Rainer Dormels (2014)
Profiles of the cities of DPR Korea – Sinuiju
This work was supported by the Academy of Korean Studies (KSPS) Grant funded by the
Korean Government (MOE) (AKS-2011-BAA-2105)
Find an introduction to the project at
http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=digital-north-korea0
This work has been published as a chapter in:
Rainer Dormels (2014): North Korea's Cities. Jimoondang. Seoul.
IV.2.4. Sinuiju
The “New Uiju”
6LQXLMXLVWKHODUJHVWERUGHUWRZQRIWKH'35.RUHDWR&KLQD,WLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW
ORFDWLRQWRHQWHU1RUWK.RUHDWKURXJKJURXQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ'XHWR6LQXLMX¶VSRVLWLRQWKH
FLW\ZRXOGKDYHKDGDKLJKSRWHQWLDOIRUVSHFLDOHFRQRPLFDUHDV+RZHYHUWKHSK\VLFDO
JHRJUDSKLFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVQDUURZWKHSRWHQWLDOGRZQ
6LQXLMXLVWKHFDSLWDORIWKHSURYLQFHRI3K\RQJEXNDQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHQXPEHURI
LQKDELWDQWVRQHRIWKHODUJHVWFLWLHVRIWKH'35.RUHDWKRXJKDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDUHDVL]H
RQHRIWKHVPDOOHVW2QO\6RQJULPLVPRUHGHQVHO\SRSXODWHGWKDQ6LQXLMX7KHUHIRUHLW
FRPHVDVQRVXUSULVHWKDWWKHUHLVKDUGO\DQ\VSDFHIRUHFRQRPLFDUHDVLQ6LQXLMX
Table Sinuiju-I. Basic data
Population
359,341 (Rank 6)
Area
190 km² (Rank 25)
Population density
1,891 I./km² (Rank 2)
Administrative units
50 dong/9 ri (85%) (Rank 4)
“Urban” population / “rural” population
93%/7% (Rank 2)
6LQXLMX LV VLWXDWHG DERXW NP DERYH WKH PRXWK RI WKH<DOX DSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQ
WKH QRUWKZHVW RI WKH SURYLQFH GLUHFWO\ QHDU WKH &KLQHVH ERUGHU 6LQXLMX RULJLQDWHG LQ
FRQQHFWLRQWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDUDLOZD\OLQHGXHWR-DSDQHVHDXWKRULWLHVZKLFKVKRXOG
KDYH FURVVHG IURP WKH 6RXWKHDVW WR WKH QRUWKZHVW RI .RUHD7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKLV
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
UDLOURDGZDVUHODWHGWRWKH5XVVR-DSDQHVH:DU7KHUDLOURDGFRQWDLQHGWKH
URXWHEHWZHHQ6HRXOWKHFDSLWDODQG3XVDQWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQVHDSRUWFLW\WKH.\RQJEX
OLQHDQGWKH.\RQJXLOLQHZKLFKVKRXOG KDYH FRQQHFWHG WKH FDSLWDO ZLWK 8LMX LQ WKH
QRUWKZHVW,WZDVSODQQHGWRFRQQHFWWKLVURXWHWRWKH0DQFKXULDQUDLOURDGQHWZRUNE\
PHDQVRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDUDLOURDGEULGJHDERYHWKH<DOX
