BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function
Midterm examination
Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade
Friday, March 17, 2017
Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these instructions:
a) a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes (unless an openbook exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones and devices must be turned off
and put away in your bag. Do not keep them in your possession, such as in your
pockets. If caught with such a device or document, the following may occur: you will
be asked to leave immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed which
may result in you obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam.
b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your
name is on the top of each page because the exam will be separated to facilitate
marking
c) Circle the lab section for your lab. This information is used to get the exam back
to you.
d) Check to be sure that your exam is complete with a total of 14 pages including this one
e) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the
back of the page
f) The exam is out of 90 pts.
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Signature: _____________________________________________________________
Student No:________________________________
Circle your lab section:
Tue:
A1-BSC312,
A5-BSC330.
Wed:
A2-BSC312,
A6-BSC330
Thu:
A3-BSC312,
A7-BSC330
Fri:
A4 -BSC312
.
BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
24 pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where
possible include an example in your definition from a group or an organism to which the
term applies.
Calciferous glands
{In earthworms}{removes excess calcium}{from acidic conditions in gut that solubilizes
the mineral ingested with the food/soil}
Pygidium
{Posterior/last part of a worm/Annelid}{surrounds the anal opening}{Not a true segment}
Crystalline cone
{part of the compound eye}{in arthropods}{Focuses light on the rhabdom/retinular cells}
Procuticle
{Layer of arthropod cuticle}{consists of protein matrix and chitin}{differentiated into
endo and exocuticle}
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
Gastric mill
{stomach of lobster/crayfish}{one part with teeth to grind the food}{second part with setal
sorting into digestive gland}
Spiracle
{opening to the treacheal system}{insects/some spiders}{controls air flow}
Nacreous layer
{Inner most layere}{of a mollusk shell}{pearl layer protects mantle from abrasion}
Glochidia
{larval stage}{freshwater clams/bivalves}{attach to the gills of fish
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
20 pts Part 2 Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing an X in
the space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each
2.1 _________________ ganglia are responsible for coordinating swimming and crawling
movements in isolated polychaete segments.
________ a. suprapharyngeal
________ b. subpharyngeal
X c. segmental
________
________ d. cerebral
________ e. cephalic
2.2 Insect dominance is probably due to the evolution of
X a. flight.
________
________ b. cephalization.
________ c. the exoskeleton.
________ d. metamerism.
________ e. jointed appendages.
2.3 The major nitrogenous waste of annelids is
________ a. ammonia.
X b. urea.
________
________ c. uric acid.
________ d. guanine.
________ e. urine.
2.4 Pigment cells of cephalopods are called
________ a. pinacocytes.
________ b. odontophores.
X c. chromatophores.
________
________ d. erythrocytes.
________ e. nautilophores.
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.5 The excretory organs of insects are
________ a. protonephridia.
________ b. renettes.
X c. Malpighian tubules.
________
________ d. metanephridia.
________ e. coxal glands.
2.6 In gastropods, food is trapped in mucus and incorporated onto a rotating mass called the
________ a. stylet.
________ b. siphonoglyph.
________
X c. crystalline style.
________ d. odontophore.
________ e. osphradium.
2.7 The crustacean abdominal appendages that are used for swimming are called
________ a. scaphopods.
________ b. pereiopods.
X c. pleopods.
________
________ d. maxillipeds.
________ e. chelipeds.
2.8 The oligochaete, girdle-like structure that is used for mucus secretion during copulation and
cocoon formation is the
________
X a. clitellum.
________ b. parapodium.
________ c. atoke.
________ d. epitoke.
________ e. prostomium.
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.9 Reproductively, earthworms are
________
X a. monoecious.
________ b. dioecious.
________ c. asexual.
________ d. protandric.
________ e. parthenogenetic.
2.10 The excretory organs of most polychaetes are
________ a. chloragogues.
________
X b. metanephridia.
________ c. osphradia.
________ d. nuchal glands.
________ e. ommatidia.
2.11 Crustacea are "biramous" meaning they possess
________ a. a telson tail.
________ b. two large pincers.
________ c. two pair of antennae.
________
X d. appendages including both antennae and legs have two branches.
