International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, ISSN: 2320-2106,
Volume-4, Issue-7, Jul.-2016
WSN FOR EARTHQUAKE DETECTION AND DAMAGE DETECTION
SYSTEM
1
PRATIKSHA KAMBLE, 2S.M.GAJBHIYE
1
M.Tech, 2Assistant Professor, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department,
GCOE Amravati, Maharashtra, INDIA
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract— An earthquake consists of primary and secondary waves. These waves waves have travelled from the epicentre
to recombine at the recording site as a function of their respective velocities, focal distances, and propagation paths. Body
waves propagate within a body of rock and appear in the first arrival. . The combination of their peak velocities, peak
accelerations, and duration of time they persist cause significant damage to infrastructures .so we have great need of
constructing the wireless sensor network for detecting earthquake .because it has great potential to monitor at
unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. With the help of wireless sensor network it is possible to reduce the damage by
creating the alert system.
Keywords— WSN, Primary, Secondary Wave, Peak Velocity, Peak Acceleration.
information is needed to localize and evaluate the
earthquake range and impact. False alarms should be
filtered out.
I. INTRODUCTION
Earthquake early warning system (EEW) is of huge
interest as the general public is less and less willing to
accept that earthquake damage to lives and properties
is a fate to bear. Carrying high social and commercial
value, high speed railway lines stand at the weakness
point for the public to endure such fate if earthquake
happens. There are many earthquake early warning
systems.
The
key
of
the
EEW
is
an accurate and timely report of earthquake warning
under such constraints as geographical and geological
prediction limitation, communication constraints,
fault tolerance; to name but a few.
A. Seismic Waves
All earthquakes are made of two types of wave. The
P-wave compresses the earth as it moves, like a sound
wave. It moves fast but does not cause much damage.
The S-wave that follows deforms rock up and down
like an ocean wave. It delivers most of the tremor’s
violent energy .The fastest among these body waves
is the primary or P-wave. The P-wave is the first
elastic wave to reach the recording site. The
secondary arrival contains body and surface waves
such as S, Rayleigh, and Love waves. These later
arriving waves often produce both horizontal and
vertical ground motion. The combination of their
peak velocities, peak accelerations, and duration of
time they persist cause significant damage to
infrastructures. As P-wave arrive onset of an
earthquake, there are systems built for earthquake
monitoring using P-wave based technique
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used in many
domains due to its advantage in cost, simple
maintenance, robustness, etc. There are calls to use
WSN for EEW in recent years. In this paper, we first
present a modular designed WSN framework for
EEW. In this framework, we study two bottlenecks of
applying WSN to EEW. First, we study the locations
that the sensors should be placed (or the sensor
density), so as to achieve a timely warning report and
system efficiency. We observe that wireless
communication is faster than the destructive S-wave
of the earthquake. Therefore, a trade-off can be made
so that the number of the sensors to be deployed or
maintained can be significantly reduced. Intrinsically,
the faster P-wave of the earthquake should first hit at
least one sensor which can gather, compute and
transmit this information to the damage prone point,
before the S-wave arrives. Second, we study a
deadline driven strategy for WSN to reduce false
alarms. In this case, the WSN of EEW and the WSN
of the railway line health monitoring system will
work together. Since the sensors of the railway line
health monitoring system of the railway lines are
densely deployed, there will be a great number of
reports generated. An early aggregation of the
B. Causes of Earthquakes
Most earthquakes are causally related to
compressional or tensional stresses built up at the
margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that
make up the earth's surface. The immediate cause of
most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of
stress along a fault, or fracture in the earth's crust,
resulting in movement of the opposing blocks of rock
past one another. These movements cause vibrations
to pass through and around the earth in wave form,
just as ripples are generated when a pebble is dropped
into water. Volcanic eruptions, rock falls, landslides,
and explosions can also cause a quake, but most of
these are of only local extent. Shock waves from a
powerful earthquake can trigger smaller earthquakes
in a distant location hundreds of miles away if the
geologic conditions are favourable.