,QWKH3URYLVLRQDO0LOLWDU\5DLOURDG$XWKRULW\ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH-DSDQHVH
JRYHUQPHQWDQGZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHPHWDOOLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQRUWK
ZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKHUDLOIURP.ZDNVDQWR8LMXNPFRPPHQFHG7KHPRVWFRPSOH[
SUREOHPZDVWKHPDWWHURIWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHEULGJHZKLFKZDVWREHFRQVWUXFWHGDERYH
WKH<DOX
$ SRWHQWLDO SRVLWLRQ ZDV ORFDWHG QHDU D ULYHU FURVVLQJ FORVH WR WKH VHWWOHPHQW RI
8LMX ZKHUH D ULYHU LVOH ZDV ORFDWHG7KLV UHJLRQ ZDV DOVR XVHG E\ GHOHJDWLRQV RI WKH
.RUHDQ-RVRQHPSLUHDVZHOODVE\WKH&KLQHVH&K¶LQJHPSLUHZKRKDGFURVVHGWKH<DOX
$QRWKHUSURSRVDOVXJJHVWHGEXLOGLQJWKHEULGJHRYHUWKH<DOXDERXWNPGRZQVWUHDP
ZKHUH LW ZRXOG SXVK DJDLQVW WKH 0DQFKXULDQ VLGH XSRQ WKH FRXQW\ RI$QWXQJ WRGD\
'DQGRQJ,Q$SULOLWZDVGHFLGHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKHODWWHUSURSRVDO7KHEDFNJURXQG
RIWKLVGHFLVLRQZDVWKHFRRFFXUULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHURXWHIURP$QWXQJWR0XNGHQ
WRGD\6KHQ\DQJ2QWKHÀRRGHGZHWODQGVRIWKH<DOXEHQHDWKWKHKLOOVRI&KXNP\ǂQ
VDQZKHUHWKH.RUHDQJURXQGZDVUHDFKHGE\WKHPORQJEULGJHDQHZFLW\ZDV
V\VWHPDWLFDOO\EXLOW7KLVFLW\ZDVFDOOHG6LQXLMX—³WKH1HZ8LMX´
:KHQWKHEULGJHRYHUWKH<DOXZDV¿QLVKHGLQWKHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKH0DQFKXULDQ
UDLOZD\ZDVDFFRPSOLVKHGZKLFKZDVWKHUHDVRQRIDQHQRUPRXVGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVV
LQ6LQXLMXDVZHOODVLQ$QWXQJ6LQXLMXLVDQLPSRUWDQWMXQFWLRQQRWRQO\IRUJURXQG
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ,W DOVR GHYHORSHG DV D SRLQW RI GHSDUWXUH IRU PDULWLPH WUDIILF RQ WKH
KHDGZDWHUVRIWKH<DOXWKHFDSLWDORI3K\RQJEXN3URYLQFHZDVUHORFDWHGIURP8LMX
WR6LQXLMXWKURXJKZKLFKWKHFLW\EHFDPHQRWRQO\WKHSROLWLFEXWDOVRWKHHFRQRPLF
FHQWHURIQRUWKZHVWHUQ.RUHD<XQ-ǂQJVǂS
+RZHYHUDPDMRUKDUERXUFRXOGQRWEHGHYHORSHGLQ6LQXLMX6LQFHWKH<DOXLVIUR]HQ
GXULQJZLQWHUWKHKDUERXURI6LQXLMXLVUHVWULFWHGWREHLQJRSHQIRURQO\KDOID\HDU,Q
DGGLWLRQWKHWLGHVDUHELJDQGWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRIHDUWKDQGVDQGLVYHU\VWURQJ7KH
ZDWHUGHSWKLVLUUHJXODUVLQFHWKHÀRZFHQWHURIWKH<DOXWLOWVLWVHOIWRZDUGVWKH&KLQHVH
ZDWHUVLGH:KHQWKHKDUERXUZDVRSHQHGLQVKLSVRIWKHWFODVVZHUHDEOH
