the same cell
d) cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging
to the same MSC
CELLS AND HANDOVER
There are four different cell sizes in a GSM network - macro, micro, pico
and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the
environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna
is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are
cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used
in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose diameter is a few dozen meters;
they are mainly used indoors. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions
of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain
and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of
kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is
35 km or 22 miles. There are also several implementations of the concept of an
extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on
the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance1.
In a cellular network, the radio and fixed links required are not
permanently allocated for the duration
of a call. Handover (or handoff as it is
called
in
North
America)
is
the
switching of an on-going call to a
different channel or cell.
There are four different types
of handover in the GSM system, which
involve transferring a call between:

сhannels in the same cell;

cells
(Base
Transceiver
Stations) under the control of the same
Base Station Controller (BSC);
 cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile
services Switching Center (MSC);
 Cells under the control of different MSCs.
The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one
Base Station Controller (BSC). The last two types of handover, called external
63
handovers, are handled by the MSCs involved.
Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC. During its
idle time2 slots, the mobile scans the Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16
neighboring cells, and forms a list of the six best candidates for possible
handover, based on the received signal strength. This information is passed to the
BSC and MSC, at least once per second, and is used by the handover algorithm.
Two basic algorithms are used, both closely connected with power
control. This is because the BSC usually does not know whether the poor signal
quality is due to multipath fading3 or to the mobile having moved to another
cell. This is especially true in small urban cells.
The minimum acceptable performance algorithm gives precedence to
power control over handover, so that when the signal degrades beyond a certain
point, the power level of the mobile is increased. If further power increases do not
improve the signal, then a handover is considered. This is the simpler and more
common method.
The power budget4 method uses handover to try to maintain or improve
a certain level of signal quality at the same or lower power level. It thus gives
precedence to handover over power control.
Comments:
timing advance – опережение
1
idle time – пауза, время ожидания (интервал между сеансами связи)
2
multipath fading – замирание из-за многолучевого распространения
3
power budget – энергетический потенциал (линии связи)
4
WRITING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/i
cs/salah/082/ics343/handou
ts/mobile/mobileO.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
4G
http://www.differencebetwe
en.com/differencebetween-hspa-and-vs-lte/
⓲ Make a description of a typical GSM network (300-400 words). Pay
attention to the following points:
 concept
 frequency bands
 signal encoding
 network functional entities and interfaces
 cells types
 movement from cell to cell and handover
You may also add some other features, such as…
 frequency reuse
 omnidirectional & directional antennas
 cellular frequency choice
 GSM protocols
SPEAKING
Divide into groups and take part in a round-table discussion on the topic
“Mobile communication technology: past, present and future”.
Discuss the following problems:
 GSM technology principles, network configuration, interfaces,
cells;
 GPRS extension and UMTS characteristics;
 4G HSPA vs. LTE;
 LTE communication standard: features and network solutions.
64
 Mobile communication technology: what is next?
Use READING C section texts as well as GET REAL box links: “GPRS vs.
UMTS” and “What is LTE” to help you.
READING C
GPRS vs. UMTS
General Packet Radio Service
The general packet radio system (GPRS) is an extension of GSM networks that
provides packet radio access for GSM and TDMA users. In addition to providing
new services for today's mobile user, GPRS is important as a step toward thirdgeneration (3G) networks. The GPRS provides the following benefits: overlays on
the existing GSM network to provide high-speed data service; is always on,
reducing the time spent setting up and taking down connections; is designed to
support such applications as e-mail, broadcast services, and web browsing that
do not require detected connection.
GPRS Applications
GPRS enables a variety of new services with unique characteristics to the
mobile wireless subscriber. These characteristics include the following: mobility
(the ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the
move), immediacy (allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed) and
localization (allows subscribers to obtain information relevant to their current
location). This provides a wide spectrum of applications such as e-mail, fax,
Internet access, information services, ticket purchasing, navigation, traffic
conditions, airline schedules, location finder etc.
GPRS Architecture
GPRS provides packet data transport at rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps.
Additionally, multiple users can share the same air-interface resources
simultaneously. GPRS reuses the existing GSM network elements as much as
possible, but to effectively build a packet-based mobile cellular network, some
new network elements, interfaces, and protocols are required. These GPRS
modifications are summarized in the following table.
GPRS/GSM Network
Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS
Elements
65
Terminal Equipment
New terminal equipment is required to access
GPRS services.
BTS
A software upgrade is required in the existing
base transceiver station.
BSC
The base station controller (BSC) requires a
software upgrade and the installation of new
hardware called the Packet Control Unit (PCU). It
directs the data traffic to the GPRS network.
GPRS Support Nodes
The deployment of GPRS requires the installation
(GSNs)
of new core network elements called the serving
GPRS support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS
support node (GGSN).
Databases
All the databases involved in the network will
(VLR , HLR , etc.)
1
require software upgrades to handle the new call
2
models and functions introduced by GPRS.
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third generation
(3G) mobile communications system that provides broadband services, including
commerce and entertainment, to mobile users via fixed, wireless, and satellite
networks. The UMTS is designed to deliver pictures, graphics, video
communications, and other multimedia information, at data rates of up to 2
Mbps. It preserves the global roaming capability of second generation
GSM/GPRS networks and provides new enhanced capabilities. Handover
capability between the UMTS and GSM is supported. Both voice and data
services are supported with the following data rates: 144 kbps – satellite and rural
outdoor; 384 kbps – urban outdoor; 2048 kbps – indoor and low range outdoor.
UMTS Architecture
The UMTS core network is based on the GSM/GPRS network topology. It
provides the switching, routing, transport, and database functions for user traffic.
The core network contains circuit-switched elements such as the MSC, VLR, and
gateway3 MSC (GMSC). It also contains the packet-switched elements SGSN and
GGSN. The EIR4, HLR, and AuC5 support both circuit- and packet-switched data.
66
The GPRS supplements GSM networks by enabling packet switching and
allowing direct access to external packet data networks (PDNs). Data
transmission rates above the 64 kbps limit of integrated services digital network
(ISDN) are a requirement for the enhanced services supported by UMTS
networks. The GPRS optimizes the core network for the transition to higher data
rates. Therefore, the GPRS is a condition for the introduction of the UMTS.
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
The major difference between GSM/GPRS networks and UMTS networks is
in the air interface transmission. TDMA and FDMA are used in GSM/GPRS
networks. The air interface access method for UMTS networks is WCDMA6, which
has two basic modes of operation: FDD7 and TDD8. This new air interface access
method requires a new radio access network (RAN) called the UTMS terrestrial
RAN (UTRAN).
Comments:
VLR (visitor location register) – визитный регистр перемещения
1
HLR (home location register) – регистр местоположения дома
2
gateway – межсетевой
3
EIR (Equipment Identity Register) – реестр идентификации оборудования
4
AUC (authentication center) – центр аутентификации
5
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) – широкополосный
6
многостанционный доступ с кодовым разделением каналов
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) – дуплексная связь с частотным
7
разделением каналов
TDD (Time Division Duplex) – дуплексная связь с временным разделением
8
каналов
What is "LTE"?
LTE, short for Long Term Evolution, is considered by many to be the
obvious successor to the current generation of UMTS 3G technology, which is
based upon WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, and HSPA. LTE is not a replacement for
UMTS in the way that UMTS was a replacement for GSM, but rather an update to
the UMTS technology that will enable it to provide significantly faster data rates
for both uploading and downloading.
The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements
described in Release 9.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was launched by Telia Sonera
in Oslo and Stockholm on 14 December 2009. LTE is the natural upgrade path for
carriers with GSM/UMTS networks, but even CDMA holdouts such as Verizon
Wireless, who launched the first large-scale LTE network in North America in
2010, and au by KDDI in Japan have announced they will migrate to LTE. LTE is,
therefore, anticipated to become the first truly global mobile phone standard,
although the use of different frequency bands in different countries will mean
that only multi-band terminals (phones) will be able to use LTE in all countries
where it is supported.
67
UNIT 6 WIRELESS LANs and PANs
Noun suffixes
Participle I
Complex subject
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
specifications
What is ZigBee?
ZifBee beacons and
network layer
Bluetooth Advantages
& disadvantages
LEAD-IN
❶ What do LANs and PANs stand for? What technologies do you think of
when talking about wireless communication? Read the following tips, try
to explain the abbreviations and give your examples (as well as any
additional information) of the wireless networks described.
Wireless personal area networks interconnect devices within a relatively
small area, that is generally within a person's reach.
Wireless local area networks link two or more devices over a short
distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a
connection
through
an
access
point
for Internet access.
By the way, what do you know about
Near field communication (NFC) technology,
Wireless
BANs,
NANs,
Wireless
mesh
networks, Wireless MANs, WANs? How can
you define them? What are their distinctive
features?
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly.
innovative
['waɪəlɪslɪ]
consumption
[ɪn'truːʒ(ə)n]
licensed
[prɔk'sɪmɪtɪ]
monitor
[,degrə'deɪʃ(ə)n]
wirelessly
[rə'bʌstnɪs]
bidirectional
['æktjueɪtə]
secure
[,sɪm(ə)l'teɪnjəslɪ]
degradation
['baɪnərɪ]
robustness
['ɪnəveɪtɪv]
actuator
[,baɪdɪ'rekʃənl]
proximity
[sɪ'kjuə]
binary
[kən'sʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n]
simultaneously
['laɪsənst]
intrusion
68
['mɔnɪtə]
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
acceptance (n) - agreement that something is right or true: His ideas soon gained
acceptance from scientists (= became approved of).
actuator (n) - device that makes a machine work, puts into action or mechanical motion
(switch);
consumption (n) - the amount of energy (electricity, gas, oil) that is used: We need to reduce
the power consumption of this device.
detector (n) - a sensing device used to find particular substances or things, or measure
their level: a metal/smoke detector;
device (n) - an object or machine which has been invented to fulfil a particular
purpose: Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in
collapsed buildings.
embedded (adj) - inserted as an integral part of a surrounding whole, integrated;
headset (n) - a set of headphones, especially one with a microphone fixed to it;
node (n) - an interconnection point on a network;
proximity (n) - the state of being near in space or time: The best thing about the location
of the house is its proximity to the town center.
router (n) - a device that forwards data packets to the appropriate parts of a
computer network;
sense (v) - to acquire information about an object or phenomenon, to test, to detect;
short-range (adj) - reaching a short distance: short-range antenna.
simultaneously - happening or done at the same time that something else. This program
(adv) was broadcast on TV and radio simultaneously.
spacing (n) - the arrangement of objects in a space;
tracking (n) - the act or process of following something or someone;
uniform (adj) - the same, not varying or different in any way: In these offices the walls and
furniture are a uniform grey.
❹ Match the following words with their synonyms:
A
B
attempt
manipulate
detector
integrated
actuator
control
handle
downside
node
closeness
monitor
reliability
security
sensor
disadvantage
effort
embedded
unit
proximity
switch
69
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
acceptance
одновременно
robustness
ближнего действия
headset
прибор
likewise
безопасный
short-range
аналогично
appliance
гарнитура
specification
потребление
secure
технические требования
consumption
принятие
simultaneously
ошибкоустойчивость
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues.
conforming to one principle,
standard, or rule
o
the amount of
energy that is used
u
i
a device in a network that handles
message transfers between computers
o
a machine or tool used for
a special purpose
limited, enclosed, very
small
designed to be operated
without using the hands
e
e
e
n
n
s
-
❼ Match the words to make word combinations.
communications
of sight
базовая технология
signal
sensing
сист. контроля на осн. встроен. сенсоров
line
protocol
уровень сигнала
underlying
alarm system
дистанционное управление
remote
technology
прибор слежения
permitted
spacing
рабочий цикл (коэф. заполнения)
embedded
strength
протокол обмена данными (связи)
intrusion
device
интервал между каналами
channel
cycle
прямая видимость
tracking
power
система охранной сигнализации
duty
control
допустимая (разрешенная) мощность
70
WORD BUILDING
Noun suffixes
A. Make nouns from verbs
Verb
improve
discuss
inform
spell
deny
generate
transmit
perform
expect
Suffix
-ment
-ion
-ation
-ing
-al
-ator
-er (-or, -ar, -r)
-ance (-ence)
-ancy (-ency)
Noun
improvemen
t discussion
information
spelling
denial
generator
transmitter
performanc
e
expectancy
Suffix
-ness
-ity (-ty)
-ability (ibility) -ance (ence) -ancy
(-ency)
Noun
weakness
functionality
reliability
dissonance
frequency
В. Make nouns from adjectives
Adjective
weak
functional
reliable
dissonant
frequent
❽ Complete the chart forming the nouns, pay attention to different noun
suffixes. Check your dictionary if necessary.
loud
connect
exist
instable
specify
flexible
subscribe
technical
perform
assign
develop
robust
unify
agree
accept
replace
labile
transmit
responsible
divide
place
allocate
аааа
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Participle I
❾ Define the function of Participles in the following sentences and
WORD STUDY
translate them into Russian. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p.
156).
1. Using this system, the devices can be situated in different rooms, so
long as the transmission is powerful enough.
71
2. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone
cause vibrations in an electric current.
3. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
4. Having been invented many years ago this technology is still very
popular.
5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest
achievements of modern engineering.
6. Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology which replaces
connecting cables while maintaining high levels of security.
7. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.
8. When applying these devices we will be able to control automatic
lines.
Complex subject
❿ Use the information in brackets to answer these questions. If you need
help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
Example: What is said about the most capable ZigBee node type? (require
about 10% of a typical Bluetooth node software) – The most capable
ZigBee node type is said to require about 10% of a typical Bluetooth
node software.
1. What is known about Alexander Popov? (one of the most famous
Russian scientist of 19 century)
2. What has been found about solar wind? (consist of a completely
ionized plasma)
3. What is said about electronic computers? (as important for people as
nuclear energy)
4. What is supposed about all students? (know Newton’s laws of
mechanics)
5. What is supposed about a home area network? (cover an area of 50
meters)
6. What is known bout modern remotes? (control multple devices)
7. What is known about a 1200 Baud radio teletype service? (used by
aircraft)
8. What is said about digital cellular telephones? (quickly become the
main communication tool)
аааа
READING A
⓫ Read the text and sort two texts out of it, rearrange the paragraphs in
a logical way and fill in the chart given below. Match headings (1-…) with
the paragraphs (a-…).
72
1. Bluetooth name and logo origin
5. Wi-Fi History
2. Wi-Fi: How it works
3. Bluetooth Basics
6. Bluetooth network features
4. Wi-Fi Channels
8. Wi-Fi General
7. Bluetooth applications
Bluetooth
1) _____
2) _____
3) _____
4) _____
Wi-Fi
1) _____
2) _____
3) _____
4) _____
BLUETOOTH & WI-FI SPECIFICATIONS
a) __________
 Wireless control and communication between a cell phone and a hands-free
headset. This is the most popular use.
 Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little
bandwidth is required.
 Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common
being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
 Transfer of files between devices via OBEX1.
 Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS
receivers and medical equipment.
 For remote controls where infrared was traditionally used.
 Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising hoardings
to other Bluetooth devices.
 Wireless control of a games console, Nintendo and Sony PlayStation will both
use Bluetooth technology for their wireless controllers.
b) __________
A typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or more Access
Points (APs) and one or more clients. An AP
broadcasts its SSID (Service Set Identifier, "Network
name") via packets called beacons, which are usually
broadcast every 100 ms. The beacons are transmitted
at 1 Mbit/s, and are of relatively short duration. Since
1 Mbit/s is the lowest rate of Wi-Fi it assures that the
client who receives the beacon can communicate at
least 1 Mbit/s. Based on the settings (e.g. the SSID), the client may decide
whether to connect to an AP. If two APs of the same SSID are in range of the
client, the client might use signal strength to decide which of the two APs to
make a connection to. The Wi-Fi standard leaves connection criteria and roaming
totally open to the client.
c) __________
Bluetooth is a short-range radio standard and communications protocol designed
for wireless personal area networks (PANs), also known as IEEE 802.15.12. It is
intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices (mobile
phones, laptops, printers, digital cameras) over a secure, globally unlicensed
short-range radio frequency (power class dependent: 1metre, 10 metres, 100
73
metres) while maintaining high levels of security. Using a radio communication
system, the devices don’t have to be in line of sight of each other and can even be
in other rooms, so long as the received transmission is powerful enough. The key
features of Bluetooth technology are robustness, low power, and low cost. The
Bluetooth specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to
connect and communicate with each other. A fundamental Bluetooth wireless
technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice
transmissions.
d) __________
The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation/AT&T. It was
initially intended for cashier systems, the first wireless products were brought on
the market under the name Wave LAN with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. The
primary inventor of Wi-Fi Vic Hayes was involved in designing standards such as
IEEE 802.11b3, 802.11a4 and 802.11g5.
e) __________
Bluetooth technology has achieved global acceptance such that any Bluetooth
enabled device, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth
enabled devices in proximity. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and
communicate wirelessly through short-range, radio networks known as piconets.
Each device can simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices
within a single piconet. Each device can also belong to several piconets
simultaneously. Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as
Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity.
f) __________
Wi-Fi is a brand originally licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance® to describe the
underlying technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE
802.116 specifications. It was developed to be used for mobile computing
devices in LANs, but is now increasingly used for more services (Internet, gaming
electronics connectivity). More standards are in development that will allow Wi-Fi
to be used by cars in highways in support of an Intelligent Transportation System
to increase safety and gather statistics.
g) __________
The technology was named after the 10th century king of Denmark and Norway
Harald Bluetooth, known for his unification of previously warring tribes. Bluetooth
likewise was intended to unify different technologies. The Bluetooth logo merges
the Nordic runes analogous to the modern Latin H and B: Haglaz and Berkanan
forming a bind rune.
h) __________
Except for 802.11a, which operates at 5 GHz, Wi-Fi uses the spectrum near 2.4
GHz, which is standardized and unlicensed by international agreement, although
the exact frequency allocations vary slightly in different parts of the world, as
does maximum permitted power. The frequencies for 802.11 b/g span 2.400 GHz
to 2.487 GHz. Each channel is 22 MHz wide and there is a 5 MHz step to the next
channel. The maximum number of available channels for Wi-Fi enabled devices is:
13 for Europe, 11 for North America, 14 for Japan.
74
Comments:
OBEX (Object Exchange Technology) – технология обмена объектами внутри
рабочей группы.
2
IEEE 802.15.1 – стандарт, разработанный для технологии беспроводной
ближней коротковолновой радиосвязи Bluetooth; IEEE (The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) – институт инженеров по
электротехнике и радиоэлектронике США, ведущая организация по
стандартизации,
отвечающая
также
за
сетевые
стандарты
(произносится [aɪ-trɪpl-iː]).
3
IEEE 802.11b –стандарт на беспроводные локальные сети для скоростей
передачи 1, 2, 5,5 и 11 Мбит/с.
4
IEEE 802.11a – стандарт на беспроводные локальные сети для скоростей
передачи 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 и 54 Мбит/с и диапазонов частот 5,35 – 5,51
и 5,725 – 5,825 ГГц.
5
IEEE 802.11g – стандарт на беспроводные локальные сети для диапазона
частот 2,4 ГГц и скорости передачи 54 Мбит/с.
6
IEEE 802.11 – спецификация на беспроводные радио ЛВС. Определяет
максимальную скорость передачи 2 Мбит/с и используемую частоту 2,4 –
2,4835 ГГц.
1
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓬ Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and word combinations from
the box.
robustness
short range
devices
frequency allocation
send
simultaneously
spans
uniform structure
likewise
in proximity
headset
1. Bluetooth is an industrial specification designed for low power
consumption, with a __________ radio frequency and based around lowcost transceiver microchips in each device.
2. The Bluetooth technology defines a __________ for different devices to
“talk” to each other.
3. A Bluetooth device playing the role of the “master” can communicate
with up to 7 devices __________ playing the role of the “slave”.
4. According to the inventors of this technology, Harald Bluetooth
engaged in diplomacy which led warring tribes to negotiate, __________
Bluetooth which allows a wide range of __________ to communicate with
each other.
5. Bluetooth specification allows connecting two or more piconets
together to form a scatternet with some devices __________ playing the
master role in one piconet and the slave role in another piconet.
6. Bluetooth gives users a possibility to enjoy a hands-free __________ for
voice calls.
7. In any case you can't change WiFi frequency because __________ is part
of the WiFi standard.
8. __________, low power, and low cost are the key features of Bluetooth
technology.
75
9. The Bluetooth technology is used to __________ advertisements from
advertising hoardings to other Bluetooth devices.
10.
World record! 5 GHz WiFi connection __________ 189 miles.
COMPREHENSION
⓭ Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What is Bluetooth wireless technology? Why was it intended?
2. How do Bluetooth enabled devices connect and communicate with
each other?
3. How many devices does a piconet consist of?
4. Where did the name and logo of Bluetooth come from?
5. How are piconets established?
6. What is the most popular use of Bluetooth?
7. What is Wi-Fi used for?
8. How can toy describe a typical Wi-Fi setup?
9. What is the lowest Wi-Fi rate?
10. What spectrum does Wi-Fi operate on?
11. What is the maximum number of available channels for Wi-Fi enabled
devices?
12. When did Wi-Fi history begin?
13. How do they call a Wi-Fi AP Network name?
14. What is the best definition for the term “beacon”?
READING B
⓮ Look through the text and outline a plan of the basic content.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
⓯ Read the text and underline the sentences characterizing the ZigBee
operating frequencies and channels.
76
WHAT IS ZIGBEE?
ZigBee is the name of a specification for communications protocols using small,
low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless
personal area networks (WPANs). The ZigBee Alliance, an industry working group,
developed standardized application software on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless
standard. ZigBee's general purpose is to be used for industrial control, embedded
sensing, medical data collection, smoke warning and intrusion alarm system,
building automation, home automation, etc.
ZigBee devices operate in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands:
2.4GHz (global), 915 MHz (the USA), and 868MHz (Europe). The transmission
distance is expected to range from 10 to 75m. Like Wi-Fi, Zigbee uses directsequence spread spectrum1 in the 2.4GHz band, with offset-quadrature phaseshift keying2 modulation. Channel width is 2MHz with 5MHz channel spacing.
The 868 and 900MHz bands also use direct-sequence spread spectrum but with
binary-phase-shift keying3 modulation. The technology is intended to be
simpler and cheaper than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. The most capable
ZigBee node type is said to require only about 10% of the software of a typical
Bluetooth node, while the simplest nodes are about 2%. However, actual node
sizes are much higher, closer to 50% of Bluetooth node size.
There are three different types of ZigBee devices:
 ZigBee coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the coordinator forms the
root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly
one ZigBee coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the
network originally. It is able to store information about the network.
 ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an application function a router can act
as an intermediate, passing data from other devices (full function device).
 ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talk to its
parent node (either the coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from
other devices. This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant
amount of the time thereby giving you a long battery life. A ZED requires the
least amount of memory (reduced function device).
IEEE 802.15.4 is a relatively new standard that still needs to pass through the
77
circles of critics and establish its own place in the industry. But, it seems, that
ZigBee has a bright future. ZigBee has the potential to unify methods of data
communication for sensors, actuators, appliances, and tracking devices. It offers a
possibility to build a reliable but affordable network backbone that takes
advantage of battery-operated devices with a low data rate and low duty cycle4.
Home automation is the biggest area for ZigBee-enabled devices. This costeffective and easy-to-use home network potentially creates a whole new
ecosystem of interconnected home appliances, light and climate control systems,
security and sensor networks.
Comments:
direct-sequence spread spectrum – расширение спектра с применением
кода прямой последовательности, передача широкополосных сигналов по
методу прямой последовательности.
2
offset-quadrature phase-shift keying – квадратурная фазовая манипуляция
со сдвигом.
3
binary-phase-shift keying – двухпозиционная (двоичная) фазовая
манипуляция.
4
duty cycle – рабочий цикл, коэффициент заполнения.
1
⓰ Summarize general ideas of the text.
WRITING
⓱ Compare radio parameters of the following technologies (radio
standards, operating frequencies, transmission range, modulation
characteristics, channels): Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, Z-Wave, ZigBee as well as
their typical setup, network features, data rates. Make a conclusion about
their application focus. Use READING C section text: “ZigBee beacons and
network layer” to help you.
SPEAKING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www.ehow.co.uk/inf
o_8586580_advantagesdisadvantages-wifi.html
http://phys.org/news15125
8225.html
http://www.electronicswee
kly.com/Articles/21/02/20
08/43183/Zigbee-Problemchild-or-future-success.htm
http://tudelft.nl/en/curren
t/dossiers/archive/ultrawide-band/
⓲ Divide into groups and take part in a round-table discussion of
modern wireless LANs and PANs advantages and disadvantages, new
wireless standards promises.
Pay attention to the following points:
 radio range parameters and modulation techniques;
 data rates and transmission protocols;
 power consumption;
 security issues;
 liability for interference;
 universality, interoperability and synchronization features.
Use GET REAL box links and READING C section text: “Advantages and
disadvantages of Bluetooth technology” to help you.
READING C
ZIGBEE BEACONS AND NETWORK LAYER
ZigBee networks can use beacon or non-beacon environments. Beacons are used
to synchronize the network devices, identify the HAN, and describe the structure
78
of the superframe1. The beacon intervals are set by the network coordinator and
vary from 15ms to over 4 minutes. Sixteen equal time slots are allocated between
beacons for message delivery. The channel access in each time slot is
contention-based2.
The non-beacon mode is a simple, traditional multiple-access system used in
simple peer networks3. It operates like a two-way radio network, where each
client is autonomous and can initiate a conversation at will, but could interfere
with others unintentionally. The recipient may not hear the call or the channel
might already be in use.
Beacon mode is a mechanism for controlling power consumption in extended
networks such as cluster tree or mesh. It enables all the clients to know when to
communicate with each other. The primary value of beacon mode is that it
reduces the system's power consumption.
Non-beacon mode is typically used for security systems where client units, such
as intrusion sensors, motion detectors, and glass-break detectors, sleep 99.999%
of the time. Remote units wake up to announce their continued presence in the
network. When an event occurs, the sensor wakes up instantly and transmits the
alert. The network coordinator, powered from the main source, has its receiver on
all the time and can therefore wait to hear from each of these stations. Since the
network coordinator has an "infinite" source of power it can allow clients to sleep
for unlimited periods of time, enabling them to save power.
Beacon mode is more suitable when the network coordinator is battery-operated.
Client units listen for the network coordinator's beacon (broadcast at intervals
between 0.015 and 252s). A client looks for any messages directed to it. If there
are no messages the client returns to sleep, awaking on a schedule specified by
the coordinator. Once the client communications are completed, the coordinator
itself returns to sleep.
The network (NWK) layer associates or dissociates devices using the network
coordinator, and is responsible for starting a new network and assigning an
address to newly associated devices. The NWK layer supports multiple network
topologies including star, cluster tree, and mesh. In a star topology, one of the
FFD-type devices assumes the role of network coordinator and is responsible for
initiating and maintaining the devices on the network. All other devices, known as
end devices, directly communicate with the coordinator.
In a mesh topology, the ZigBee coordinator is responsible for starting the
network and for choosing key network parameters, but the network may be
extended through the use of ZigBee routers. The routing algorithm uses a
request-response protocol to eliminate sub-optimal routing. Ultimate network
size can reach 264 nodes (more than we'll probably need).
79
Comments
superframe – сверхцикл.
contention-based access – ассоциативный доступ.
3
peer network – одноранговая сеть.
1
2
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
The advantages and disadvantages of Bluetooth technology are well-known to
anyone who extensively uses Bluetooth for transferring data or sharing
information. IEEE standards govern its networks and have standardized it for use
with a vast range of compatible devices.
The Pros and Cons of Bluetooth
People who regularly use it absolutely swear by it, especially because the data
transfer speeds that are provided are very impressive. Since multiple devices can
communicate with each other easily, there are hardly any compatibility issues
with using it, and this makes it an even more attractive prospect. However, in
spite of all this there are a few limitations to it as well, and there are a few people
who feel that there are certain areas that it can improve upon.
The Advantages of Bluetooth
Bluetooth does not require a clear line of sight between the synced devices. This
means that the devices need not be facing each other, and it is also possible to
carry out transfers when both the devices are in separate rooms. The fact that this
technology requires no cables and wires is something that has made it so
popular. With so many devices engulfing our lives today, the need for clutter-free
technology is becoming more intense.
The maximum range that it offers is 100 meters, but this range is not the same for
all similar connections. It depends on the nature of the devices and the version
that they operate upon.
The processing power and battery power that it requires in order to operate is
very low. This makes it an ideal tool for so many electronic devices, as the
technology can be implemented pretty much anywhere.
One major advantage is its simplicity of use. Anyone can figure out how to set up
a connection and sync two devices with ease. Moreover, the technology is
completely free to use and requires no charges to be paid to any service provider.
The chances of other wireless networks interfering with yours are very low. This is
because of the low powered wireless signals that the technology adopts, and also
because of something known as frequency hopping.
The Disadvantages of Bluetooth
Though the transfer speeds are impressive at around 1 Mbps, certain other
technologies like Infrared can offer speeds up to 4 Mbps. This is an area that can
be improved on in the near future. Even though the security is good, it is even
better on Infrared. This is because of the comparatively larger range of Bluetooth
and also the lack of a line of sight. Someone who knows how to hack such
networks can do so eventually.
The battery usage during a single transfer is negligible, but there are some
people who leave the device switched on in their devices. This inevitably eats into
the battery of these devices, and lowers the battery life considerably.
Ultimately the points are fairly uneven, and the benefits of the technology easily
outweigh any negative aspects. Bluetooth is widely used by millions of people
80
from all around the world, and it is sure to spread even further as time goes by.
The ease of use and convenience that it offers is unmatched, and it is only a
matter of time before every single gadget and electronic device in our home
makes use of this technology.
81
UNIT 7 RADAR TECHNOLOGY
-ed/-ing adjectives
Passive Infinitive
Fundamentals of radar
Military radar
Weather radar
Through-wall radar
systems
LEAD-IN
❶ Study the word cloud above and try to determine what radar is, where
it is basically used, what characteristics distinguish the technology from
other radio devices and systems. Think about radar technology features
and answer the following questions:
 What does radar stand for?
 Who is known as “the father of radar”?
 What is used, with proper receiving equipment, to detect the
presence of a distant object?
 What is an echo?
 What is a bearing?
 What are the main components of any radar system?
 What radar component permits the use of a single antenna for both
transmitting and receiving?
 How can you explain the Doppler Effect underlying the Doppler
radar?
 What are the different uses of radar?
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly.
antimissile
['ænəlaɪz]
duplexer
['weɪvleŋθ]
acronym
['æzɪməθ]
diverse
[aɪˌdentɪfɪ'keɪʃn]
angular
['maɪkrəweɪv]
surveillance
[daɪ'vɜːs]
analyze
[ˌæntɪ'mɪsaɪl]
pulse
[pʌls]
microwave
['æŋgjulə]
identification
['æltɪtjuːd]
obstacle
['ɔbstəkl]
wavelength
['djuːpleksə]
azimuth
['ækrənɪm]
altitude
[sɜː'veɪləns]
82
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
reflection (n) - the throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without
absorbing it;
estimate (v) - roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of smth.;
remote (adj) - located far away, distant, operating or operated at a distance by means of
radio or infrared signals, distant in time;
range (n) - the area or extent covered by or included in something, the distance
within which something can be reached or perceived (a radio
transmission can be effectively received);
shift (n) - a slight change in position, direction, or tendency;
target (n) - any point or area aimed at, the object of an attack or a takeover bid, an
object to be detected by the reflection of a radar or sonar signal, etc.;
surface (n) - the outside part or uppermost layer of something;
obstacle (n) - a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress;
propagation (n) - the movement of a wave through a medium;
measure (v) - to determine the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an
instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an
object of known size;
duplex (adj) - allowing the transmission of two signals simultaneously in opposite
directions;
scatter (v) - to deviate or cause to deviate in many directions, to deflect or to diffuse;
surveillance (n) - close observation maintained over a person (people), object(s),
phenomenon(a) etc.;
precipitation (n) - rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc., formed by condensation of water vapour in
the atmosphere, the deposition of these on the earth's surface;
trace (v) - to follow, discover, or ascertain the course or development of something;
wavelength (n) - the distance, measured in the direction of
propagation, between two points of the same
phase in consecutive cycles of a wave (Symbol: λ),
the wavelength of the carrier wave used by a
particular broadcasting station;
elevation (n) - the angle of a celestial object with the horizontal; the angular distance
between the plane through a point of observation and an object above it.
❹ Complete the synonymic groups using the words from the box; try to
give more synonyms.
latency
reveal
speed
unfriendly
enemy
precise
rate
find
mirroring
control
inimical
correct exact observe regime
disturbance
reverberation
83
noise
discover
interference
retard
pace
return
run
operation
lag