________ e. a body divided into two regions, the cephalothorax and abdomen.
2.12 The radula has a cartilagenous support called the:
________ a. radula sac
________ b. ctenidium
X c. odontophore
________
________ d. lamella
________ e. osphradium
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.13 The excretory system of insects works by
________ a. excreting wastes across the digestive system membrane.
________ b. active transport of just the waste molecules across the tubules.
X c. transport of all ions and solutes across the tubule and retrieval of water and useful
________
ions in the rectum.
________ d. excretion of only ions and wastes in the rectum.
________ e. packaging and sealing off toxic wastes
2.14 The major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects is
________ a. urea.
________ b. ammonia.
________ c. urine.
________
X d. uric acid.
________ e. guanine.
2.15 Among insects, the upper and lower lips are sensory and are called the
________ a. maxilla and the maxilliped.
________
X b. labrum and the labium.
________ c. chela and the cheliped.
________ d. uropod and the telsan.
________ e. mandible and the maxilla. 2.16 Reproductive females in a social insect colony are called
________ a. drones.
________
X b. queens.
________ c. workers.
________ d. mothers.
________ e. ovigers.
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.17 The excretory organs of a crayfish are called
________ a. flame bulbs.
________
X b. antennal glands.
________ c. metanephridia.
________ d. coxal glands.
________ e. Malpighian tubules.
2.18 The __________________ is a dorsal fold that increases the surface area of the earthworm
intestine.
________ a. crop
________ b. clitellum
________ c. esophagus
________ d. chloragogen
X e. typhlosole
________
2.19 The sensory, feeding, and locomotor tagma of chelicerates is called the
________ a. chelicera.
________
X b. prosoma
________ c. abdomen.
________ d. opisthosoma.
________ e. carapace.
2.20 The open, ciliated funnel of a metanephridium is called the
________ a. infundibulum.
________ b. chloragogen.
________
X c. nephrostome.
________ d. nephridiopore.
________ e. flame bulb.
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
28 pts Part 3: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate terms. Place the
term in the space in the sentence or at the end of the sentence.
3.1 This describes the organization of the circulatory system in a
Mollusc. ______________
Hemolymph
3.2 This fluid bathes the internal organs of a spider. ______________
Intestine/gut
3.3 The large nematode Ascaris is a parasite found where in its host? ______________
3.4 This name is used to describe the distal segment of a spider's
Fang
chelicera. ______________
3.5 Like humans, oligochaetes use this respiratory pigment to transport
Hemoglobin
oxygen. ______________
3.6 The antennal gland is involved in this function. ______________
Osmoregulation
Ameboid
3.7 The type of movement used by nematode sperm. ______________
3.8 Highly active squids have more than one of these in their circulatory
Hearts
system. ______________
3.9 The nervous system of a mollusc has two pairs of nerve cords and is referred to as
having this type of organization. ______________
tetraneural
3.10 This is the upper of the two cuticular plates that surrounds the crayfish
abdomen. ______________
tergum
3.11 Special term for a ciliated molluscan gill. ______________
Ctenidium
3.12 An insects's Malpighian tubules empty their contents into this part of the
hindgut
gut. ______________
3.13 In both gastropod snails and cephalopods the visceral mass of the body has undergone
Elongate/lengthen
this change. ______________
3.14 The walking legs of the crayfish appear uniramous because they are formed entirely
from this part of the original crustacean limb. ______________
Endopodite
3.15 The second anterior appendage in a chelicerate. ______________
Pedipalp
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
3.16 The outer cuticle of a nematode contains reinforcing fibers consisting of this
Collagen
protein. ______________
3.17 Because these structures are found in each segment and worms nervous system is
Ganglia
referred to as a segmented nervous system. ______________
3.18 These glands in a female squid produce the gelatinous covering of the egg case in
which the fertilized eggs are placed. ______________
Nidemental
3.19 Clams have not only lost one of the autoapomorphies that defines the phylum
Mollusca but this trait typical of bilaterally symmetric animals.