WRGRFNDIWHUZDUGVVKLSVRIWKHWFODVVZHUHDEOHWRFRPHLQDQGRXW7KHUHIRUHWKH
GHPDQGIRUDUHSODFHPHQWKDUERXUURVHZKLFKZDVWKHUHDVRQIRUEXLOGLQJWKH7DVDGR
KDUERXU5\RQJFKRQNXQ.DQJ6ǂNR
7KHRUHWLFDOO\6LQXLMXLVFRQQHFWHGZLWK(XURSHDQUDLOQHWZRUNGXHWRWKHUDLOZD\
EULGJH ZKLFK FDQ DOVR EH XVHG E\ PRWRU YHKLFOHV7KH EHOOLJHUHQW FRQIOLFWV GXULQJ
WKH .RUHDQ:DU KDYH SUHYHQWHG WKLV FRQQHFWLRQ WKRXJK7KH LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDIILF WR
%HLMLQJZDVRQO\SRVVLEOHIURPDQGIURPLWZDVPDGHSRVVLEOHZLWKHOHFWULF
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
ORFRPRWLYHV
&KLQDDPRQJVWRWKHUVZDVLQVWUXPHQWDOZLWKWKHVHWXSRIWKHFLW\RI6LQXLMXDIWHU
WKH.RUHDQ:DU8QWLO&KLQHVHWURRSVZHUHVWDWLRQHGLQ6LQXLMXZKRKDGEXLOWDERXW
DSDUWPHQWVLQWKHFLW\FHQWHUZKLOH%XOJDULDEXLOWDKRVSLWDOLQ6LQXLMX-DQJ6H
KXQE
City in flood-prone position
6LQXLMX LV ORFDWHG RQO\ D IHZ PHWHUV DERYH
VHDOHYHO,QWKH6RXWKDQG6RXWKHDVWRIWKH
FLW\ WKH WHUUDLQ LV D ELW KLJKHU WKRXJK7KH
PXQLFLSDODUHDFRQVLVWVRIDQDOOXYLDOSODLQLQ
WKH ORZHU UHDFKHV RI WKH<DOX RI KLOOV IURP
WKH(DVWDQGWKH6RXWKDQGRILVODQGVLQWKH
1RUWK
6LQXLMXZDVEXLOWLQWKHPLGVWRIPHDGRZV
DQGVZDPSVGXULQJWKH-DSDQHVHRFFXSDWLRQ
6LQFH WKH EXLOWXS DUHD OLHV GHHSHU WKDQ WKH
<DOXLWZDVVXUURXQGHGE\DQDSSUR[LPDWHO\
PKLJKGLNHDWWKLVWLPH7KHUHIRUH6LQXLMX
LVKLJKO\SURQHWRÀRRG
Figure Sinuiju-I. Agricultural land in the ri
RIWKHFLW\DUHDFRQVLVWVRIHOHYDWLRQV
DW DQ DOWLWXGH RI P DW DQ DOWLWXGH
EHWZHHQPPDQGRQO\ULVHVDERYHVHDOHYHORIP,3$
,PSRUWDQW ULYHUV RI WKLV FLW\ DUH WKH<DOX $SURNJDQJ$PQRNJDQJ ZKLFK
FRQVWLWXWHV WKH ERUGHU WR &KLQD WKH 6DPJ\RFKǂQ ZKLFK IRUPV WKH ERXQGDU\ WR
5\RQJFKRQNXQDQGWKH<ǂKDFKǂQZKLFKLVDVXEVLGLDU\VWUHDPRIWKH6DPJ\RFKǂQ
Table Sinuiju-II. Climate values
Annual average
January temperature
August temperature
Precipitation
9.6°C (14)
-6.8°C (17)
24.0°C (7)
1,001.5 mm (13)
7KHFOLPDWHLVFRQWLQHQWDOKRZHYHULWLVVXEMHFWWRPDULWLPHLQÀXHQFH
7KHIRUHVWDFFRXQWVIRURIWKHFLW\DUHDZKHUHLQSLQHLVVWURQJO\UHSUHVHQWHG
$JULFXOWXUDO¿HOGFXOWLYDWLRQDUHDYHJHWDEOHVJUDLQVDQGIUXLWPDNHVXSRIWKH
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
FLW\RIZKLFKPRUHWKDQDUHORFDWHGRQWKHEDQNVRIWKH<DOXDQGWKH6DPJ\RFKǂQ
7KHDQLPDOKXVEDQGU\HVSHFLDOO\FKLFNHQIDUPVDQGSLJIDUPVLQ6ǂQVDQJGRQJDVZHOODV
WKHGXFNIDUPLQ+DQGDQULRQWKHLVODQGRI:LKZDSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROH,3$