hostile
____________,
____________,
____________;

detect
____________,
____________,
____________;

delay
____________,
____________,
____________;

velocity
____________,
____________,
____________;

accurate
____________,
____________,
____________;

clutter
____________,
____________,
____________;

monitor
____________,
____________,
____________;

mode
____________,
____________,
____________;

reflection
____________,
____________,
____________;
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
clutter
величина
antimissile
сопровождение цели
magnitude
вражеский
hostile
вхождение в контакт
friend-or-foe
проникать
engagement
мешающие эхо-сигналы
tracking
перехватывать
suppression
загрязнять
intercept
"свой-чужой"
penetrate
подавление
contaminate
противоракетный
❻ Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters to make words and match them
with the definitions:
ECETDT
 __________________________
CELTUTR
 __________________________
LSRUVCEILEAN
 __________________________
PATPTREICIONI
 __________________________
TMREOE
 __________________________
BSOLTECA
 __________________________
ARGTET
 __________________________
 any form of water, formed by
condensation of vapour in the
atmosphere;
 operating or controlled from a
distance;
 unwanted echoes that confuse
the observation of signals on a
radar screen;
 to discover the existence or
presence of smth;
 supervision over smth or smb,
 something that obstructs or
hinders progress.
❼ Match the words to make word combinations.
84
accurate
pointing
звукоотражение
pinpoint
handling
точные данные
frequency
time
высокая точность
antenna
data
постоянная скорость
target
angle
угол наклона (возвышения)
running
direction
наведение антенны
desired
shift
слежение за целью
sound
accuracy
желаемое направление
constant
velocity
смещение частоты
elevation
reflection
время непрерывной работы
WORD BUILDING
-ed and -ing adjectives
A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed:
 -ing adjectives are used to describe a thing, a place, an activity, a
technology, a device, a process or a state.
Calibrating instrument is a device that is used to adjust other
instruments.
 -ed adjectives are used to show the result or effect.
Calibrated instrument is a device that has been adjusted for errors.
❽ Complete the centences with the right -ed and -ing adjectives from
the box.
transmitting
reflected (2)
detected
moving
limited
detecting
reflecting
transmitted (2)
penetrating
1. When light hits a collection of matter, some of the energy “bounces
off” the edge of the object, as a __________ beam.
2. The wave that strikes a __________ surface is called the incident wave,
and the one that bounces back is called the __________ wave.
3. The subcarrier is modulated with a L-R signal so that the __________
signal can be separated into left and right channels for stereo
playback.
4. A __________ antenna takes waves that are generated inside a radio
device and converts them to waves that travel in an open space.
5. A receiver is a sub-system that takes in the __________ signal from the
channel and processes it to retrieve the information signal.
6. Ground-__________
radar
is
a geophysical
method
that
uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
7. (Patent) The present invention provides an automatic __________ device
for radio frequency environment used to detect radio frequency
noise.
85
8. The Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence announced that the
__________ signals are examples of terrestrial radio frequency
interference.
9. HF antennas can be used in limited space applications such as
apartments, mobile homes or subdivisions where big antennas are not
allowed.
10. New flat, fixed placed antennas do not have any __________
components, unlike traditional units.
аааа
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Passive Infinitive
❾ Use passive infinitives to complete the sentences. You will need to use
a modal verb in 9/11 cases. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p.
156).
1. Echoes _______________ (use) to estimate the distance of an object, its
size, shape and velocity, as well as the velocity of sound itself.
2. This radar _______________ (equip) with widely separated or colocated
antennas.
3. The navigator _______________ (adjust) to recognize various abnormal
echoes and effects on the radarscope so as not to be confused by
their presence.
4. Duplexer prevents high power energy to go into receiver while
transmission and prevents reflected signal _______________ (feed) to the
transmitter during reception.
5. Accuracy _______________ (improve) by making many interrogations as
the antenna beam scans an aircraft and a better estimate
_______________ (obtain) by noting where the replies started and where
WORD STUDY
stopped and taking the center of the replies as the direction of the
aircraft.
6. Directional antennas _______________ (point) at the transmitter they are
receiving.
7. When radio broadcasting first started _______________ (use), no one
could predict it would turn the world upside down in the nearest
future.
8. This research has resulted in a new low-cost, fingernail-sized radar
chip package that _______________ (implement) in a variety of areas,
including the automotive industry, robotics and smartphones.
9. Because radio signals attenuate during their transmission, the
transmission distance _______________ (estimate) from the received radio
signal strength.
10.
Since one component of the measurement error depends on the
measurement area, such measurement area _______________ (select) as
ideally as possible.
аааа
86
READING A
⓫ Read the text and give headings to the paragraphs 1-3.
⓬ Find and mark the sentences containing the following information:





Radar basic function
Radar operating frequencies
Duplexer basic function
Use of weather radar
High tech radar systems
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR
1) __________________________
If you have sometimes experienced the reflection of a sound due to the presence
of a sound reflecting object like a canyon or cave, etc. you have in a way
experienced how radar works. When you shout near towards a valley or a
mountain, the reflection of a sound (echo) comes back. The time an echo
requires to come back can be used to estimate the distance of the reflecting
object, provided the speed of sound in air is known. Radar (an acronym
for RAdio Detecting And Ranging) functions in a similar manner to detect the the
position, movement, and nature of a remote object by means of radio waves
reflected from its surface.
Radars are being used to measure different parameters, such as range (using
pulse delay), velocity (from doppler frequency shift), angular direction (using
antenna pointing), target size (from magnitude of reflected energy), target shape
(analyzing reflected signal as a function of direction), moving parts (analyzing
modulation of the reflected signal).
Although most radar units use microwave frequencies, the principle of radar is
not confined to any particular frequency range. There are some radar units that
operate on frequencies well below 100 megahertz (megacycles) and others that
operate in the infrared range and above.
2) __________________________
Basic principle governing the functionality of radar is due to the properties of
radiated electromagnetic energy.
 The electromagnetic waves are reflected if they meet an electrically leading
surface. If these reflected waves are received again at the place of their
origin, then that means an obstacle is in the propagation direction.
 Electromagnetic energy travels through air at a constant speed, at
approximately the speed of light (300,000 kilometers per second). This
constant speed allows the determination of the distance between the
reflecting objects (airplanes, ships or cars) and the radar site by measuring
the running time of the transmitted pulses.
 This energy normally travels through space in a straight line, and will vary
only slightly because of atmospheric and weather conditions. By using of
special radar antennas this energy can be focused into a desired direction.
Thus the direction (in azimuth and elevation) of the reflecting objects can be
measured.
These principles can basically be implemented in a radar system, and allow the
determination of the distance, the direction and the height of the reflecting
object. The block diagram of a primary Radar is shown below:
87
The radar transmitter produces microwave signal. The duplexer acts as a switch; it
switches the antenna between the transmitter and receiver. This obviates the
need for separate transmitting and receiving antennas. The duplexer prevents
high power energy to go into receiver (high power pulses can damage the
receiver) while transmission and prevents reflected signal to be fed to the
transmitter during reception. The transmitting antenna radiates the transmitting
energy to signals in space, in desired directions.
The radiated energy propagates with constant velocity. When it finds the target,
the energy is scattered, a part of which is reflected towards the transmitting
antenna. The antenna receives the reflected energy and feed it to the duplexer.
The duplexer directs this energy towards the receiver. The receiver demodulates
the received reflected energy and analyzes the signal to find target parameters.
The receiver sends the output to display, which shows the analyzed signal in an
easily understandable user friendly manner.
3) __________________________
Radars are used for various applications like surveillance, imaging, remote
sensing, altitude measurement, etc. Commercial airliners are equipped with radar
devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate
altitude readings. Planes can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted
ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems.
Radar is also used to measure distances and map geographical areas and to
navigate and fix positions at sea. Meteorologists use radar to monitor
precipitation; it has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting
and is also used to watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms and
tornados. Radar can be used to study the planets and the solar ionosphere and
to trace solar flares and other moving particles in outer space (outer space
surveillance).
Other modern uses of radar are highly diverse and include radar astronomy, airdefense systems, antimissile systems; ocean surveillance systems, guided
missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological
observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise
levels.
http://www.radartutorial.eu/01.basics/rb04.en.html
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/radar.html
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-radar-technology
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓭ Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and word combinations from
the box.
monitor
altitude
detect
88
obstacle
duplexer
surveillance
delay
estimate
range
shift
1. These
devices operate in
the
frequency ____________ 300-420
terahertz (THz), with a maximum power of 125 milliwatts.
2. Receipt of reflected energy towards the source is an indication of the
____________ in the direction of propagation.
3. Doppler ____________ is an apparent change in frequency (or
wavelength) due to the relative motion of two objects.
4. Radar technology is used in military applications, but also in a
number of non-defense-related ones, such as weather radars, aircraft
anticollision systems, ocean ____________, and even topographical
mapping of the solar system.
5. The ability of radar to successfully ____________ targets and distinguish
among them is also affected by the wavelength.
6. What is a ____________? It is a three-port network that allows the
transmitter and receiver in radar to use the same antenna.
7. The existing radar networks are used to ____________ air traffic and
weather.
8. A radar system determines range through the time ____________
between pulse transmission and reception.
9. Radar is used in the air traffic control systems to determine the
position of an aircraft, its ____________ and identity.
10. A long range radar (LRR) used for automatic cruise control (ACC) is
intended to ____________ the distance between the vehicle it is
mounted on and the vehicle in front of it, and alert the driver when
the two become too close.
COMPREHENSION
⓮ Read the text again and mark the following statements as T (“true”), F
(“false”) and NG (“not given”).
1. When you shout near towards a valley or a mountain, the echo
comes back.
2. Electromagnetic energy travels through air at a constant speed, at
approximately the speed of light.
3. Radars are used to measure such parameters, as range, speed,
angular direction, target size and shape, etc.
4. Ultra-wideband radars are characterized by very large bandwidth and
fine range resolution.
5. Radar units use microwave frequencies, but the principle of radar is
not confined to any particular frequency range.
6. Radar is often used underwater instead of sonar because radio waves
are faster than sound waves.
7. Radar has become the primary tool for short-term weather
forecasting.
8. Electromagnetic energy travels through air in a straight line, and
89
varies slightly because of atmospheric conditions.
9. A radar system allows the determination of the distance, the
direction and the height of the reflecting object.
10. The receiver demodulates the received reflected energy and analyzes
the signal to find target parameters.
READING B
⓯ Read the text and sort out two texts out of it, rearrange the
paragraphs in a logical way.
Military Radar
Weather Radar
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________
MILITARY RADAR vs. WEATHER RADAR
a) During the short time when the targets are exposed accurate data must be
obtained. A high antenna rotational speed assures early target detection and a
high data update rate required for track accuracy. The radar can use linear
polarization in clear weather. During rains, to improve the suppression of rain
clutter, provision exists to change to circular polarization.
b) New Doppler weather radars are able, through the understanding of the
principle of the Doppler Shift, to detect the motion of the precipitation elements
toward or away from the radar. So it is possible to see wind motion within the
precipitation field when that motion is toward or away from the radar. There are
three important factors to consider when radar detects a precipitation target:
azimuth angle of the echoes from the radar antenna, elevation angle of the
echoes from the radar antenna and judging distance of the echo from the radar
antenna.
c) Many types of military radar aren't simply built to perform one or another
function but to integrate them in a single device. Air intercept radars need to
perform surveillance in order to find targets, and they also need to switch into a
tracking and target illumination mode of operation once engagement has begun.
90
The same is true for shipborne radar systems. Limited available space on the
platform dictates that several functions are to be performed by the same
hardware and, in particular, through the same antenna.
d) Radar has been in use detecting precipitation since the late 1950s. Weather
radars transmit a pulse of energy into the atmosphere and if targets are present
the signal becomes scattered and a much smaller part of the pulse energy is
reflected back to the radar. The reflected (return) signals are indicated on radar
displays as "reflectivity" echoes and show areas of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.).
The larger the target, the stronger the return signal. The color indicates the
intensity of the precipitation with blues and greens indicating lighter
precipitation while yellows and reds depict precipitation of heavier intensities.
Very high reflectivities (red colors) can indicate the presence of hail in more
violent thunderstorms.
e) Sometimes, the radar energy pulses are intercepted by obstacles close to the
radar and the return signal is contaminated and a wide "ground clutter" pattern
is noted. In addition, temperature inversions in the atmosphere can return
trapped radar energy which will produce false echoes which are referred to as
anomalous propagation (AP). However, newer Doppler weather radars are not as
prone to AP as the earlier ones or the shorter wavelength radars sometimes used
by television stations.
f) Military radar is an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions.
It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should be able to be deployed
within minutes. The identification of the targets as friend or hostile is supported
by IFF (identification friend-or-foe), which is an integral part of the system.
Typical military radar has the following features and benefits: all-weather day and
night capability; multiple target handling and engagement capability; short and
fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment; highly
mobile and easy to operate system; flexible weapon integration; high resolution,
excellent target discrimination and accurate tracking.
g) Radar sensitivity is based on the wavelength of the pulses of energy that it
transmits. While shorter wavelength radars can detect smaller precipitation
elements and, even, cloud droplets, close in to the radar, longer wavelengths are
generally preferred in operational weather forecasting. The longer wavelength
radars are able to detect precipitation at much greater distances and can
distinguish smaller atmospheric features throughout the sampled atmosphere.
There are times, in clear skies, that weather services increase the sensitivity of the
radar from "Precipitation Mode" to "Clear Air Mode." This supersensitive
reflectivity mode can detect wind shifts as well as insects and migrating birds.
h) A means of detecting hostile activities from far away, at day or night, through
rain and snow, operating at the speed of light and with pinpoint accuracy - this is
what radar is for the military. Most probably, military applications outnumber all
other radar applications in science, meteorology and air traffic control, though
navigation and weather radars are also used by the military.
⓰ Summarize general ideas of the text.
WRITING
⓱ Write a descriptive essay of a particular type of radar devices (speed
meausaring, weather-sensing,
navigational, mappin, etc.)
91
detection
and
search,
targeting,
Here are some steps to help you create a strong descriptive essay.
1. Structure your essay in a way that makes sense for your topic.
2. Create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is the idea that governs
the whole essay. It states the purpose of the paper and governs all of the
information that is in the paper.
3. Write your introductory paragraph.
4. Make a list of characteristic features.
5. Review your list and choose the most dominant details to write about.
These details should be the items that best support your thesis and are
the most interesting. These details will be made into your body
paragraphs.
6. Create an outline that lists what each paragraph of your essay is going
to discuss.
7. Write your conclusion.
8. Take a break from working after you have finished writing.
9. Get someone else to read your essay.
10. Proofread your essay for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
SPEAKING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www.abc.net.au/scie
nce/articles/2013/10/23/38
74993.htm
http://www.mphindustries.c
om/radar_lidar.php
http://health.act.gov.au/he
alth-services/communitybased-healthservices/rehabilitationaged-and-communitycare/radar/
http://www.sciencedaily.co
m/releases/2012/09/12091
4131532.htm
⓲ Make a presentation about special spheres of radar application
(medical radar application, radar measurements, space radar, automotive
radar systems, police radar, search & rescue radar etc.) in a special
format described below.
PechaKucha is a presentation style in which 20 slides are shown for 20
seconds each (six minutes and 40 seconds in total).
Use the key words and phrases of the unit.
Pay attention to the following points:
 application area;
 specification;
 functionality;
 structure/components;
 technologies used;
 special features.
Use GET REAL box links and READING C section text: “Through-wall radar
systems” to help you.
READING C
THROUGH-WALL RADAR SYSTEMS
ReTWis unique portable radar
ReTWis is a through-wall radar system capable of detecting, locating, and realtime tracking of living human targets concealed behind solid barriers. It is
a truly portable device (7 kg), including its battery, which provides sufficient
power for an endurance of 9 hours. The radar system is an invaluable tool in
every case where having visibility is essential. ReTWis can see through most
common wall materials enabling its users to view living beings at a range of up
92
to 20 meters. It is the tool which can
help to have a quick evaluation of
room activity and it can also be
used as a decision-maker tool.
The ReTWis through-wall
radar
is based
on advanced UltraWideband (UWB)
technology
utilizing
short
electromagnetic
impulses to penetrate the wall. The
signatures of targets hidden behind
the wall are reconstructed by
processing the reflected echoes
from these targets. The system is optimized for detecting small changes in the
received electromagnetic energy induced by human motion; slight micromovements caused by vital signs (e.g. respiration) are also captured and
displayed on the screen. Ultra-low power electromagnetic emission transmitted
by the radar (approx. 100× lower than the emission of a cellphone)
is harmless for both the user and the people behind the wall.
Enhanced image processing implemented in ReTWis enables the user to
determine the position of the targets, observe their movements in real time,
distinguish between moving and stationary (just breathing) targets, and
recognize their activity. In most application scenarios, the radar is assumed to
be placed close to the wall. However, it is capable of operating in standoff
mode as well (mounted on a tripod). In general, it can penetrate through wall
materials that are transparent for radiowaves, e.g., drywall, wood, concrete,
adobe, and brick. The extreme thickness and high moisture content in the wall
material may negatively impact the maximum radar range. Obviously, ReTWis
can't see through continuous metallic sheets.
Application of ReTWis by military, police and special forces protects lives of
soldiers in unknown urban environments as well as lives of hostages during
counter-terrorist operations. ReTWis is also a highly versatile tool for rescue
teams, especially in the case of fire and natural disasters.
http://www.lokalizacni-systemy.cz/en/retwis-en/#closed
Chaos radar uses messy signals to see through walls
A NEW type of radar which harnesses chaos theory can see clearly through walls
and could help find survivors in disasters. The technology could also make onboard radar a practical proposition for cars.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) radar is already used to "see" through walls. It can detect
the presence of people on the other side of a barrier by distortions to the
reflected radio waves caused by their breathing or heartbeat. However, the radar
returns are often cluttered by interference, obscuring the signal.
Henry Leung and colleagues at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, have
found a way to sharpen the signal, which gets lost among multiple reflections
within walls, known as reverberation, and by returns bouncing back via different
routes.
Existing UWB radars typically use a random noise signal to avoid interference
between waves of the same wavelength. But because the outgoing signal is not
known it takes more processing to match it to the return. A second approach is
to use a wide range of sequential frequencies; this is easier to match but more
93
prone to interference.
Leung's team is using a "chaotic oscillator" to generate their signal. The device
creates what seems like random noise, but which is actually generated by a fixed
algorithm. It is matched by a receiver using the same algorithm. Because the
outgoing signal is known, it is as easy to process as spread-spectrum signals. It is
also irregular, like random noise, meaning reflections are less likely to interfere
with each other.
In tests, the chaotic signal produced better results than the other approaches. "It
captures the desired properties of these two systems," says Leung. This means
the radar can see reliably through more layers. Leung's colleagues suggest that
chaos radar could be used as an on-board sensor for vehicles as part of a smart
traffic-management system. As chaos signals do not interfere with each other,
many could operate in the same area.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128225.200-chaos-radar-uses-messysignals-to-see-through-walls.html#.Ug3eeJIvm5I
94
UNIT 8 ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Conversion
Preposition + Gerund
Electronic warfare
basics
Signals Intelligence
EW fully adaptive
threat response
technology
LEAD-IN
❶ The uses of electromagnetism for war are myriad and range from the
application of radar for navigation and locating targets to the use of
electronic bombs or "e-bombs" to disrupt an enemy's mechanical and
electromagnetic systems. Electromagnetic energy can be applied to
confuse or deceive an enemy, as for instance in radar-jamming
applications or the propagation of misleading signals. It can also be used
directly as a weapon to disable infrastructure.
a) What do you know about Electronic Warfare, its features and fields of
application? Try to give your own definition of this term using the
following words and word combinations:
nouns: use, enemy, radio, air, self-protection, sea, land, jamming,
antiradiation;
adjectives: not limited, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, manned, unmanned;
verbs: involve, include, control, attack, deny, ensure;
word combinations: military action, electromagnetic spectrum, directed
energy, radar frequencies, specialized tool;
useful phrases: is used to…, the goal of… is to…, can be applied…, with
the purpose of…
b) These are three major subdivisions of Electronic Warfare (1-3). Match
them with the appropriate definitions (a-d). Be careful, there is one extra
definition you do not need to use. Explain your choice.
1. Electronic Attack 2. Electronic Protection 3. Electronic Warfare Support
a) _________________________ encompasses decoys and countermeasures
against weapon tracking and guidance systems, esp. resources and
activities having for an object to locate, identify, intercept or neutralize
the sources of electromagnetic energy posing an immediate threat;
b) _________________________ is the use of electromagnetic or directed
energy against personnel or equipment with the aim of degrading or
95
destroying combat capabilities;
с) _________________________ is an object detection system using radio waves
to determine the range, altitude, direction or speed of objects;
d) _________________________ efforts or equipment aimed at the protection
of human and material resources from the effects of unintended side
effects of friendly electronic warfare as well as enemy actions
(unintentional and intentional interference);
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly.
instantaneous
[ˌsuːpə'hetərədaɪn]
warfare
[ə'næləsɪs]
applicable
[rɪ'kɔnɪsən(t)s]
agility
['mɪsaɪl]
alphanumeric
['kauntəˌmeʒəz]
deceive
['wɔːfɛə]
surveillance
['æplɪkəbl]
armoured
[dɪ'siːv]
superheterodyne
[ˌalfənjuː'merɪk]
missile
['θreʃhəuld]
countermeasures
[ˌɪnstən'teɪnɪəs]
analysis
['ɑːməd]
reconnaissance
[sɜː'veɪlən(t)s]
threshold
[ə'ʤɪlətɪ]
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms. There are
three gap definitions. Fill in them on the basis of your knowledge and
experience:
anticipate (v) - to regard as probable, expect or predict (what will happen) and take
action in order to be prepared;
bearing (n) - the angular direction of a line, point, or course measured from north or
south, or one's own position;
chaff (n) - thin strips of metallic foil released into the earth's atmosphere to confuse
radar signals and prevent detection;
deceive (v) - to cause (someone) to believe something that is not true, mislead;
disrupt (v) - a slight change in position, direction, or tendency;
guidance (n) - the directing of the motion or position of something, ex. a surface-to-air
missile guidance system;
intelligence (n) - the collection of information of military or political value;
intentional (adj) - done on purpose, performed by or expressing intention;
jamming (n) - the intentional emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the
operation of a radar by saturating its receiver with noise or false
information;
misleading (adj) - giving the wrong idea or impression;
reconnaissance (adj) the process of obtaining information about the position, activities,
- resources, etc., of an enemy or potential enemy;
sophisticated (adj) - developed to a high degree of complexity;
96
surveillance (n) - …
target (n) - …
tracking (n) - the act or process of following something or someone;
tune (v) - to adjust (a receiver, a circuit) to the frequency of the required signal;
vehicle (n) - …
❹ Match the following words (A) with their synonyms (B):
A
B
portion
opposition
bearing
emit
disable
complex
degrade
part
noise
mislead
radiate
direction finding
deceive
forsee
anticipate
reconaissance
counteraction
desactivate
reduce
adjust
tune
disrupt
sophisticated
decrease
intelligence
interference
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
countermeasures
радиолокационная ловушка
bearing
перехватить
jamming
пеленг
radio reconnaissance
создание активных радиопомех
chaff
радиоразведка
radar-absorbing
дипольные противорадиолокац-е отражатели
straightforward
поглощающий радиолокац-е излучение
round-trip
простой
decoy
радиоэлектронное подавление
intercept
в прямом и обратном направлениях
97
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues
__t_____t_
 use or spend in advance, act as a forerunner or precursor of smth;
_ _ r _ _ _ l _ _ n _ _  the systematic observation of space, places, things, etc. by different means;
____e__
 an object or place selected as the aim of an attack;
___r___
 the position fixed with reference to two or more known points;
_e____e
 a device or structure (a conveyance) for transporting persons or things.
❼ Match the words to make word combinations.
frequency
target
преднамеренные помехи
deception
aircraft
создание имитирующих радиопомех
misleading
jamming
РЛС подсвета целей
intentional
intelligence
перехваченный сигнал
uncrewed
radar
уголковый отражатель
electronic
signals
беспилотный летательный аппарат
intercepted
agility
радиотехническая разведка
false
reflector
быстрая перестройка частоты