Cephalization
______________
3.20 Relative to the nerve cord, you'll find the ventral blood vessel in an earthworm
here. ______________
Above
3.21 These hairlike structures are numerous on marine worms and scarce on
earthworms. ______________
Setae/setal hairs
3.22 The legs of the crayfish are used as an example of this type of
Serial
homology. ______________
3.23 Terrestrial snails breath using this instead of gills. ______________
Lung
3.24 Cephalopods get their name because of the fusion of the ancestral mollusc foot with
Head
this structure. ______________
3.25 This is the largest body cavity in an arthropod. ______________
Hemocoel
3.26 The supraesophageal ganglion of a worm is also this name. ______________
Brain
3.27 The smallest, miniature predatory animals are chelicerates. Who are
Mites/ticks
they? ______________
3.28 All that remains of the mollusc shell in a squid is a short rod referred to as
this. ______________
Pen
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
18 pts Part 4: Answer 3 of the following 8 questions in the space provided. Each is worth
6 points. Do an extra question as a bonus and you could raise your marks by up to 6 points
depending on how well you answer the extra fifth question.
4.1 What is a crystalline style, who has one and what does it do?
{Molluscs/clam/snail/gastropod – not squid}{solid rod inside style sac}{spins to wind in
the mucous string of food}{grinds against gastric shield}{Releases enzymes to dissolve
the mucous string}{a statement that it frees up the particulate food to be available for
sorting/into digestive gland} Must have first and any five of the others to a maximum of 6
points
4.2 Describe the structure of the autapomorphy of a triradiate pharynx, in what phylum
would you find it, describe its structure, and how does it solve the problem in feeding for
animals in that phylum?
{Nematoda}{three parts}{epitheliomuscular cells}{biomechanically most efficient way of
opening a circular valves}{two valves alternate in opening}{prevents food from being
forced out when open because of pressures on gut}
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.3 Why is only the old cuticle and not the new procuticle digested during moulting in
arthropods?
{digesting enzymes that will digest the old cuticle are secreted into space in an inactive
form} {first layer of epicuticle (cuticulin) laid down} {This cuticulin/first layer is semi
permeable} {Chitinase and Proteinase, must have both for the point} {enzymes activated}
{Enzymes to digest the cuticle on outside of cuticulin and because of position only old
cuticle is available for digestion}
4.4 Briefly describe the events when earthworms mate and produce young.
{Male and females orient with ventral side against each other}{Held in place by secretions
of the clitellum} {Sperm passes from seminal vesicle to seminal receptacle of the
other}Later/after they separate{Eggs are fertilized} {clitellum makes a mucous sleeve and
fertilized eggs are placed inside}{cocoon contains nutrients from the clitellum}{Mucous
sleeve slides of a and dries to form a cocoon that protects the fertilized egg}{Small
miniature worm develops inside the cocoon} Point each to a maximum of 6
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.5 How are the muscles arranged in an earthworm and the marine polychaete and how
does this affect the way that they move ?
Marine polychaete: {Long muscle in bands, very little circular}{Contracts on opposite
sides sides by bands of longitudinal creating S-shaped – both parts must be here for the
point}{Parapodial oblique muscle lifts parapod/create pivot}
Earthworm: {Long and circular muscles both involved} {When longitudinal contract
segment expands and setae anchors in place}{Explanation of how movement occurs
relative to the anchor point – in front longitudinal contract to push head forward, behind
long contract to pull posterior forward}
4.6 Describe how the digestive tract of the squid has been modified to suite the food it
eats.
{Normal structure has a radula with a straight tube with a digestive gland off to the side}
{In addition to the radula the mouth includes a chitinous beak} {allows tear and rip food
into pieces}Digestive gland modified {one part forms the liver which secretes digestive
enzyms}{This part also has a pancreas that produces enzymes} {second part becomes the
cecum for absorbing nutrients} {Stomach becomes site of digestion}
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.7 How does an orb spider build its web; a web like the one we saw in class?
{Uses wind for first horizontal thread} {drops from center} {adds radiating spokes}
{Inside to the outside with loose scaffold} {scaffold eaten as spider returns to
center} {as it goes back to the center lays down the sticky more tightly packed
threads}
4.8 Explain how the honey bee worker’s mouth parts have been modified to match its role
in a honey bee colony.
First: {manibulating the wax to build the combs/cells of the hive}{done by mandibles}
Second: {Collecting nectar}{central tounge from modified labium}{sheath of maxilla
(galea) and labial palps surround it}{sheath closes around tounge and nectar is
sucked up and into the mouth}
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