$GGLWLRQDOO\¿VKLQJFRPSDQLHVDUHORFDWHGLQ6LQXLMX,QWKHFLW\WKHUHDUHDOVRFRDO
GHSRVLWV36&
Important location for the light industry of DPR Korea
'XHWRWKHIRUHVWZHDOWKRIWKHXSSHUUXQQLQJWUDFNVRIWKH<DOXZKLFKZDVRQHRIWKH
H[WHUQDOUHDVRQVIRUWKH5XVVR-DSDQHVH:DU/DXWHQVDFK6LQXLMXZDVLQWKH
HDUO\GD\VWKHORFDWLRQIRUFROOHFWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIZRRG7KHUHIRUHOXPEHUPLOOV
DQGLQGXVWULHVZKLFKSURFHVVHGZRRGIRUH[DPSOHWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRISDSHUSXOSDQG
PDWFKHVZHUHGHYHORSHG:LWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH6XSKXQJSRZHUSODQWDQGWKHRSHQLQJ
RIWKH0DQSKRDQG+\HVDQUDLOZD\OLQHVWKHV\VWHPRIZRRGWUDQVSRUWZDVFKDQJHG
7KH6XSKXQJSRZHUSODQWDOVRSURYLGHGWKHQHFHVVDU\HQHUJ\IRUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI
WKHLQGXVWU\&RQVHTXHQWO\VWDUWLQJIURPWKHWH[WLOHLQGXVWU\DOONLQGVRILQGXVWULHVZHUH
HVWDEOLVKHGLQ6LQXLMXZKLFKQRZGHYHORSHGLWVHOILQWRDQLQGXVWULDOFLW\.DQJ6ǂNR
(VSHFLDOO\LQWKHQRUWKHUQDQGVRXWKHUQSHULSKHUDOUHJLRQVRIWKHIRUPHUXUEDQDUHD
LQGXVWULDOFRPSDQLHVVXFKDVDVKLS\DUGWH[WLOHPLOOVVRDSIDFWRULHVDQGSKDUPDFHXWLFDO
FRPSDQLHVHPHUJHG6DLWVFKLNRZ
7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQGXVWULDO VHFWRUV IRU 6LQXLMX ZHUH WKH VHFWRUV RI PHFKDQLFDO
HQJLQHHULQJ FKHPLFDO LQGXVWU\ DQG WKH OLJKW LQGXVWU\ WH[WLOH VKRHV IRRG FRQVXPHU
GXUDEOHV,3$6LQXLMXLVRQHRIWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWORFDWLRQVIRUWKHOLJKW
LQGXVWU\LQWKH'35.RUHD36&
Table Sinuiju-III. Ranking (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies or cultural institutions)
Sinuiju
KOFC
MOU
IPA
KCNA
KIET
Summary
Companies-total
6 (23)
4 (34)
9 (22)
9 (12)
11 (36)
7
Companiesimportant
7 (5)
11 (3)
9 (9)
8 (19)
9 (10)
Cultural institution
4 (20)
Table Sinuiju-IV. Ranking (Total number of companies in relation to population)
Sinuiju
KOFC
MOU
IPA
KCNA
KIET
Summary
Companies-total
6
3
8-12-4
13
18-9
9-12
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
7KHUDQNLQJLQWHUPVRIWKHQXPEHURIFRPSDQLHVFRLQFLGHVEURDGO\RQWKHZKROH
ZLWKWKHUDQNLQWHUPVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ5DQN:KHQHYDOXDWLQJWKH028VRXUFH
6LQXLMXKDVDEHWWHUUDQNLQJVLQFH028KDVLQFOXGHGDORWRIOLJKWLQGXVWU\FRPSDQLHV2Q
WKHRWKHUKDQG6LQXLMXKDVDQHVSHFLDOO\EDGUDQNLQJGXULQJWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH.,(7
VRXUFHVLQFHWKHLUIRFXVLVRQKHDY\LQGXVWU\