lluminating
signal
ложная цель
corner
interference
дезориентирующие сигналы
WORD BUILDING
Conversion
Conversion is a way to form new words by means of changing their
morphological paradigm (their part of speech) without any prefixes or
suffixes, e.g. a land – to land
In English there are the following productive patterns of conversion:
Conversion
patterns
N–V
V–N
N – Adj
Examples of
conversion pairs
a range – to range
to flow – a flow
a miniature – miniature
Conversion
patterns
Adj – N
Adj – Adv
Adj – V
Examples of
conversion pairs
wireless – a wireless
fast – fast
thin – to thin
❽ In the following sentences find and mark the words that are members
of conversion pairs. Make sentences using these words as other parts of
speech:
1. The radar range equation represents the physical dependences of the
transmit power, that is the wave propagation up to the reception of
the echo-signals. (4)
2. Remote sensing methods provide their own source of electromagnetic
radiation, e.g. radar. (2)
3. You can use the magnetic north azimuth values to aim your antenna
via compass. (6)
98
4. A radar system uses a radio frequency electromagnetic signal
reflected from a target to determine information about it. (3)
5. EP systems are intended to protect human and material resources
from electronic warfare. (2)
6. Early deception jammers used analog delay lines to capture the radar
pulse and output it shortly afterwards. (6)
7. Electron flow is what we think of as electrical current. (3)
GRAMMAR FOCUS
– prep. + gerund
❾ Use the verb in brackets as a gerund and put the right preposition:
from (2), without, at, to, by (2), on, in (2), for (2). Define the functions
of the gerund and translate the sentences into Russian. If you need help
use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
Example: By pressing (press) the key, the operator can send messages
in Morse code.
1. Radar has been used in different areas _______________ (detect) enemy
planes _______________ (give) advanced warning of a tornado.
2. British engineer Sir Robert Watson-Watt proposed a system
_______________ (reflect) pulses of radio waves off aeroplanes to
determine their distance from the transmitter. He also demonstrated
and patented a radar device _______________ (detect) passing aircraft.
3. American scientist Edward Purcell used his knowledge _______________
(work) with radar during the Second World War to consider what
WORD STUDY
would happen if radio waves were absorbed and emitted by individual
molecules.
4. Through the detection of meteorological objects, radar has become
an important tool _______________ (forecast) the weather.
5. Ongoing research is aimed _______________ (improve) the quality and
availability of the measurements.
6. Chaff can confuse an enemy _______________ (generate) false targets, or
noise.
7. QAM sends data ____________ (change) both the phase and the
amplitude of the radio signal.
8. ____________ (achieve) negative results they stopped the research.
9. _____________ (transmit) error-correction codes an adaptive system can
resist interference.
10. They managed to make an experiment _____________ (increase) the
power of the circuit.
99
аааа
READING A
❿ Read the text quickly. Complete the text by matching the removed
parts 1-5 with the gaps a)-e).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They consist of sensitive receivers…
Deception jamming is more sophisticated technique…
The goal of Electronic Warfare (EW) is...
One of the oldest passive electronic warfare techniques is…
Active electronic warfare equipment generates energy…
⓫ Reread the text and answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why are electronic warfare techniques called electromagnetic?
What are two basic categories of electronic warfare?
What kind of energy does Active EW equipment generate?
4. What are Warning-receiver systems intended to?
5. What are two basic active electronic warfare techniques?
ELECTRONIC WARFARE BASICS
a) ______ to control the electromagnetic spectrum by exploiting, deceiving, or
denying enemy use of the spectrum while ensuring its use by friendly forces.
Because of the use of optical and infrared techniques for communications,
guidance, detection, and control, electronic warfare techniques are sometimes
called electromagnetic, rather than electronic, to convey more adequately the
idea that countermeasures are not confined to the portion of the spectrum
where electronic techniques alone are applicable but may be used throughout
the electromagnetic spectrum. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space
by manned and unmanned systems, and can target humans, communications,
radar, or other assets.
Traditionally, electronic warfare equipment and
techniques are categorized as active and passive,
depending on whether or not they radiate their own
energy. The passive category includes reconnaissance
or surveillance equipment that detects and analyzes
electromagnetic
radiation
from
radar
and
communications transmitters in a potential enemy's
aircraft, missiles, ships, satellites, and ground
installations. b) ______, either in the form of noise to confuse an enemy's
electromagnetic sensors or by generating false or time-delayed signals to
deceive radio or radar equipment and their operators.
Passive systems
Reconnaissance
or
surveillance
electronic warfare systems are carried
by satellites, aircraft, ships, uncrewed
(drone) aircraft, and automotive
vehicles, some are located on the
ground. Reconnaissance systems are
also called electronic intelligence
(ELINT)
systems.
с)
______
electromechanically or electronically tuned over desired portions of the spectrum
100
in search of transmissions of interest. Bearing to an intercepted signal can be
determined by direction-finding techniques. Once secured, the signals can be
displayed for analysis by an operator or stored for subsequent analysis.
Warning-receiver systems1 represent a more limited form of the ELINT system.
Unlike the latter, intended to search for signals over a broad range of the
spectrum, the warning receiver is programmed to alert a pilot when the aircraft is
being illuminated by a specific radar signal above predetermined power
thresholds anticipated by ELINT systems. When the pilot has been alerted, the
aircraft can be maneuvered to evade the threat or initiate counteraction with
onboard electronic warfare capability.
d) ______ the use of chaff. These are metallic strips cut to lengths resonant at the
defense radar frequency so that they return spurious radar echoes to enemy
radar. Chaff can confuse an enemy by generating false targets, or noise, forcing
the enemy to take time to analyze the returns and sort real from false targets.
Chaff can screen or mask aircraft or higher-speed ships so that the enemy is
unable to determine their presence, or chaff can help an aircraft break track once
it is alerted by its warning receiver that it is being tracked by radar.
Other passive electronic warfare techniques include the use of special radarabsorbing materials, such as ceramics or ferrites, which reduce reflection
coefficients so that the amount of radar energy returned to the illuminating radar
is reduced; the special shaping of bodies, specifically in missile reentry systems2,
that reduces the vehicle's radar cross section; the use of corner reflectors, or
Luneberg lenses, which concentrate the energy they reflect back to the radar.
Active systems
Most of active electronic warfare techniques can be classified either as noise or
deception jamming. Noise is the oldest, simplest, and most straightforward, but
requires more power and is more expensive. e) ______, operating on the
characteristics of the pulse train generated by threat radars.
Deception-jamming techniques are predicated on the idea of operating on
pulses received from the enemy so that the signal reradiated from the target
deceives the enemy radar or its operators. For instance, the deception set may
receive an enemy radar pulse, circulate it through a delay line, amplify it, and
reradiate it back toward the enemy. Because the enemy determines the position
of the target by the round-trip3 transit time of the radar energy, the radar
decision circuit4 will conclude that the target is at a greater distance than it
actually is because of the deceptive pulse delay inserted in that round-trip period
by the active set. Similarly, the deception set may operate on the radar pulse
train, returning many pulses instead of one, in an effort to deceive the enemy
into believing there are many targets spaced at different positions.
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130404-invisible-weapons-go-into-battle
Comments:
1
warning-receiver system – система оповещения,
радиотехнической разведки и предупреждения;
2
reentry system – система обеспечения входа в атмосферу;
3
round-trip – в прямом и обратном направлениях;
4
decision circuit – схема принятия решения.
101
система
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓬ Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the box.
spectrum
hostile
decoys
jamming
directed
intelligence
deception
deceive
misleading
block
There exists a dizzying range of potential applications of electronic
warfare in military as well as _______________. Examples of electronic
warfare include:
 using _______________ energy, or antiradiation weapons to proactively
attack enemy locations to take out the enemy's ability to utilize the
electromagnetic (EM) _______________ at all.
 outfitting military communication equipment with defensive gear that
can _______________ a similar EM attack from the enemy.
 EM _______________, antiradiation missile, flares and _______________, and
even an element of weaponry referred to as only "electromagnetic
_______________".
This term is defined as manipulating electromagnetic energy in some way
that will _______________ the enemy or their EM weapons.
Some examples of this include providing _______________ signals to the
enemy, simulating "friendlies" or fake _______________ forces, or
transmitting EM signals that mimic the enemies own signals.
COMPREHENSION
⓭ Read the text again and choose the best option (a, b, c) to complete
the following statements:
11. Electronic warfare can target… or other assets.
a) communications, unmanned systems
b) manned and unmanned systems
с) radar, communications, humans
12. Electronic warfare equipment and techniques are called active or
passive, depending on whether or not they…
a) include reconnaissance equipment
b) radiate their own energy
с) analyze electromagnetic radiation from enemy's communications transmitters.
13. Active EW equipment generates energy in the form of…
a) ferrites reducing reflection coefficients
b) noise and false or time-delayed signals
с) intercepted signals
14. Surveillance electronic warfare equipment can be mounted on …
a) satellites and ground systems
b) automotive vehicles, aircrafts and drones
c) manned and unmanned aircrafts, ships, automotive vehicles, satellites and
ground systems.
15. A warning-receiver system is a… form of the ELINT system.
a) limited
b) extended
102
c) upgraded
16. To confuse the enemy, chaff …
a) can return many pulses to pretend there are many targets at different positions
b) generate false targets making the enemy to to sort real from false targets
с) reradiate enemy pulses to deceive the enemy radar or its operators.
17. Passive electronic warfare techniques include …
a) the use of special materials, shaping of bodies, reflectors and lenses
b) deception jamming and noise
c) regeneration of intercepted signals
18. Deception-jamming techniques are based on the idea of …
a) operating on enemy pulses and reradiating the signal to deceive the enemy
b) using metallic strips so that they return spurious radar echoes to enemy radar
c) searching for enemy signals over a broad range of the spectrum
READING B
⓮ Read the text to complete the following chart with relevant
information.
Signals intelligence
definition
Electronic Intelligence
characteristics
Technology of intercepted
radar signals analysis
Specific features of warning
receivers
Communications
Intelligence definition
Parameters provided by
COMINT signals analysis
…
…
…
…
…
…
SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE
Signals Intelligence is the branch of military intelligence concerned with the
monitoring, interception, and interpretation of radio signals, radar signals, and
telemetry and is known as a combination of Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) and
Communications Intelligence (COMINT) work.
ELINT is primarily dedicated to the
interception and analysis of radar
emissions from surveillance, fire-control
or missile guidance radars, and is often
allied to an Electronic Counter Measure
system to provide protection from these.
ELINT provides not only direction-finding
but also analysis of the incoming signals
to ensure immediate warning of threat
radars. Signals from radar systems are
intercepted by a warning receiver and are analyzed by an associated processor to
give a wide range of parameters, including direction, type of radar, frequency,
frequency agility, Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), and PRF type. These
parameters are usually sufficient to characterize the type of emitter, and
complete identification is then carried out by comparing the analyzed signal with
103
parameters of hostile and friendly emitter characteristics stored in a library within
the computer memory. Analysis of the signals and warning of a threat is virtually
instantaneous and enables countermeasures of jamming and/or decoys to be
initiated.
For aircraft, ships and armored fighting vehicles effective warning systems are
essential for survival in the electromagnetic threat environment of the modern
battlefield. The warning receivers are being continuously updated to cope with
the latest threats. These receivers are normally either crystal video or
superheterodyne-based systems, both of which have their own advantages.
Crystal video receivers1, either narrowband or wideband, can operate over a
frequency range from 0.5 to 40 GHz, covering all radar transmissions except
those in the 94/95 GHz millimetric waveband. They are effective against pulsed,
frequency-agile2, PRI3-agile, spread spectrum and continuous-wave transmitters.
Superheterodyne receivers provide coverage from 0.01 to 40 GHz with a high
level of sensitivity, long pick-up ranges and sidelobe penetration.
COMINT is intended for the
interception of communications,
whether by voice or data link.
COMINT provides interception,
direction-finding and analysis of
hostile transmissions, primarily to
assess the movements and
intentions of the opposing forces.
Analysis of the signals provides much valuable information of the intentions for
command and control purposes. The receiving equipment is frequently allied to a
computer-based processing and display system so that automatic position fixing
in the land-based role can be carried out by the use of remote-controlled
direction finder stations. Spectra and/or time waveforms are normally provided,
together with alphanumeric readouts4, which include type of transmission,
frequency, modulation and other signal parameters. These parameters are used
to determine the types of communication and radar systems in use, whether they
are mobile or static, the direction of any movement, and so on. Multisignal
detection and analysis is provided in nearly all equipment, and a map display
overprinted with the intercepted information can be incorporated to give the
battlefield commander an overall picture of both the tactical and the
electromagnetic situation.
Both ELINT and COMINT systems are heavily dependent on the digital computer
to provide all the analysis functions. The software upon which these functions are
based is keyed in before any operational mission and will carry out the necessary
analysis on multiple signals. The library of the average processor will contain the
parameters of 2000 or more radar systems and, in many cases, can be
reprogrammed by the operator to store unidentified signals for later processing
and analysis.
Comments:
1
crystal video receiver – широкополосный радиоприёмник прямого
усиления с видеоусилителем;
2
frequency-agile – с бымтрой перестройкой частоты;
3
PRI (Primary Rate Interface) – интерфейс основного (первичного)
уровня;
4
alphanumeric readout – считывание буквенно-цыфровых данных
(вывод в буквенно-цифровой форме).
104
⓯ Make a plan and summarize the ideas of Text B. Making the plan, keep
to the following scheme.
1) Name the text topic with one word (or a word combination);
2) Describe the topic by 1 or 2 synonyms related to the topic word;
3) Describe the topic essence by 2 or 3 adjectives;
4) Name typical “topical” actions by 3 or 4 verbs;
5) Make a phrase of at least 5 words representing the main idea(s) of
the text (your conclusion).
WRITING
⓰ The electronic warfare scene is a continuously evolving battle between
the various aspects of ESM, ECM and ECCM. Great strides have been
made in artificial intelligence systems as the amount of raw information
from modern sensor systems is so vast that better and better processors,
employing highly complex software programs, are vital to analyze the
inputs. With the complexity of modern weapons, and the speed of
reaction necessary to combat them, the weak link in the chain would
appear to be the human being who has to make the decision. So, any
modern warning system must be fully automatic in its countermeasures
role, without any manual facility. To what extent do you agree or disagree
with this statement? Write an Agree/Disagree essay (about 300 words)
according to the rules and tips given below. Use the key words and
phrases of the unit.
To write an agree/disagree essay, you can follow this 4-paragraph structure:
 Introduction – introduce the topic and give your clear answer to the task
question (I fully agree or disagree with the claim);
 Main Reason 1 why you agree or disagree – give examples and supporting
details;
 Main Reason 2 why you agree or disagree – give examples and supporting
details;
 Conclusion – restate your opinion (this is a very short paragraph – probably 2
to 3 sentences).
SPEAKING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www.ausairpower.n
et/APA-200809.html#mozTocId155813
http://www.pharad.com/el
ectronic-warfareapplications.html
http://www.rdmag.com/n
ews/2013/08/electronicwarfare-developmenttargets-fully-adaptivethreat-responsetechnology
http://www.fas.org/man/d
od101/sys/ac/equip/ec.htm
⓱ a) Work in pairs and buzz-groups. With your partner(s), discuss
differnent types and applications of electronic warfare as well as new
approaches and technological solutions in the field, use the key words
and phrases of the unit.
b) Get ready for a public speaking at a conference of New EW
products/applications, techniques and solutions presenting the
equipment (device, technology) produced by your enterprise. You may
also compare different/adversary EW systems or touch upon the
prospects of EW development preparing a general review of modern and
future tendencies in the field.
Pay attention to the following points:
 application area;
 specification;
 functuality;
 structure/components;
105
 technologies used;
 special features.
Use GET REAL box links and READING C section text: “EW FULLY
ADAPTIVE THREAT RESPONSE TECHNOLOGY” to help you.
READING C
EW FULLY ADAPTIVE THREAT RESPONSE TECHNOLOGY
When U.S pilots encounter enemy air defenses, onboard electronic warfare (EW)
systems protect them by interfering with incoming radar signals – a technique
known as electronic attack (EA) or jamming. Conversely, electronic protection (EP)
technology prevents hostile forces from using EA methods to disable U.S. radar
equipment assets.
Defeating hostile radar helps shield aircraft from ground-to-air missiles and other
threats, so it's a military priority to ensure that EW systems can defeat any
opposing radar technology.
At the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), which has supported U.S.
electronic warfare capabilities for decades, a research team is developing a new
generation of advanced radio frequency (RF) jammer technology. The project,
known as Angry Kitten, is utilizing commercial electronics, custom hardware
development, novel machine-learning software and a unique test bed to evaluate
unprecedented levels of adaptability in EW technology. Angry Kitten has been
internally funded by GTRI to investigate advanced methods that can counter
increasingly sophisticated EW threats.
The research engineers are developing fully adaptive and autonomous
capabilities that aren't currently available in jammers. They believe a cognitive
electronic warfare approach, based on machine-learning algorithms and
sophisticated hardware, will result in threat-response systems that offer
significantly higher levels of electronic attack and electronic protection
capabilities, and will provide enhanced security for U.S. combat aircraft.
When an EW encounter begins, the Angry Kitten system chooses an optimal
jamming technique from among many available options. As the engagement
progresses, the next-generation system is designed to adapt. It will assess how
effective its jamming is against the threat and quickly modify its approach if
necessary.
Angry Kitten research also includes investigation of cognitive learning algorithms
that allow the jammer to independently assess and respond to novel opposing
technology.
Adaptive digital technology
Traditionally, radar jamming has consisted of two basic approaches. One
employs mechanical techniques that reflect radar beams back at the sender using
chaff material spread through the air behind the carrying platform. The other
uses electronic techniques to emit powerful electromagnetic signals that interfere
with incoming hostile radar beams. But these techniques are relatively basic, and
they involve overt suppression strategies that are often obvious to the other side.
Today's top EW systems are more subtle, thanks to digital techniques. The most
advanced technology is digital radio frequency memory (DRFM). It can deceive
an enemy by recording his received radar signals, manipulating them and
sending back false information that seems to be real.
106
So a DRFM jammer is a very effective way of adding clutter to the scene without
just using unsophisticated noise-jamming techniques. One can create false
targets, or hide real targets, using the enemy's own waveforms against him.
The GTRI team believes that countering such techniques will lead to the
development of increasingly more precise digital techniques for radar electronic
protection (EP).
In the first phase of developing a next-generation system, the GTRI team
completed an advanced jamming system prototype. This custom hardware
utilizes a wideband tunable transceiver system, and is built using open
architecture/open source approaches that are low-cost and enable operators to
quickly modify the system in response to changing conditions.
The team is currently developing machine-learning algorithms that will allow the
Angry Kitten system to continually assess its environment and switch among the
best methods for jamming incoming threats. The ultimate goal is a robust
platform that will characterize any threat emitter and respond in real time in the
most effective way.
A unique test bed
Today, DRFM jammers employ a computer-based library of known threats that
are used to identify and neutralize incoming signals. DRFM equipment may also
include an electronic-intelligence (ELINT) capability, which monitors and collects
information on enemy signals and jammers.
To support the current effort, the researchers are utilizing a GTRI-designed tool
called the enhanced radar test bed. The test bed simulates opposing radar
signals and enables convenient, low-cost and highly realistic testing of jammers.
The test bed is an important asset in the development of the Angry Kitten
system. It offers the ability to collect realistic, representative jammer data on
advanced waveforms. It can be used to represent virtually any known threat –
and even hypothetical radar systems that don’t currently exist.
The test bed allows the team to rapidly prototype a software approach, test it out
against simulated enemy hardware, and come up with high-fidelity data. The
researchers can perform this work without having to build or acquire actual
hardware radar systems or jammers, or engage in expensive flight tests.
http://www.rdmag.com/news/2013/08/electronic-warfare-development-targetsfully-adaptive-threat-response-technology
107
UNIT 9 SATELLITE SERVICES
Compound Adjectives
-ING FORMS
GPS
Satellite Services
Viewpoint Adverbs
LEAD-IN
❶ GPS satellite Quiz. Check the right answers with your teacher.
1 GPS (as available to the user) provides a nominal fix accuracy of
A) 100 meters with Selective Availability enabled.
B) 30 meters.
C) 50 feet.
2 GPS requires use of
A) three satellites for an earth surface fix.
B) four satellites for a 3D fix.
C) both (a) and (b).
3 GPS
A) has no system errors.
B) is self-correcting for timing errors.
C) use is always preferable to LORAN C.
