Chapter 8 Sec,on 2 A. Clash of Philosophies Early 1800’s – 3 compe3ng poli3cal ideas fought for supremacy in Europe: Conserva,ves – wanted to protect monarchies – consisted of Property owners, nobility, Church officials Liberals – wanted more power for parliaments (elected officials) – Wanted only the educated and landowners to vote – consisted mostly of middle class business leaders and merchants Radicals – favored dras3c change to extend democracy to all people – They wanted Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity for all people B. Na,onalism Develops: Na,onalism – the belief that people should be loyal to a na3on of people who share a common culture & history – not to a king or empire Na,on-­‐State – a group that has achieved an independent na3on -­‐ purpose: 1. to defend the people & their way of life 2. To represent the people to the world -­‐ In 1815 – France, England, Spain – only European na3on-­‐states -­‐ Most na3onalists were liberals or radicals -­‐ German Liberals wanted to unite all German Kingdoms into one na3on-­‐state -­‐  Liberals in big empires , such as Hungarians in the Austrian empire, wanted to split away & establish self-­‐rule. C. Na,onalists Challenge Conserva,ve Power Greeks – 1st group to win self rule: -­‐ OYoman Turks ruled Balkan Peninsula for centuries -­‐ Greeks kept alive their culture & history (na3onalism!) -­‐ Revolted against Turks, supported by France, Britain, Russia -­‐ Gained Independence in 1830 Greece Balkan Peninsula – “Tinderbox of Europe” Balkan Peninsula 1830’s Uprisings Crushed: -­‐ By 1830 – COV’s conserva3ve order began crumbling -­‐ Belgians gained Independence from Dutch -­‐ Poles staged revolt against Russian rule, failed 1848 Revolu,ons Fail to Unite: -­‐ Ethnic revolts broke out against empires throughout Europe -­‐ MeYernich resigned as revolts broke out in Austrian Empire -­‐ Louis Kossuth led Hungarian revolt against Austrian rulers -­‐ Czechs revolted against Austrians, demanded independence ** Revolu3onaries failed to unite in a common cause against all kings, were crushed due to lack of organiza3on Radical Changes in France -­‐ Only France had goal of radical change – Democracy -­‐ 1830 – King Charles X tried to return France to Absolute Monarchy -­‐ Rioters drove out the king, gave power to Louis Philippe, who supported liberal reforms The Third Republic: (Republic-­‐ (def) – a gov’t elected by the people) -­‐ Louis Philippe forced out ader 18 yrs. -­‐ Radicals split into fac3ons, violence widespread France Accepts a Strong Ruler -­‐  Weary of violence, France chooses Louis Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew, who declares himself emperor Reform in Russia Russia in 1815 : -­‐ Not industrialized -­‐ Serfs were 3ed to land, owned by nobles Crimean War -­‐ 1856 -­‐ Russians pick fight with OYomans – lack of industry dooms them -­‐ Brit., Fr., Sardinia helped the OYomans Alexander II – decided to modernize Russia ader the defeat -­‐  Freed serfs in 1861 – gave them ½ the land, but made them pay back the loan. Nobles were paid by the govt for agreeing -­‐  Radicals assassinated Alex. II, Alex. III took over I cracked down on social reform, ramped up industry & na3onalism