WSN For Earthquake Detection and Damage Detection System
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International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, ISSN: 2320-2106,
Volume-4, Issue-7, Jul.-2016
detects earliest onset of an earthquake before
damaging ground shaking occurs .The Earthquake
Warning System comprises of a base station unit and
a base node. The seismic data is logged and processed
in real time in the sensor unit. The base unit controls
relays and is connected to the server. The base node
unit consist of an one arduino, Bluetooth module i.e.
wireless message. The node consist of the different
fusion of sensor. A graphical illustration is presented
C. Damage Caused by Earthquakes
The effects of an earthquake are strongest in a broad
zone surrounding the epicenter. Surface ground
cracking associated with faults that reach the surface
often occurs, with horizontal and vertical
displacements of several yards common. Such
movement does not have to occur during a major
earthquake; slight periodic movements called fault
creep can be accompanied by micro earthquakes too
small to be felt. The extent of earthquake vibration
and subsequent damage to a region is partly
dependent on characteristics of the ground. For
example, earthquake vibrations last longer and are of
greater wave amplitudes in unconsolidated surface
material, such as poorly compacted fill or river
deposits; bedrock areas receive fewer effects.
II. WARNING SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The high precision sensor with trending
advancements technology, dedicated damage
mitigation control systems can be made. These
systems can not only record seismic activity but can
also take control measures to alleviate the disastrous
effects of a catastrophic seismic event on critical
infrastructures. Developing such a site-specific EWS
that works on a threshold based triggering algorithm.
In this site specific approach, seismic signals are
processed locally for determining instantaneous
tremor magnitude of earthquake. This approach is
suitable because it intend to install the system on-site
for damage mitigation in a EWS facilitated
infrastructure, rather than a regional paradigm
approach which takes into account the measurement
of complex earthquake parameters e.g. locating
epicenters, depth etc. The EWS can effectually be
implemented in sensitive sites such as next to a
nuclear reactor or a chemical depot.
Use of
embedded system keeps the development cost low, so
that the system can be made available to households
in earthquake prone zones in underdeveloped
countries. It attempt to observe the beginning of the
ground motion (mainly P wave) at the site using
direct sensor fusion technology to detect the ensuing,
weak ground motion. At the same site, no attempt is
necessarily made to locate the event and estimate the
magnitude. The system comprises of dual sensor
monitoring the three components of peak ground
acceleration (PGA) motion (east-west, north-south,
and up down). The use of a high sensitivity
microelectromechanical sensor (MEMS) allows fine
recording of the PGA. Simultaneously, a piezoelectric
sensor feeds vital data into the sensor fusion
algorithm, allowing rejection of false alarms and
issuing alerts that are more reliable.
Figure.1 Base station
in order to constructing an alert system the
transmission of seismic signal is necessary from one
place to other. so one base station is here for
recording the all seismic signals. And the node where
all sensors are embedded in it for measuring the
changes which are generated by earthquake. The first
sensor is the accelerometer which act as a MEMS
sensor for fine recording of the peak ground
acceleration. The second sensor is a piezoelectric
sensor, which is a piezofilm element laminated to a
sheet of polyester (Mylar). It can produce a useable
electrical signal output when forces (in this case
ground movement) are applied to the sensing area.
The third sensor is the temperature and humidity
sensor.
IV. PROPOSED METHODS:
In this work developing an earthquake warning and
protection system through P-wave sensing that
Figure.2 Base node
WSN For Earthquake Detection and Damage Detection System
48
International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, ISSN: 2320-2106,
In case of volcanic eruption, the temperature of the
surrounding changes, so it is captured by this
dht11.PIR i.e. pyroelectric infrared sensor which
detects human motion. Human body continuously
emit heat and this heat is measured by the PIR sensor.
Whenever the seismic wave occurs ,the change of
parameter is observed by this fusion of sensor and all
the data is recorded in the GRAPHIC USER
INTERFACFE. Base station and base node is
connected by the wireless message (by various
wireless modules) and it is displayed and saved on
the GUI. It is in the excel sheet and made using PLXDAQ software.
Volume-4, Issue-7, Jul.-2016
B. Otuput on Excel
Figure .5
C. Output in Terms of Graph
Figure .6
Graph is plotted for different sensors. Each colour
represent behavior of the different sensor.
CONCLUSIONS
The damage caused by the earthquake is
unmeasurable as it is the one of the biggest natural
calamities. The alert system helps to knowing the
seismic activity before time and it helps to overcome
the problem. In this seismic networked sensors ,the
system can allow simpler implementation and low
power hardware. It provides the information about the
characterstics of the ground motion, either spectrum
or time and trigger to minimize the damage. Use of
embedded system keeps the development cost low so
that the system can be made available to households
in earthquake prone zones in underdeveloped
countries.
Figure.3 complete wireless sensor network
V. RESULTS
The temperature sensor will give the direct reading.
The accelerometer gives the three dimensional
coordinate i.e. the digital output. If the person is
detected by the PIR motion sensor then it will give
output 1 on the excel sheet, same as that of
piezoelectric sensor, whenever the pressure is applied
by external body it will generate voltage and gives
output 1.
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