4 GPS keeps time
A) with atomic clocks in each satellite.
B) with atomic clocks in each receiver.
C) both (a) and (b).
5 DGPS is
A) a means for using GPS in your personal computer.
B) a USCG program to use GPS to provide improved position accuracy.
C) a scheme to provide GPS data in a digital format.
6 The chart datum used by a GPS navigation set
A) is always WGS-84.
B) is always the same.
C) must be the same as for the chart being used.
7 The trend in modern GPOS receivers is towards
A) five or six channels.
108
B) single channels.
C) multiplexing.
8 Receiver acquisition of GPS satellites
A) can take up to 30 minutes for a cold start.
B) usually takes less than one minute from a warm start.
C) both (a) and (b).
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Write the words according to the transcription. Consult your
dictionary if necessary:
[ə'prʊəprɪit]
['ɑːkaɪv]
[ɔːgmen'teɪʃn]
[baʊns]
[ʤiːəʊ'steɪʃənəri]
[mə'nuːvə]
[pri'saɪs]
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
_____________
[rɪ'kwaɪəment]
[saɪ'dɪərɪəl]
[sɪməl'teɪnɪəs]
[sɪŋkrə'naɪz]
['tɜːmɪnəl]
[ðens]
[və'raɪɪtɪ]
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
____________
____________
____________
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
adjust (v) - to alter slightly, esp. to achieve accuracy; Syn: regulate;
altitude (n) - 1) height above sea-level Syn: height;
2) the angular distance of a celestial body from the horizon measured
along the vertical circle passing through the body; Syn: azimuth;
augment (n) - to make greater; Syn: increase, enhance;
axis (n) - a real or imaginary line about which a body, such as an aircraft, can rotate
or about which an object, form, composition, or geometrical construction
is symmetrical;
comprise (v) - include, contain: The library comprises 500 000 books;
constellation (n) - named group of fixed stars: Many of the 88 groups of stars were named by
the ancient Greeks after animals, objects, or mythological persons.;
convergence (n) - coming towards each other and meeting at a point (Ant. divergence);
coverage (n) - the area reached by a radio signal;
impact(n) - 1) striking, collision;
2) the force with which one thing hits another;
3) the impression made by an idea: The impact of the Renaissance on
Medieval Europe
4) to collide;
5) to have a strong effect (on) Syn. to affect, to influence
latitude (n) - distance north or south of the equator: It is situated in the latitude of 40
degrees;
layman(n) - a person who does not have specialized or professional knowledge of a
subject Syn. amateur; Ant. Specialist
longitude (n) - distance east or west from the Greenwich meridian: The prime meridian is
at 0°
109
maintain (v) - to keep in proper or good condition Syn: support
overlap(n) - to extend or lie partly over each other; to coincide partly: Our interests
overlap
precise(n) - strictly correct in amount or value. Syn: exact , punctual; Ant: approximate
satellite(n) - an artificial object set up into space to travel round the earth
sequence(n) - the successive order of two or more things Syn: progression , series ,
succession
sidereal(n) - determined with reference to stars. Syn: star , stellar
simultaneous(n) - occurring, existing, operating at the same time Syn. concurrent, ant.
subsequent
spare(n) - in reserve for use when needed
❹ Match the following words (A) with their synonyms (B):
A
B
maintain
annual
inherent
adjust
augment
altitude
sidereal
aid
implement
assistance
azimuth
perform
inseparable
regulate
support
enhance
stellar
yearly
❺ Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
A
underscore
estimate
accelerate
forecast
adjust
alert
maintain
compatible
sequence
collision
B
ускорять
настраивать
предупреждать
оценивать
поддерживать
предсказывать
подчеркивать
последовательность
столкновение
совместимый
A
comprise
impact
respond
bounce
adopt
overlap
equip
detour
rescue
cargo
B
оборудовать
приспосабливать
включать
влияние
предоставлять
отвечать
перекрывать
груз
спасать
отклоняться
❻ Complete the puzzle using the clues
G____
1. the world; the earth
_ _ -_ _
2. one of the divisions of the earth's surface
A_ _ _ _ _
3. an imaginary line through the middle of something
_____
4. a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally
identified with a mythological figure
5. distance from the equator
N_ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. a system of interconnected computer systems, terminals, and other
C_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
110
A_ _ _ _ _
O____
S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
C_ _ _ _ _ _ _
equipment allowing information to be exchanged.
7. Height above the sea-level
8. The curved path, usually elliptical, followed by a planet, satellite, comet,
etc., in its motion around another celestial body under the influence of
gravitation
9. a man-made device orbiting around the earth, transmitting to earth
scientific information or used for communication
10. the section of the earth reached by a medium of communication
❼ Match up the words which are opposite in meaning:
A
proper
precise
worldwide
occasional
allied
significant
transmit
incorporate
defensive
B
exclude
receive
constant
approximate
unimportant
rival
incorrect
local
exceptional
A
transmitter
stationary
separate
simultaneous
layman
conventional
appropriate
civil
convergence
B
specialist
integrate
receiver
portable
offensive
unsuitable
subsequent
divergence
military
WORD BUILDING
Compound adjectives
❽ Give the Russian equivalents of the following English compound
adjectives:
Example: Earth-bound transmitter – связанный с землей передатчик,
либо передатчик, связанный с землей
A. US-owned utility, communication-based information, a fair-sized
vessel, silver-coloured device, thick-lensed telescope, high-priced
equipment, light-flooded sky, a sharp-angled figure, overloaded craft,
undervalued results, earth-bound equipment.
B. off-the-shelf item, off-the-road truck, signal-to-noise ratio, air-toground antenna, signal-to-noise ratio, air-to-air action, rate-of-climb
indicator, velocity-of-propagation error, rate-of-turn gyroscope, line-ofsight distance, step-by-step switch, gravity-free flight, friction-free
movement, noise-free operation, water-tight capsule.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
ing-forms
❾ Say to what part of speech these -ing forms belong. Translate the
WORD STUDY
sentences. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES --- (p. ---).
1. Our aim is solving this complex problem.
2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this
computer.
111
3. In testing the devices they found some serious faults.
4. The growing importance of satellite services in telecommunications
attracts worldwide attention.
5. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the satellite
television in Russia.
6. The scientist published his experiments proving the existence of radio
waves in space.
7. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of
computational results.
8. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are
studying this phenomenon.
9. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
10. Computers occupy one of the leading places among the greatest
achievements of modern engineering.
11. Developing the new method they achieved good results.
12. Our space exploration develops much faster than that of the
other developed countries, including the USA.
❿ . Write out the numbers of the sentences with a participle, a gerund or
a noun to complete the following chart.
participle
gerund
noun
…
1. It is necessary to complete the experiment without destroying the
substance.
2. Showing the technical difficulties of the scheme is the object of the paper.
3. We have heard of his starting a very important experiment in your
laboratory.
4. No changes can be made in that branch of industry without introducing
the most up-to-date technology.
5. Proper measurement is of great importance for getting the necessary
data.
6. There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis within 10 days.
7. Having used all the information available, the scientist suggested a new
interesting method of analysis.
8. Having been adjusted the equipment operated properly.
9. These principles are exactly the same as in the case of ships, each control
having its code signal.
10. A new type of satellite equipment is being produced at our
plant.
11. An interesting research in the field of astronomy is done at our
Institute.
12. The scientists who are carrying out research in radio astronomy
deal with the most difficult problems.
аааа
112
READING A
❿ Scan the text and match the headings (a – d) with the paragraphs (1 –
4).
a) Competirors
b) GPS Augmentations
c) Roads & Highways
d) What is GPS?
e) Timing
GPS
1. ____________________________
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that
provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.
This system consists of three segments:
1) The space segment constellation consists of 24 to 32 satellites,
that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position
and time. 24 Space Vehicles (SVs) are distributed equally among six
circular orbital planes. The orbital planes are centered on the Earth, not
rotating with respect to the distant stars. Orbiting at an altitude of
approximately 20,200 kilometers; orbital radius of 26,600 km, each SV
makes two complete orbits each sidereal day.
2) The control segment consists of worldwide monitor and control
stations that maintain the satellites in their proper orbits through
occasional command maneuvers, and adjust the satellite clocks. It tracks
the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and maintains
health and status of the satellite constellation.
3) The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment,
which receives the signals from the GPS satellites and calculates the
user's three-dimensional position and time. In general, GPS receivers are
composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the
satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock. Receivers
typically have between twelve and twenty channels.
2. ____________________________
GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a
useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, and scientific
uses. To meet the specific user requirements for PNT, a number of
augmentations to the GPS are available.
 enhancing the performance and providing 10 to 15 centimeter
accuracy throughout the coverage area. Over 50 countries around
the world have implemented similar systems.
 Wide Area Augmentation System provides aircraft navigation for all
phases of flight.
 Continuously Operating Reference Station archives and distributes
GPS data for precision positioning and atmospheric modeling
applications mainly through post-processing1.
 Global Differential GPS supports the real-time positioning, timing, and
orbit determination requirements of the U.S. National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) science missions. The U.S. Policy
113
underscores the importance that all global navigation satellite
systems and their augmentations be compatible with the GPS.
3. ____________________________
In addition to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the Global
Positioning System (GPS) provides a critical fourth dimension – time. Each
GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very precise
time data to the GPS signals. GPS receivers decode these signals,
effectively synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks. This enables
users to determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second. Precise
time is crucial to a variety of economic activities around the world.
Communication systems, electrical power grids, scientific study of
earthquakes and financial networks all rely on precision timing for
synchronization and operational efficiency. Wireless telephone and data
networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect
synchronization. Similarly, digital broadcast radio services use GPS time to
ensure that the bits from all radio stations arrive at receivers in lockstep2.
Companies worldwide use GPS to time-stamp3 business transactions.
Major investment banks use GPS to synchronize their network computers
located around the world. Hollywood studios are incorporating GPS in
their movie slates4, allowing for unparalleled control of audio and video
data, as well as multi-camera sequencing.
4. ____________________________
It is estimated that delays from congestion5 on highways and
streets throughout the world result in productivity losses in the hundreds
of billions of dollars annually. GPS enables automatic vehicle location and
in-vehicle navigation systems that are widely used throughout the world
today. By combining GPS position technology with systems that can
display geographic information a new dimension in surface
transportation is realized. A geographic information system (GIS) stores,
analyzes, and displays geographically referenced information. Today GIS
enables effective strategies that can keep transit vehicles on schedule and
inform passengers of precise arrival times. GPS is an essential element in
the future of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Research is being
conducted in the area of advanced driver assistance systems, which
include road departure and lane change collision avoidance systems.
These systems need to estimate the position of a vehicle relative to lane
and road edge with an accuracy of 10 centimeters. With the continuous
modernization of GPS, one can expect even more effective systems for
crash prevention, distress alerts and position notification, electronic
mapping, and in-vehicle navigation with audible instructions. GPS
receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars,
phones, and watches, to dedicated devices such as those shown in the
picture.
5. ____________________________
There is a technological fight over the United States monopoly on
satellite navigation. GLONASS is a radio-based satellite navigation
system, developed by the former Soviet Union and now operated for the
Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. Development on the
GLONASS began in 1976. A fully functional GLONASS constellation
114
consists of 24 satellites, with 21 operating and three on-orbit spares6,
deployed in three orbital planes. There are 3-axis stabilized, nadir7
pointing satellites with dual solar arrays. A characteristic of the GLONASS
constellation is that any given satellite only passes over the exact same
spot on the Earth every eighth sidereal day. However, as each orbit plane
contains eight satellites, a satellite will pass the same place every sidereal
day. For comparison, each GPS satellite passes over the same spot once
every sidereal day.
Russia is not the only country trying to break the American
monopoly on navigation technology. China has already sent up satellites
to create its own system, called Baidu after the Chinese word for the Big
Dipper8. And the European Union has also begun developing a rival
system, Galileo.
http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/
Commentary:
1
post-processing – выполнение математических и логических
операций с данными в соответствии с программными инструкциями
для получения требуемой информации
2
in lockstep – происходящий с одинаковой скоростью и в одном
направлении с другим объектом.
3
time-stamp – запись времени, когда произошло [системное]
событие: The database entry consists of the MAC address, the port that
address was seen on, and a time-stamp to indicate when it was seen.
4
slates – табличка хлопушки в кинематографе, используемая для
синхронизации звука.
5
congestion – скопление.
6
spares - запчасти.
7
nadir – надир, точка, диаметрально противоположная зениту.
8
the Big Dipper – так в США и Канаде называют Большую Медведицу.
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓬ Replace the italicized words with the equivalents from the box.
constellation
aid
sidereal
annually
augmentation
vehicles
precise
accuracy altitude
maintain
1. The planes are orbiting at a height of approximately 20000 km.
2. Each orbital plane carries four space conveniences.
3. Each space vehicle makes two complete orbits each stellar day.
4. A number of enhancements to the GPS are available.
5. Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very
exact time data to the GPS signals.
6. The control segment supports health and status of the satellite group.
7. GPS has become a widely used help to navigation worldwide.
8. Delays from congestion on highways result in productivity losses in the
hundreds of billions of dollars yearly.
9. Control stations keep the satellites in their proper orbits through
occasional command maneuvers.
10. These systems need to estimate the position of a vehicle relative to
115
lane and road edge with a precision of 10 centimeters.
⓭Complete the sentences as in the text.
constellation 3-dimensional
augmentation synchronize maintains
efficiency vehicle dimension utility
displays
1. GIS is used to monitor ________________location.
2. GIS stores, analyses and ____________ geographically referenced
information.
3. An ________________ is any system that aids GPS.
4. The GPS is a ___ that provides users with PNT services.
5. The space segment _________ consists of 24 satellites.
6. The control segment ___the satellites in their proper orbits.
7. The user’s segment calculates the user’s _____position and time.
8. Major banks use GPS to _____ their computers around the world.
9. Many economic activities rely on precision timing for
operational________________ .
10. By combining GPS position technology with systems that can display
geographic information a new _______ in surface transportation is
realized.
COMPREHENSION
⓯ Answer the questions:
1. What are the main segments of GPS?
2. What augmentation are supposed in GPS?
3. Is the GPS system popular?
4. How many satellites does navigation system comprise?
5. What augmentation serves the US NASA science mission?
6. Why is timing so important?
7. What is the precision of atomic clock?
8. How are navigation systems used on the roads?
9. What is GIS?
10. What is ITS?
⓰ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
1. The GPS provides only positioning serves.
2. The system consists of four segments.
3. A number of augmentations are available in over 60 countries.
4. Precise time is crucial for military purposes only.
5. GPS is used in making modern films.
6. The delays on the roads directly affect the economy.
7. In-vehicle navigation systems are not common yet.
116
8. GIS is used to keep transit vehicles on schedule.
9. GPS is an essential element of ITS.
10. ITS is able to estimate the position of a vehicle with an accuracy of 1
cm.
READING B
⓱. Scan the text and say whether it covers the following items.
1. The Dish Network satellite TV service.
2. Satellite communication solutions.
3. Remote monitoring.
4. Defence and security systems.
5. Further development of satellite services.
⓲. Look through the text quickly and match the words to make word
combinations as in the text:
A
B
C
voice
electronic
data
signal
satellite
messager
bounce
traffic
mail
network
электронная почта
отражение сигнала
голосовой поток
сеть передачи данных
спутниковый передатчик
сообщений
SATELLITE SERVICES
Communication has come a long way from the time when an
Indian beat a drum in the forest to the time when a scientist receives
messages from a satellite. In this space age communication has become a
highly developed field. The system of communication in large countries is
unthinkable today without space satellites. Besides large distances, there
is a great time difference: the territories of some countries comprise up to
11 zones. Satellites help to minimize all the difficulties that may appear.
They rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities,
and distant areas.
Our world has become an increasingly complex place in which, as
individuals, we are very dependent on other people and on organizations.
An event in some distant part of the globe can rapidly and significantly
affect the quality of life in our home country.
This increasing dependence on both a national and international
scale, has led us to create systems that can respond immediately to
dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken.
These systems are operating all around us in military, civil, commercial
and industrial fields. A worldwide system of satellites has been created,
and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them
from one satellite to an earth station and thence1 to another satellite.
Originally designed to carry voice traffic, they are able to carry
hundreds of thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are
being increasingly adopted to provide for business communications,
including the transmission of traffic for voice, facsimile, data and vision.
117
It is probable that future satellite services will enable a great
variety of information services to transmit impact into the home, possibly
including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is at the
heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not
less important. There will be a further convergence between the
technologies of computing and telecommunications. The change will be
dramatic2: the database culture, the cashless society, the office at home,
the gigabit-per-second data network.
We cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these
concepts will be very significant. Already, advanced systems of
communication are affecting both the layman and the technician.
Complex functions are being performed by people using advanced
terminals which are intended to be as easy to use as the conventional
telephone.
The new global satellite-communications systems offers two
kinds of service, which may overlap in many different kinds of receivers.
Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) is an ITU3-defined (International
Telecommunication Union) service in which satellites are used to deliver
communications services (voice or data, one- or two-way) to mobile users
such as cars, trucks, ships, and planes. It is a generic term that
encompasses several types of mobile services delivered by satellite,
including Maritime MSS (MMSS), Aeronautical MSS (AMSS), and Land
MSS (LMSS).
Fixed satellite service (FSS) is the official classification for
geostationary communications satellites that provide broadcast feeds to
television stations, radio stations and broadcast networks. FSSs also
transmit information for telephony, telecommunications, and data
communications.
Satellite telephones can make calls from anywhere on earth to
anywhere else. That makes them especially useful to remote, third-world
villages (some of which already use stationary satellite telephones),
explorers and disaster-relief teams. Today's mobile phones depend on
earth-bound transmitters, whose technical standards vary from country to
country. Satellite telephones make that possible.
Tracking Voice and messaging systems tell their users where
they are to within4 a few meters. Combined with the messaging service,
the location service could help rescue teams to find stranded5
adventurers, the police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the
progress of cargoes, and haulage6 companies to check that drivers are
not detouring to the pub. Satellite systems provide better positioning
information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.
http://lingualeo.com/ru/jungle/65624
Commentary:
1
thence – оттуда (from that place, time or event; Syn. thereafter,
therefrom) The observatory is two miles thence.
2
dramatic – существенный (Syn. significant)
3
ITU - International Telecommunication Union – международный
телекоммуникационный союз.
4
within – в пределах
118
5
stranded – в затруднительном положении
haulage – перевозка
6
19. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
1. Satellite services are especially important in large countries.
2. Every person is independent in modern society.
3. It is possible to transmit signal by bouncing it from one satellite to
another.
4. It is impossible to transmit electronic mail through a satellite.
5. The computer is at the heart of many telecommunication systems.
6. Advanced terminals are very difficult to use.
7. Satellite telephones are especially useful to remote areas.
8. Technical standards of mobile phones are the same from country to
country.
9. There will be a further separation between the technologies of
computing and telecommunications
10. The location service could be of great help for people of different
professions.
20. Answer the questions:
1. How did the ancient people communicate?
2. What was the worldwide system of satellites created for?
3. What will it change in the future?
4. What are the main kinds of satellite services?
5. What are the possibilities of tracking systems?
WRITING
21. Describe one particular kind of satellite service paying attention to its
GET REAL BOX
Check this website to
find out more facts
and the latest
implementations of
the satellite services:
http://scign.jpl.nasa.g
ov/learn/gps2.htm
technical characteristics:

Network architecture and equipment functional aspects

Allowable noise power for frequency-division multiplex telephony

Video bandwidth for the fixed-satellite service

Carrier energy dispersal for systems employing angle modulation

Reference radiation pattern of earth station antennas

Maximum permissible level of interference in a telephone channel

Allowable bit error ratios at the output

Pointing accuracy as a design objective for earthward antennas

Sharing between the inter-satellite service and the fixed-satellite
service.

SPEAKING
22. Satellite service comes in many sizes and shapes. There are
three types of configurations: fixed to fixed, fixed to mobile, mobile to
mobile. The optimal configuration is determined by the dynamics of your
business.
Discuss the use of satellite service for a particular type of
119
business. Use GET REAL box links and READING C section text.
The following viewpoint adverbs will help you introduce your
ideas.
of course
no doubt
without doubt
to be sure
to be certain
true
in fact
in effect
say
suppose
It is true that…
It is certain that…
It is beyond doubt that…
to tell the truth
by no means
It is likely that…
It appears likely that…
It is assumed that…
We assume that
as a matter of fact
READING C
THE CHANGING WORLD OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Traditionally, satellite services have been provided to large
businesses, most particularly telecommunications carriers and the TV
distribution industry. Globalization and deregulation have allowed
traditional terrestrial carriers to more closely embrace satellite
technology.
This trend of direct-to-the-consumer architecture is seen in direct
broadcast systems (DBS), mobile communications satellite systems and
now even in broadband, high data rate, multimedia satellite systems. DBS
systems are rapidly succeeding on a global scale. In Europe there are
numerous regional and national systems such as Astra, British Sky
Broadcasting (BskyB), EUTALSAT's Hot Birds, TDF of France, TV Sat of
Germany and soon a reconditioned Marco Polo system serving Sweden.
In Asia there are Apstar, Asiasat, Indostar, Koreasat, Thaisat and three
Japanese direct-to-the home (DTH) DBS systems.
There are, of course, dozens of other national DTH systems
around the world that confirm the growth and popularity of this new
service.
New Applications
Competitive markets, new open trade provisions and new
technologies have served to create the above-noted market opportunity.
Particularly Internet users and corporate Intranets, with their increasing
thirst for multimedia applications at high data rates, are driving up the
demand curve sharply. The figure shows the shift in global
telecommunications from voice-driven to video- and data-driven.
Likewise, machine-to-machine communications are rising sharply
as the overall percentage of human to human telecommunications
declines. Digital video channels (especially MPEG 2 systems), Internet and
Intranet applications are rising sharply around the world and represent
the major market increase. There are also emerging applications such as
collaborative computing, distributed CAD/CAM, scientific visualization,
remote sensing data relay, messaging and navigational services,
electronic publishing, and others that create the demand for new
telecommunications networks.
120
New Synergy: Common Service Platforms
The broadening of the types of satellite services that can be
provided from space once served to create several new families of
satellites. Each of these has been allocated specific frequency bands by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) such as fixed satellite
services (geosynchronous and non-geosynchronous), broadcast satellite
services (BSS), and satellite networks for land, aeronautical and maritime
mobile satellite service (MSS).
For some period of time these types or families of satellites could
be mapped in terms of utilized power. Today, new multi-purpose
satellites capable of providing virtually all forms of digital satellite
services from a broadband and very high power common platform are
starting to emerge. In a digital environment in which services are defined
by throughput rates and the size of transceivers, the perspective is
increasingly becoming, "a bit is a bit regardless of the service delivered."
Systems such as Euroskyways of Alenia Spazio, Skybridge of Alcatel, EAST
and WEST of Matra Marconi, the Gigabit Satellite of Japan, and most of
the U.S.-based Ka-band multimedia satellites fit the profile of this new
"multi-purpose" platform capable of providing a wide range of digital
services.
Using similar logic, new synergies and integrated platforms may
evolve for space systems supporting space navigation, data relay services
and earth observation.
http://www.rdmag.com/news/2013/08/electronic-warfare-development-targetsfully-adaptive-threat-response-technology
121
UNIT 10 RADIO ASTRONOMY
Useful suffixes
Noun attribute
The science of Radio
Astronomy
Radio
Interferometry
LEAD-IN
❶ Study the list of Radio astronomy applications and comment on how
they can be used:

the location of cell phone 911 calls

time and frequency standards

radar antenna precision

transistor and cryogenic coolers

medical and scientific imaging

precision space craft navigation

quasy-optical technology

tracking solar flares

searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)

laser metrology

precision rangefinders
PRONUNCIATION
❷ Match the words with the phonetic transcription and pronounce them
properly.
Mars
['æpəʧʊə]
characteristic
[sə'ʤest]
extraterrestrial
[ɪ'luːsideɪt]
increase
[θruː]
aperture
[mɑːz]
quasar
['reɪʃɪəʊ]
celestial
['meʒəmənt]
ratio
['kweɪzə]
measurement
[si'lestɪəl]
suggest
[kærɪktə'rɪstɪk]
elucidate
[ekstrətə'restrɪəl
through
]
122
[ɪnk'riːs]
WORD STUDY
❸ Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
amplify (v) - to increase the amplitude of signals. Syn. enlarge;
array (n) - 1) an impressive collection, a great deal of smth.: He faced a whole array of
problems.
2) an orderly or regular arrangement, An array of troops in battle, Syn.:
order;
celestial (adj) - of the sky: celestial body. Syn: heavenly;
detect (v) - to discover the existence or presence of smth. Only a trained eye could
detect such small faults. Syn: find;
elucidate (v) emit (v) -
to make clear (something obscure or difficult); Syn.: clarify, explain;
to give off radiation or particles. Syn: eject, throw out
occur (v) - to take place; When exactly did the incident occur? Syn.: happen;
piece (n) - (often foll. by together) to fit or assemble piece by piece: New cars are
pieced together at our plant. Syn.: join , unite;
ratio (n) - relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one
contains the other: The ratio of 1 to 5 and 20 to 100 are the same;
reject (v) - to refuse to accept, acknowledge, use, believe, etc.: To reject a hypothesis.
Syn.: refuse;
resolution (n) - the ability of an image to reproduce fine detail determined by the number
of dots per inch: The printing resolution of scanner is usually 600 dpi;
solar (adj) - 1) relating to the sun: solar eclipse;
2) operating by or utilizing the energy of the sun: solar cell;
3) determined from the motion of the earth relative to the sun: solar year;
source (n) - the point or place from which something originates. Syn: origin;
amplify (v) - to increase the amplitude of signals. Syn. enlarge;
array (n) - 1) an impressive collection, a great deal of smth.: He faced a whole array of
problems.
2) an orderly or regular arrangement, An array of troops in battle, Syn.:
order;
celestial (adj) - of the sky: celestial body. Syn: heavenly;
detect (v) - to discover the existence or presence of smth. Only a trained eye could
detect such small faults. Syn: find;
❹ Match the following words (A) with their synonyms (B):
A
B
confirm
put together
detect
happen
elucidate
need
amplify
prove
emit
explain
reflect
find
reject
send out
123
occur
increase
require
throw back
piece
put aside
❺ Match the following words (A) with the Russian equivalents (B):
A
B
sourse
угловой
measurement
множество
rotation
разрешение
array
измерение
resolution
вращение
angular
источник
devise
остаток
remnant
разрабатывать
significance
солнечный
solar
значение
❻ Match the words to make word combinations.
signal-to-noise
activity
небесное тело
celestial
matter
угловое разрешение
angular
body
радиолокационное
radar
ratio
картирование
background
community
солнечная активность
solar
resolution
фоновая радиация
parabolic
mapping
параболическая
scientific
radiation
антенна
dark
dish
научное сообщество
темная материя
отношение сигнал-шум
❼ Guess the jumbled words by their definition:
somcia
A design made up
of small pieces.
nanetan
The part of a radio
system by means
of which radio
waves are
transmitted or
received.
lasgin
Electromagnetic
wave, by which
124
information is
conveyed through
a communications
system.
epetelocs
An instrument for
collecting,
focusing, and
detecting
electromagnetic
radiation from
space.
yaglxa
A star systems
held together by
gravitational
attraction
lasor
Relating to the sun
iorat
The relation
between two
amounts.
ocurse
The origin of smth.
WORD BUILDING
Suffixes
❽ A. Form the verbs with the help of suffix –ify. If necessary, check your
dictionary.
Example: simple – simplify (упрощать).
Identity, solid, liquid, pure, example, humid, electricity, clear, ample, beauty.
B. The suffix –able is used to form the adjectives having the necessary power,
resources, skill, time, opportunity, etc., to do something. Form the adjectives
from the following verb roots with suffix –able and translate them:
Example: drink – drinkable (пригодный для питья)
Wash, eat, suit, use, note, detect, operate, consume, count, enjoy, read,
separate, love.
C. Find in a dictionary the singular form of the following nouns:
phenomena
axis
data
spectra
125
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Right Noun Attributes
❾ Decide what type of modifier is placed in each case before the noun. If
you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2 (p. 156).
the object detected
N+N
visible light
V-ing +N
introduction of radio interferometry
N+V-ed
mirror interferometer
Adj +N
waves emitting from interstellar clouds
V-ed+N
repeating signals
Adj(Adv)+Ved+N
combed telescope
N+prep+ N
astronomers' capabilities
N+ V-ing
universally recognized subfield
N’N
❿ Define the part of speech of the attribute in the following sentences
and translate them into Russian. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 1, 2
(p. 156).
1.
The high level of resolution required has led to the development
of interferometer.
WORD STUDY
2.
The first object actually detected was the Milky Way.
3.
Tesla recorded cosmic waves emitting from interstellar clouds.
4.
He observed repeating signals conducted by his transceiver.
5.
The astronomer studied the measurement of the characteristics of
radio waves emitted by physical processes occurring in space.
6.
The types of instruments being used depends on the weakness of
the signal and the amount of detail needed.
7.
The diameter of the "objective" is in proportion to the wavelength
of the electromagnetic radiation being observed.
8.
A 1 meter diameter optical telescope is two million times bigger
than the wavelength of light observed.
9.
Time delay associated with the interconnection is dependent on
two parametres.
10.
Too much time spent on synchronization can diminish the
benefits of parallel processing.
11.
Different kinds of parallel processing software may permit
synchronization to be achieved.
12.
The number of lanes affects the speed at which traffic can move.
аааа
READING A
126
⓫ Scan the text and match the headings (a – d) with the paragraphs (1 –
4).
a) The nature of radio waves
b) The types of techniques
c) The achievements of Radio Astronomy
d) The origin of the science
⓬Read the text and find the information about the scientists who
contributed to the development of Radio astronomy.
RADIO ASTRONOMY
1. ____________________________
One of the earliest modern investigations into extraterrestrial1
sources of radio waves were by Karl Guthe Jansky, an engineer with Bell
Telephone Laboratories, in the early 1930s. The first object actually
detected was the center of the Milky Way, followed by the sun. These early
discoveries were confirmed by Grote Reber by 1938.
What was the nature of the discrete radio sources, or "radio stars'?
Where were they, what were they, what were their properties, how many
were there, how did they work and what was their significance in the
Universe? Of parallel importance was the puzzle of how to devise new
kinds of radio telescope which would elucidate these astronomical
questions. Nikola Tesla in the Colorado Springs lab recorded cosmic waves
emitting from interstellar2 clouds and red giant3 stars. He observed
repeating signals conducted by his transceiver. He announced that he
received extraterrestrial radio signals. But the scientific community did not
believe him, and rejected Tesla's data. Tesla spent the latter part of his life
trying to signal Mars.
2. ____________________________
Modern Radio Astronomy is a universally recognized subfield of
astronomy. Just like in the visible, at low radio frequencies the sky is
dominated by small bright sources, but the sources are typically active
galaxies and supernova4 remnants rather than stars. Radio astronomy is
the study of celestial phenomena through measurement of the
characteristics of radio waves emitted by physical processes occurring in
space. Radio waves have a much greater wavelength than light waves. In
order to receive good signals, radio astronomy requires large antennas, or
arrays of smaller antennas all working together. Most radio telescopes use
a parabolic dish to reflect the waves to a receiver which detects and
amplifies the signal into usable data. This allows astronomers to see a
region of the radio sky. If they take multiple scans of overlapping strips of
the sky they can piece together an image ('mosaicking').
127
3. ____________________________
Radio astronomers use different types of techniques to observe objects in
the radio spectrum. Instruments may simply be pointed at an energetic
radio source to analyze what type of emissions it makes. The types of
instruments being used depends on the weakness of the signal and the
amount of detail needed. Radio telescopes may need to be extremely large
in order to receive signals with large signal-to-noise ratio. Also since
angular resolution is a function of the diameter of the "objective" in
proportion to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation being
observed, radio telescopes have to be much larger in comparison to their
optical counterparts. For example a 1 meter diameter optical telescope is
two million times bigger than the wavelength of light observed giving it a
resolution of a few arc seconds5, whereas a radio telescope "dish" many
times that size may, depending on the wavelength observed, may only be
able to resolve an object the size of the full moon (30 minutes of arc).
4. ____________________________
Radio astronomy has led to substantial increases in astronomical
knowledge, particularly with the discovery of several classes of new objects,
including pulsars, quasars and radio galaxies. This is because radio
astronomy allows us to see things that are not detectable in optical
astronomy. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and
energetic physical processes in the universe. Radio astronomy is also partly
responsible for the idea that dark matter is an important component of our
universe; radio measurements of the rotation of galaxies suggest that there
is much more mass in galaxies than has been directly observed The cosmic
microwave background radiation was also first detected using radio
telescopes. However, radio telescopes have also been used to investigate
objects much closer to home, including observations of the Sun and solar
activity, and radar mapping of the planets. And still there is a lot to be
discovered.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy
Comments:
1
extraterrestrial – внеземной (occurring or existing beyond the earth's
atmosphere).
2
interstellar – межзвездный (between the stars: interstellar space.)
3
red giant – красный гигант (a very big star towards the end of its life,
with a relatively low temperature of 2000-4000 K, that emits red light).
4
supernova – сверхновая (This is a star that explodes catastrophically
owing to either instabilities following the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel or
gravitational collapse following the accretion of matter from an orbiting
companion star, becoming for a few days up to one hundred million times
brighter than the sun. The expanding shell of debris (the supernova remnant)
creates a nebula that radiates radio waves, X-rays, and light, for hundreds or
128
thousands of years.).
5
arc second – угловое разрешение — минимальный угол между
объектами, который может различить телескоп.
LANGUAGE IN USE
⓭ Replace the words in bold with the equivalents from the box.
detects
confirmed
piece
emitting
rejected
elucidated
occuring
1. New kinds of radio telescope explained many astronomical questions.
2. Tesla recorded cosmic waves ejecting from interstellar clouds.
3. The scientific community didn’t accept his ideas.
4. A receiver detects and enlarges the signal into usable data.
5. Physical processes happening in space emit radio waves.
6. Mosaicking is a process when the scientists put together an image.
7. Parabolic dish finds and amplifies the signal into usable data.
8. The early discoveries were proved in 1938.
⓮ Complete the sentences as in the text.
parabolic
wavelength
solar
sources
quasars
ratio
overlapping
arrays
celestial
1. Radio Astronomy requires ______________ of small antennas all working
together.
2. Radio Astronomy is the study of ______________ phenomena through
measurement of radio waves.
3. Most radio telescopes use a ______________ dish to reflect the waves.
4. The astronomers take multiple scans of ______________ strips of the sky.
5. Radio telescopes need to receive signals with large signal-to-noise
______________ .
6. Radio Astronomy has led to the discovery of several classes of new
objects including pulsars and ______________ .
7. Radio telescope is used to observe the Sun and ______________ activity.
8. The sky is dominated by small bright ______________ .
9. Radio waves have a much greater ______________ than light waves.
COMPREHENSION
⓯ Answer the following questions:
1. When did the development of Radio Astronomy begin?
2. What were the main puzzles in the middle of the XX century?
3. What does Radio Astronomy study?
129
ampl
4. What is the difference between the Optical and Radio Astronomy?
5. What techniques does Radio Astronomy use?
⓰ Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true (+)
or false (–), correct the false ones:
1. The earliest investigations in Radio Astronomy began in the XX century.
2. The first detected object was the center of the Milky Way.
3. Light waves have much greater length than radio waves.
4. The types of instruments depend on amount of needed detail.
5. Radio telescopes are much larger than the optical ones.
READING B
⓱ Read the text and say if it covers the following ideas:
1. The structure of interferometer.
2. The advantages of radio telescopes.
3. The possibilities of VLBI.
4. The drawbacks of Cl-Cl technique.
5. The discoveries of new quasars and pulsars.
RADIO INTERFEROMETRY1
Radio astronomy has expanded dramatically the view of the universe since it allowed the discovery of entities2 which would otherwise
remain invisible. Radio waves can overcome all those elements such as
dust or gases that block our view in visible light. One of the most notable
developments came in 1946 with the introduction of radio interferometry
by Martin Ryle's group in Cambridge, also the Lloyd's mirror interferometer
developed independently in 1946 by Joseph Pawsey's group in Sydney.
Radio interferometers consist of widely separated radio telescopes
observing the same object that are connected together using coaxial cable,
waveguide, optical fiber, or other type of transmission line. This technique
works by superposing (interfering) the signal waves from the different
telescopes on the principle that waves that coincide with the same phase
will add to each other while two waves that have opposite phases will
cancel each other out. This creates a combed telescope that is the size of
the antennas furthest apart in the array. The projected separation between
any two telescopes as seen from the radio source is called a baseline. As
many different baselines as possible are required in order to get a good
quality image. For example the Very Large Array has 27 telescopes giving
351 independent baselines at once.
In essence, interferometry takes signals from two or more separate
telescope antennas that are tuned to receive radio emissions from a source
in a desired RF band4. The signals received are then cross-correlated
(multiplied and accumulated) to produce a result ranging from an image of
130
a distant astronomical object to the precise location of a nearby terrestrial
or extraterrestrial radio emitter. Interferometry allows the creation of a
single telescope with an aperture4 as large as the distance between the
two antennas. By assembling any number of antennas into so-called arrays,
scientists can virtually build a telescope any size they wish.
Initially telescopes within a few kilometres of each other were
combined but since the 1970s telescopes from all over the world (and even
in Earth orbit) have been combined to perform Very Long Baseline
Interferometry (VLBI). Data received at each antenna is paired with timing
information, usually from a local atomic clock, and then stored for later
analysis on magnetic tape or hard disk. At that later time, the data is
correlated with data from other antennas similarly recorded, to produce
the resulting image. Using these techniques, radio telescopes are able to
achieve much higher angular resolution and image quality than
instruments working in other wavelength band.
In order to enhance astronomers' capabilities new techniques such
as multiple field centre correlation and cluster-cluster5 (Cl-Cl) technique
were introduced. Multiple field centre correlation allows a significant
increase in the amount of astronomical information which can be extracted
from a given VLBI observation. The gain is achieved by processing the
image within the primary beam of the largest radio telescope involved in
the VLBI observation.
In such multiview technique single telescopes are replaced by sites
with multiple antenna elements (a "cluster") fed from a common local
oscillator7 Cl-Cl mode reduces many common VLBI errors (clock and
oscillator drifts) between the long baselines and eliminates the unknown
contributions to the signal paths caused by the atmosphere and
troposphere.
New techniques, their application and subproducts (i.e. software
code) open up new possibilities in astronomy studies and discoveries of
quasars, pulsars and black holes.
http://cordis.europa.eu/result/brief/rcn/770_en.html
Comments:
1
interferometry – интерферометрия (a technique using a radio array
consisting of two or more telescopes separated by a known distance and
connected so that the radiation from a source in space undergoes
interference, enabling the source to be imaged or the position of the source
to be accurately determined)
2
entity – сущность (something having real or distinct existence; a thing,
esp. when considered as independent of other things)
3
RF band – радиочастотный диапазон (abbreviation for radio frequency
- a frequency or band of frequencies that lie in the range 10 kilohertz to 300
131
000 megahertz and can be used for radio communications and
broadcasting)
4
aperture – отверстие (opening that admits light to a lens)
5
cluster – скопление (a number of things growing, fastened, or occurring
close together)
⓲ Make 10 questions to the text using the following constructions:
What is the (nature, difference, process, role, importance, etc.) of…?
What is referred to as…?
What is used as…?
Where do we use…?
What function do the … play
WRITING
19 Summarize the main ideas of the text using the following phrases:
1. The text deals with…
2. The radio astronomy development has solved…
3. There exist…
4. Of prime interest to the reader will be…
5. In conclusion … is given.
Focusing and linking
with reference to; talking/speaking of/about;
expressions
regarding; as regards;
as far as... is concerned; as for
SPEAKING
GET REAL BOX
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/r
adioastronomy/
http://www.britastro.org/r
adio/projects/otherproj.ht
ml
http://ned.ipac.caltech.ed
u/level5/March01/Andern
ach/Ander2.html#2.1
Check these websites for
useful information
http://www.ausairpower.n
et/APA-200809.html#mozTocId155813
http://www.pharad.com/el
ectronic-warfareapplications.html
20. Divide into two groups and get ready for the scientific discussion
«Single Dishes versus Interferometers».
Pay attention to the following points:

angular resolution

operating frequency

observing frequency

possibility of instantaneous imaging

sensitivity

field of view

design cost

sreerability

the location of radio telescopes in the world
Use GET REAL box links and READING C section text to help you.
http://www.rdmag.com/n
ews/2013/08/electronicwarfare-developmenttargets-fully-adaptivethreat-responsetechnology
http://www.fas.org/man/d
od101/sys/ac/equip/ec.htm
132
READING C
WHAT DOES SPACE SOUND LIKE?
By tuning in to different parts of the radio spectrum, many astronomical
objects can be heard clearly and distinctly.The complex interplay between
the planet Jupiter and its volcanic moon, Io, produces "radio noise storms",
which can be heard on the radio band from about 15 MHz up to 38 MHz. A
storm can last from a few minutes to several hours. Two distinctive types of
bursts can be received by radio astronomers during a storm. L-Bursts (long
bursts of radiation) vary slowly in intensity with time, lasting from a few
seconds to several tens of seconds and have bandwidths of a few MHz. LBursts sound like ocean waves breaking up on a beach. S-Bursts (short
bursts of radiation) have durations of a few thousandths to a few
hundredths of a second and can occur at rates of tens of bursts per
second. Groups of S-Bursts sound like popcorn popping, or like a handful
of pebbles thrown onto a tin roof.
The Sun is also a very commonly heard object via radio astronomy. When
there is a solar flare on the Sun's surface, it is often accompanied by a
burst of radio energy projected into space. This energy can be monitored
with standard ShortWave and VHF radio receivers. Solar bursts typically last
from half a minute to a couple of minutes and often sound like a rapid
hissing noise followed by a gradual decrease back to the original audio
level.
Audio can also be used to describe more distant and abstract phenomena
in space. Pulsars are a good example. A pulsar is a small spinning neutron
star which contains an enormous amount of energy which causes it to turn
on its axis, or rotate, very rapidly. Pulsars rotate between less than 1 time
per second up to 642 times per second. It is very difficult for us to
understand the significance of this through visual media. But audio or data
sonification can really bring this to life. For example the B0329+54 Pulsar
rotates around 1.40 times per second. Each rotation can be heard as a click,
or a beat, and through audio it sounds like a slow steady metronome. The
Vela Pulsar, lies near the centre of the Vela supernova remnant, which is
the debris of the explosion of a massive star about 10,000 years ago,
rotates at about 11 times per second, and thus has a much faster rhythm
The terrific amount of energy it takes to spin a star on its axis at this pace,
and the speed at which these rotations take place, is more easily signified
in audio, than in visual media.
http://www.radio-astronomy.net/
133
134
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
TENSES REVISION
Present simple
keeps
is kept
Present continuous
Past simple
is keeping
kept
is being kept
was kept
Past continuous
was keeping
was being kept
Present perfect
have kept
have been kept
Past perfect
had kept
had been kept
Future
will keep
will be kept
Conditional present
would keep
would be kept
Conditional past
Present infinitive
Perfect infinitive
Present participle/gerund
would have kept
to keep
to have kept
keeping
would have been kept
to be kept
to have been kept
being kept
PASSIVE VOICE
Страдательный залог в английском языке образуется с помощью двух
элементов:
1) соответствующая форма глагола to be (изменяемая часть),
2) причастие 2 (Participle II, Past Participle, V3) смыслового глагола
(неизменяемая часть).
Обратите внимание на то, что форма глагола “to be” соответствует
видовременной форме смыслового глагола в активном залоге.
Tense / verb form
Present simple
Present continuous
Past simple
Past continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future
Conditional present
Conditional past
Present infinitive
Perfect infinitive
Present participle/gerund
Perfect participle
135
Passive voice
is kept
is being kept
was kept
was being kept
have been kept
had been kept
will be kept
would be kept
would have been kept
to be kept
to have been kept
being kept
having been kept
THE INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
Инфинитив цели
1. Инфинитив с частицей 'to' может выражать цель действия:
I have come here to help you.
Я пришёл сюда, чтобы помочь тебе.
2. Перед частицей 'to' также могут стоять выражения in order и so as
(=чтобы)
I have come here in order to help you.
Я пришёл сюда, чтобы помочь тебе.
I have come here so as to help you.
Я пришёл сюда, чтобы помочь тебе.
3. Если предмет, к которому относится инфинитив цели, не является в
предложении
подлежащим,
можно
использовать
следующую
конструкцию:
I have come here in order for you to see my new hairstyle.
Я пришла сюда, чтобы ты посмотрела мою новую причёску.
4. Также, чтобы избежать инфинитивов для вражения цели, можно
использовать конструкции in order that + придаточное и
so that +
придаточное:
I have come here in order that you can see my new hairstyle.
Я пришла сюда, чтобы ты посмотрела мою новую причёску.
I left the door open so that she could come in.
Я оставил дверь открытой, чтобы она могла войти.
I’m taking this book with me, so that I’ll have something to read on the
train.
Я беру эту книгу с собой, чтобы было что почитать в поезде
(электричке).
5. С глаголами go и come инфинтив цели можно использовать в
любом настоящем или прошедшем времени, а также с герундиями
этих глаголов (coming, going)
I’m just coming to help you.
Я сейчас иду (иду-иду), чтоб тебе помочь.
I went there to see the demonstration.
Я пошёл туда, чтобы посмотреть демонстрацию.
His coming to help was indeed a neighbourly gesture.
То, что он пришёл помочь, - это действительно по-соседски.
6. Иногда при инфинитиве вместо частицы 'to' используют союз and :
I must go and check the heater.
Пойду проверю нагреватель.
He will come and dance with you.
Он придёт и потанцует с тобой.
136
CONTEXTUAL USE OF PREPOSITIONS
1. PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
according to
in accordance (conformity) with
in addition to
as against
as compared with/to
in comparison with
on the contrary/opposite to
due to
because of
согласно чему-л.
в соответствии с чем-л.
в дополнение к чему-л.
в противоположность
по сравнению с чем-л.
в сравнении с чем-л.
напротив
благодаря
из-за
in order to
(для того) чтобы
owing to
on account of
thanks to
by means of
with the help (aid) of
instead of/ in place of
in spite of/ despite/ regardless
to
as to / as for
as regards/regarding
with regard to
concerning
respecting/in respect of
вследствие
по причине
благодаря
посредством
с помощью
вместо
несмотря на
что касается
рассмотрение
в отношении
по поводу
касательно
2. VERBS+PREPOSITIONS
agree with
allow for
apply to
adapt to
attach to
benefit by
comment on
be concerned
with
conform to
consist in
contribute to
convert into
correspond to
depend on
согласовываться c, совпадать с
давать возможность для чего-л.
использовать, применять
адаптировать, настраивать,
приспосабливать к
присоединять к чему-л.
получать выгоду от чего-л.
комментировать
касаться чего-л., иметь дело с чем-л.
согласовываться, соответствовать,
приспособиться
состоять в чем-л
способствовать, вносить вклад в
преобразовывать в
соответствовать, представлять собой
зависеть от, полагаться на
137
derive from
differ from
end in smth.
involve in
lead to
participate in
partition into
prevent from
refer to
rely on
result in
specialize in
succeed in
suffer from
transform into
происходить из, от; образоваться из
отличаться от
закончиться чем-л
быть частью чего-л, входить (в состав чего-л)
приводить к тому, что; вызывать
принимать участие в чем-л.
(под)разделять на
не позволять, предотвращать
ссылаться на
полагаться на, основываться
приводить к чему-л., повлечь за собой
специализировать на чем-л.
преуспеть в чем-л., добиться чего-л.
страдать от, испытывать, претерпевать
преобразовывать во что-л., видоизменять
3. NOUN+PREPOSITIONS
advantage over
преимущество по сравн. с
чем-л.
быть альтернативой чему-л.
в согласии с, по соглашению
по сравнению с чем-л.
в связи с, применительно к
относительно, касательно
на практике
в употреблении
намерение, стремление, цель
необходимость, потребность
мотив
поэтапно
применение
an alternative to
in agreement with
in comparison with
in connection with
in relation to
in practice
in use
intention of
need for
reason for
in stages
use of
4. ADJECTIVES+PREPOSITIONS
capable of
engaged in
essential to
in general
in particular
similar to
full of
способный на что-л.
занятый чем-л.
необходимый для чего-л.
в целом
в частности, в особенности
подобно, подобным образом
полный чего-л.
NOUN ATTRIBUTES
138
Существительное может определяться разными частями речи. При
переводе терминологических словосочетаний необходимо четко уяснить, в
каком порядке следует раскрывать значение данного словосочетания.
Терминологические
словосочетания
строятся
из
сочетания
существительного с другими частями речи (другими существительными,
причастиями и герундием – ing-forms, наречиями и придаточными
определительными предложениями), которые могут стоять до или после
него (левое и правое определение). Особую трудность при переводе
представляют
беспредложные
терминологические
словосочетания,
состоящие из цепочки слов, не связанных между собой какими-либо
служебными словами. В беспредложном словосочетании главным словом
является
последнее,
все
слова,
стоящие
слева
от
него,
играют
второстепенную роль – роль определения. Перевод таких словосочетаний
надо начинать с конца. Рассмотрим основные типовые формы их
образования.
1. Словосочетания, состоящие из существительных.
N+N
Определяющее и определяемое существительное иногда
соединяются дефисом, хотя твердых правил здесь нет, это зависит от
традиции.
earth station – земная станция
frequency division multiplex terminal equipment – оконечная аппаратура
частотного уплотнения
2. Словосочетании,. состоящие из существительного и формы на –ing
V-ing +N
alternating сurrent – переменный ток
an operating device – действующий прибор
N+ V-ing
a module holding 40 components – модуль, содержащий 40 компонентов
3. Словосочетания, состоящие из существительного и наречия
Adv + N
the above statement – вышеупомянутое утверждение
N+Adv
the instrument available can provide – доступный инструмент может
обеспечить
4. Словосочетании, состоящие из существительного и прилагательного
Adj +N
a small device – маленький прибор
a small electronic device - маленький электронный прибор
the smallest possible electronic device – наименьший из возможных
139
электронный прибор
5. Словосочетания, состоящие из существительного и прошедшего
причастия
V-ed+N
achieved results – достигнутые результаты
N+V-ed
The results achieved showed many advantages. – Достигнутые
результаты показали большие преимущества.
6. Словосочетания, состоящие из существительного и инфинитива
N+Vto
переводится на русский язык будущим временем с модальным
глаголом:
the information to be stored – информация, которая должна быть
сохранена
the designs to be implemented – проект, который должен быть внедрен
7. Словосочетании, состоящие из прилагательного(или наречия),
прошедшего причастия и существительного.
Adj(Adv)+Ved+N
directly fed antenna – антенна с непосредственным питанием
isotropically radiated power – изотропно излучаемая мощность
Как видно из приведенных примеров, при переводе надо уяснить
состав словосочетания, определить главное слово, а затем отредактировать,
дав необходимый эквивалент на русском языке. При это следует учитывать,
что порядок слов в русском языке часто не совпадает с тем, который
используется в английском.
PARTICIPLE I
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает
признаками глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В современном
английском языке имеются два причастия: причастие I (Participle I) и
причастие II (Participle II).
Participle I (Simple, Perfect) образуются при помощи инфинитива
без частицы "to" с прибавлением суффикса – ing.
Participle II образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола
суффикса – ed (правильные глаголы, e.g. look+ed). Participle II
неправильных глаголов является их третьей формой (см. таблицу
неправильных глаголов, e.g. gone, spoken, taken, etc.). Participle II имеет
только форму страдательного залога.
Формы Participle I
Forms
Active
Passive
Participle I
(Simple)
use + ing = using
Be + ing used = being
used
140
Participle I
(Perfect)
have + ing
used = having
used
have + ing been used =
having been used
Функции причастия I в предложении
Причастие I активного залога (Participle I, Simple, Active) может
выполнять в предложении функции определения и обстоятельства.
1. В функции определения Participle I, Active может стоять перед
определяемым словом (левое определение). Переводится на
русский язык причастием настоящего времени с окончаниями -ущ, ющ, -ащ, -ящ или причастием прошедшего времени с окончанием
-вший.
They looked at the flying plane. – Они смотрели на летящий
(летевший) самолет.
Если причастие I стоит после определяемого слова (правое
определение), то на русский язык оно переводится причастным
оборотом или определительным придаточным предложением.
A magnet attracts only objects containing iron – Магнит
притягивает только предметы, содержащие железо.
2. Причастие I страдательного залога (Participle I, Passive) на русский
язык переводится причастием страдательного или действительного
залога с суффиксами -мый, -щийся или определительным
придаточным предложением.
The bridge being built across the river is very beautiful. – Мост,
строящийся через реку (который строится через реку), очень красивый.
3. В функции определения причастие I (Participle I, Simple, Active or
Passive) может стоять в начале предложения (иногда с союзами
when, while) или в конце предложения. В данном случае оно
переводится:
a) деепричастием с суффиксами -а(сь), -я(сь):
Не spent the whole day prreparing for his exams — Он провел весь
день, готовясь к экзаменам.
b) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением.
Being repaired recently the bridge was in good condition. Будучи
недавно отреставрированным, мост был в хорошем состоянии (Так как
мост недавно отремонтировали, он был в хорошем состоянии).
c) существительным с предлогом "при"
When translating a scientific article he met a lot of difficulties. –
Переводя статью (при переводе, когда переводил статью) он
встретился со многими трудностями.
4. Participle I, Perfect, Active (having analysed) может переводиться на
русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида, оканчивающимся
на -я или придаточным предложением.
Having analyzed the properties of the substance they made some new
conclusions. – Проанализировав свойства вещества, они сделали новые
выводы.
5. Participle I, Perfect, Passive (having been given) переводится, как
правило, придаточным предложением.
Having been given all the instructions he began his work. – После того, как он
получил все указания, он начал работать.
141
COMPLEX SUBJECT
Этот инфинитивный оборот состоит из подлежащего, выраженного
существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном
падеже и инфинитива. Между компонентами оборота стоит сказуемое,
выраженное:
1) глаголом в форме страдательного залога
is said – говорят;
is known – известно;
is supposed – предполагают;
is believed – полагают;
is assumed – предполагают;
is thought – думают;
is considered – считают;
is found – обнаружено.
These tubes are said to give considerable economy. Говорят, что эти лампы
дают значительную экономию.
2) с глаголами в форме активного залога to seem, to appear, to
prove, to happen перевод начинается с вводного слова
«кажется, оказывается»:
Не seems to know the cause of this problem. – Кажется, он знает причину
этой проблемы.
3) инфинитив употребляется со словосочетаниями to be likely, to
be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure (вероятно, похоже,
наверняка).
He is likely to know the cause of this problem. – Вероятно, он знает причину
этой проблемы.
PASSIVE INFINITIVE
142
Инфинитив – это неличная глагольная форма, которая только
называет действие и выполняет функции как глагола, так и
существительного. Инфинитив отвечает на вопрос что делать?,
что сделать? Инфинитив переходных глаголов имеет формы
пассивного залога.
Пассивный залог используют если деятель не известен или не важен
active: (to) do/clean/see etc. Somebody will upgrade the computer.
passive: (to) be done/cleaned/seen etc. The computer will be upgraded.
Способ образования пассивного инфинитива (Passive Infinitive):
(to) be + причастие прошедшего времени
(to) be given, (to) be seen, (to) be loved.
Пассивный инфинитив имеет то же значение, что и обычные глаголы
в Passive Voice. На русский язык может переводиться неопределенноличным предложением или придаточным дополнительным.
Modal auxiliaries + passive infinitive
Часто пассивный инфинитив используется после модальных глаголов
(can, could, must, should, ought to, had better, may, might, will,
would, shall), представляющих собой вспомогательные глаголы,
которые добавляют идею способности, необходимости, просьбы,
разрешения, совета, желания, вероятности и т.д. к действию,
выраженному основным глаголом.
Конструкция
can be / could be + past participle
используется
для
выражения способности или возможности в настоящем или прошлом
в пассивном залоге.
Information can be transmitted by devices such as the telephone,
radio or TV.
Конструкции
must be / ought to be / should be + past participle
исполь-зуются чтобы выразить необходимость или желательность в
пассивном залоге.
You can't expect it to work if it's broken. It must be repaired.
You're not supposed to use this application. It shouldn't be allowed.
143
Prep+GERUND
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки как
существительного, так и глагола и выражающее действие, как
процесс. Герундий образуется путем прибавления окончания – ing к
основе глагола и выражает отвлеченное понятие о действии, не
указывая на число, лицо и наклонение. Самостоятельно вне контекста
на русский язык не переводится, так как в русском языке
аналогичных форм нет.
В зависимости от его функции в предложении, герундий
переводится
отглагольным
деепричастием
или
существительным,
придаточным
инфинитивом,
предложением.
Обороты
с
герундием широко используются в научно-технической литературе.
Конструкция
–
prep.
+
gerund
как
правило
предполагает
использование герундия в функции определения, дополнения или
обстоятельства.
1) Герундий в функции предложного дополнения переводится
существительным или придаточным предложением.
There are many stories about dolphins saving sailors from drowning. Существует много историй о том, как дельфины спасали тонущих
моряков от гибели.
The present project aims at promoting an active role of the astronomers. Данный проект нацелен на формирование активной роли
астрономов...
There’s a common interest in developing in Naples a laboratory for
measurements. - Все заинтересованы в открытии в Неаполе
лаборатории для измерений…
После названных глаголов всегда употребляется герундий:
to be capable of
to prevent from
to think of
to depend on
to accuse of
to complain of
to consist in (on)
to reply on
to rely on
to result in
to approve of
to speak of
to be interested in
to insist on
to suspect of
to feel like
to agree to
to look forward
to look like
to be tired of
to
2) В функции определения герундий обычно употребляется с
предлогами of, for, in. Переводится существительным с предлогом
или неопределенной формой глагола, а также существительным в
родительном падеже.
After his illness he had no chance of passing the examinations. - После
144
болезни у него не было никакой возможности сдать экзамены.
Let’s hope that they will regect any and every excuse for delaying
negotiations. – Будем надеяться, что они отклонят любые предлоги
приостановки переговоров.
The difficulties in designing these devices led to the development of a new
technological method. - Трудности в разработке данных приборов
привели к развитию нового технологического метода.
3)
В
функции
обстоятельства
герундий
употребляется
с
предлогами и переводится существительным с соответствующим
предлогом или деепричастием.
after detecting – после обнаружения
before using – перед использованием
by measuring – путем (при помощи) измерения
for demonstrating – для демонстрации
from damaging – от разрушения
on achieving – по достижении, (завершенность процесса)
in transmitting – при передаче, передавая (развернутость процесса)
without increasing – без увеличения, не увеличивая
A system can be realized by making a superconducting tunnel junction
(STJ). – Можно реализовать систему, обеспечив сверхпроводящее
туннельное соединение.
On being heated to a sufficient temperature any body becomes a source of
light. – Любое тело, нагретое до нужной температуры, становится
источником света.
In leaving the metal surface the electrons can produce considerable
currents. – Покидая поверхность металла, электроны могут создать
значительный ток.
After making a lot of experiments Faradey discovered the electromagnetic
induction. – Проделав множество экспериментов, Фарадей открыл
электромагнитную индукцию.
-ING FORMS
Как различать -ing формы?
Сравните:
1. noun – morning
2. adjective – interesting
3. pronoun – something
4. verbal noun – building
5. gerund – by travelling
6. participle – fading flower
7. Continuous –I am standing
145
Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия, но герундий имеет
ряд отличительных признаков. Герундий по своим функциям ближе
к существительному (noun forms), тогда как причастие ближе к
прилагательному
(adjectival
forms).
Герундий
обозначает
деятельность или процесс:
Converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy is quite
possible.
Отличия герундия от других частей речи:

Наличие перед формой с окончанием -ing какого-либо предлога
(of, after, before, by, for, from, in, on, without):
Designers start a project by making a wireframe.

Наличие перед -ing формой притяжательного местоимения (my,
her, etc):
The professor approved of my solving problem.

Наличие существительных в притяжательном или общем падежах.
We know of Newton’s having developed the principles of mechanics.

Некоторые
глаголы
традиционно
употребляются
только
с
герундием, а не с инфинитивом:
avoid, fancy, finish, give up, hate, imagine, involve, keep, look
forward to, mind, suggest, enjoy.
I enjoy watching the stars.
Причастие используется для образования длительных форм
(continuous tenses) и в причастных оборотах:
Our plant is producing a new type of satellite equipment at the moment.
. . . a representation showing the outlines o f the satellite.
( = which shows the outlines. . . )
Герундий
и
причастие
могут
выполнять
функцию
левого
определения. Различать их в этой функции можно только на основе
смыслового содержания, учитывая, что причастие выражает действие
определяемого существительного, например:
a writing man – пишущий человек,
тогда как герундий указывает на назначение предмета и на русский
язык передается существительным, например:
a writing table – письменный стол, т.е. стол для письма.
Сравните:
a smoking man – курящий человек (причастие)
a smoking room – комната для курения (герундий)
Отглагольное существительное тоже имеет окончание -ing (verbal
noun). Чаще всего такие существительные обозначают физические
объекты: building. Признаками такого существительного являются:
- наличие перед -ing формой артикля;
- наличие предлога of перед идущим за ней существительным;
146
- возможность употребления в форме множественного числа.
The readings of the voltmeter were correct.
Прилагательные употребляются после глагола-связки и перед
существительным:
They use special applets to create amazing images of the stars.
It is interesting to know.
NOUN ATTRIBUTES 2
Существительное может определяться разными частями речи.
При переводе терминологических словосочетаний необходимо четко
уяснить, в каком порядке следует раскрывать значение данного
словосочетания. Терминологические словосочетания строятся из
сочетания существительного с другими частями речи (другими
существительными, причастиями и герундием – ing-forms, наречиями
и придаточными определительными предложениями), которые могут
стоять до или после него (левое и правое определение). Особую
трудность
при
переводе
представляют
правые
определения.
Рассмотрим основные типовые формы их образования.
Правое определение может быть выражено:

причастием и причастным оборотом:
The results achieved showed many advantages. – Достигнутые
результаты показали большие преимущества.
a module holding 40 components – модуль, состоящий из 40
компонентов

существительным с предлогом:
A book of poetry - Книга стихов
The car of my friends is around the corner
Машина моих друзей за углом

прилагательным
the instrument available can provide – доступный инструмент может
обеспечить

инфинитивом:
It was the signal to stop - Это был сигнал остановиться
I have a dream to become an astronaut - У меня (есть) мечта стать
космонавтом
Словосочетания,
состоящие
из
существительного
и
инфинитива в функции определения переводятся на русский язык
будущим временем с модальным глаголом:
the information to be stored – информация, которая должна быть
сохранена
the designs to be implemented – проект, который должен быть
внедрен

герундием (с предлогом):
147
Ten ways of getting acquainted with a girl. Десять способов знакомства с девушкой.
He liked the idea of writing a paper. – Ему понравилась мысль написать
статью.
The capacity for doing work. - Способность производить работу
несвободным

словосочетанием
существительного
с
предлогом
The issue under consideration is a problematic one. – Рассматриваемый
вопрос весьма проблематичен.
приложением

Jennifer Berch, a professor of physics, studied the solar radiation. –
Дженнифер Берч, профессор физики, изучала солнечное излучение.
Как видно из приведенных примеров, при переводе надо уяснить
состав
словосочетания,
определить
главное
слово,
а
затем
отредактировать, дав необходимый эквивалент на русском языке.
При этом следует учитывать, что порядок слов в русском языке часто
не совпадает с тем, который используется в английском.
При переводе существительного, имеющего несколько значений,
необходимо
прежде
всего
учитывать
значение
его
правого
определения. В тех случаях, когда существительное (основное слово
группы) имеет, помимо нескольких левых определений, еще и
правое, рекомендуется временно опустить все левые определения,
заменив их местоимением какой-то ( например, какое-то устройство),
и перевести прежде всего основное слово и правое определение, а
затем вернуться и перевести опушенные левые определения.
148
WORD LIST
MODULE 1
amplification (n)
amplifier (n)
amplify (v)
amplitude (n)
bandwidth (n)
capacitor (n)
circuitry (n)
channel (n)
coil (n)
core (n)
current (n)
digital (adj)
discriminator (n)
doorway (n)
feedback (n)
frequency (n)
gap (n)
howl (n)
inductance (n)
inductor (n)
interference (n)
loop (n)
mixer (n)
modulation (n)
oscillation (n)
output (n)
receiver (n)
resonance (n)
signal (n)
trapdoor (n)
voltage (n)
wave (n)
waveform (n)
149
MODULE 2
amplifier
amplifier (amplify)
amplitude modulation AM,
bias frequency
bias generator
bipolar
broadband amplifier
collector
conductor
core
deficiency
diode
discrete component
emitter
frequency modulation FM
hole
input
input current
integrate
junction
logic gate
low-current amplifier
modulation
radio-frequency amplifier
relay
resistor
semiconductor
sequence
silicon
slice
transistor
voltage
MODULE 3
alternate
amplitude modulation
array
available
bandwidth
constant
deviation
encode
facilitate
fidelity
fluctuation
frequency
ghost
150
immune
interference
narrowband
piggyback
point-to-point
reception
require
space
spectrum
subcarrier
subtract
utilize
versus
waveform
wide-spread
MODULE 4
alternate
amplitude modulation
array
available
bandwidth
constant
deviation
encode
facilitate
fidelity
fluctuation
frequency
ghost
immune
interference
narrowband
piggyback
point-to-point
reception
require
space
spectrum
subcarrier
subtract
utilize
versus
waveform
wide-spread
MODULE 5
151
access (n)
allocate (v)
allocation (n)
apart (adv)
assign (v)
average (adj)
band (n)
burst (n)
carrier (n)
cellular (adj)
communicate (v) across
commute (v)
coverage (n)
depend (v) on
divide in
entity (n)
functionality (n)
growth (n)
incompatible (adj)
interface (n)
internal (v)
involve (v)
link (n)
manage (v)
node (n)
perform (v)
protect (v)
provide (v)
range (n)
spectrum (n)
stand for (v)
strength (n)
structure (n)
subscribe (v) to
subscriber (n)
switching (n)
transceiver (n)
unauthorized (adj)
undesirable (adj)
urban (adj)
MODULE 6
152
acceptance (n)
actuator (n)
alarm system (n)
allocation (n)
appliance (n)
attempt (n)
channel (n)
consumption (n)
detector (n)
device (n)
disadvantage (n)
duty cycle (n)
embedded (adj)
frequency (n)
handle (v)
headset (n)
intrusion (n)
likewise (adv)
line of sight (n)
monitor (v)
node (n)
permitted (pp)
power (n)
protocol (n)
proximity (n)
remote (adj)
robustness (n)
router (n)
secure (adj)
sense (v)
sensing (n)
short-range (adj)
simultaneously (adv)
spacing (n)
specification (n)
strength (n)
tracking (n)
underlying (adj)
uniform (adj)
MODULE 7
153
accurate (adj)
altitude (n)
angle (n)
antimissile (adj)
clutter (n)
contaminate (v)
delay (n)
desired
detect (v)
discover (v)
disturbance (n)
duplex (adj)
duplexer (n)
elevation (n)
estimate (v)
friend-or-foe (n)
hostile (adj)
inimical (adj)
intercept (v)
latency (n)
magnitude (n)
measure (v)
monitor (v)
observe (v)
obstacle (n)
pace (n)
penetrate (v)
pinpoint (n)
precipitation (n)
propagation (n)
range (n)
reflection (n)
remote (adj)
reveal (v)
scatter (v)
surface (n)
surveillance (n)
target (n)
trace (v)
tracking (n)
wavelength (n)
MODULE 8
154
agility (n)
anticipate (v)
bearing (n)
chaff (n)
countermeasure (n)
deceive (v)
deception (n)
decoy (n)
degrade (v)
disrupt (v)
guidance (n)
intelligence (n)
intentional (adj)
intercept (v)
jamming (n)
misleading (adj)
missile (n)
radiate (v)
reconnaissance (n)
round-trip (adv)
sophisticated (adj)
surveillance (n)
target (n)
threat (n)
threshold
tracking (n)
tune (v)
uncrewed (adj)
vehicle (n)
warfare (n)
MODULE 9
accuracy (n)
adjust (v)
adopt (v)
allied (adj)
altitude (n)
annual (adj)
appropriate (adj)
audible (adj)
augmentation (n)
availability (n)
bounce (v)
155
comprise (v)
congestion (n)
constellation (n)
consumption (n)
convergence (n)
coverage (n)
current (adj)
detour (n)
enable (v)
endow (v)
enhance (v)
impact (n)
implement (v)
inherent (adj)
integrity (n)
latitude (n)
longitude (n)
messager (n)
overlap (v)
planar (adj)
rapid (adj)
reflector (n)
reliability (n)
remote (adj)
respond (v)
separate (adj)
sequence (n)
sidereal (adj)
simultaneous (adj)
vehicle (n)
MODULE 10
amplify (v)
angular (adj)
aperture (n)
array (n)
celestial (adj)
cluster (n)
community (n)
detect (v)
devise (v)
discrete (adj)
elucidate (v)
156
emit (v)
entity (n)
extraterrestrial (adj)
galaxy (n)
interferometry (n)
interstellar (n)
measurement (n)
occur (v)
parabolic dish (n)
piece (v)
ratio (n)
reject (v)
remnant (n)
resolution (n)
rotation (n)
significance (n)
solar (adj)
source (n)
157
158