Table Sinuiju-V. Specification (in parenthesis: number of companies)
Sinuiju
Light Industry
Heavy Industry
Mining
Energy
KOFC
6 (8)
MOU
7 (23)
13 (15)
-
-
11 (10)
14 (1)
-
IPA
6 (15)
19 (7)
-
-
KCNA
10 (6)
7 (6)
-
-
KIET
7 (17)
10 (19)
-
-
,WLVFOHDUWKDW6LQXLMXLVDFLW\LQZKLFKOLJKWLQGXVWU\SOD\VDVLJQL¿FDQWUROH2QWKH
RWKHUKDQGLQWKH.&1$VRXUFHQXPHURXVIDFWRULHVLQWKH¿HOGRIPHFKDQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJ
DUHSUHVHQWHG
,QFKDSWHU,,,WHQFRPSDQLHVKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGDVLPSRUWDQW5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH
&RPSOH[ )DFWRU\ WK$XJXVW 6LQXLMX 0LQLQJ 0DFKLQH )DFWRU\ 6LQXLMX 6SLQQLQJ
0DFKLQH)DFWRU\6LQXLMX&KHPLFDO)LEUH&RPSOH[6LQXLMX(QDPHO:DUH)DFWRU\6LQXLMX
&RVPHWLFV )DFWRU\ 6LQXLMX 6KRHV )DFWRU\ 6LQXLMX )RRWZHDU )DFWRU\ 6LQXLMX7H[WLOH
)DFWRU\6LQXLMX)DPLO\*RRGV)DFWRU\
2QHRIWKHELJJHVWPDFKLQHIDFWRULHVRI1RUWK.RUHDLVWKH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH&RPSOH[
LQWKH6RXWKRIWKHFLW\0DLQO\GLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIH[FDYDWRUVDUHSURGXFHGKHUHDVZHOODV
HTXLSPHQWOLNHFHQWULIXJHVDQGJHQHUDWRUV7KH6DPJ\RFKԁQZKLFKVXSSOLHVWKHLQGXVWULDO
ZDWHUIORZVLQWKH6RXWKRIWKH&RPSOH[7KHIDFWRU\KDVDJRRGWUDQVSRUWFRQQHFWLRQ
VLQFHLWLVVLWXDWHGQHDUDWZRODQHSDYHGURDGDVZHOODVDUDLOZD\EHWZHHQ6LQXLMXDQG
3\RQJ\DQJ7KH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH&RPSOH[HPSOR\VDERXWZRUNHUVDQGRSHUDWHVRQ
DQDUHDRIPð'XULQJWKH-DSDQHVHRFFXSDWLRQWKLVFRPSDQ\ZDVRQO\DVPDOOUHSDLU
VKRSIRUDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHV.2)&7KHIDFWRU\EHJDQLWVSURGXFWLRQDJDLQ
RQ6HSWHPEHUXQGHUWKHQDPHRI6LQXLMX0DFKLQH3ODQWVLQFH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH
3ODQWDQGSURGXFHGGLIIHUHQWDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHV,3$'XULQJWKH.RUHDQ
:DULWZDVFRQYHUWHGLQWRDPXQLWLRQVIDFWRU\,QWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGHQODUJHPHQWRI
WKHIDFWRU\ZKLFKZDVGHVWUR\HGGXULQJWKH.RUHDQ:DUFRPPHQFHG
7KHNPORQJ6DPJ\RFKǂQDWULEXWDU\RIWKH<DOXIRUPVWKH6RXWKHUQERXQGDU\RI6LQXLMXVLWR
5\RQJFKRQNXQDQGWKHQÀRZVLQWRWKH3KLK\RQNXQ
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
Figure Sinuiju-II. Rakwǂn Machine Complex
(2012)
Figure Sinuiju-III. Rakwǂn Machine Complex
(view from Samgyo-chǂn) (2012)
,QWKH)DFWRU\WK$XJXVW6LQXLMX0LQLQJ0DFKLQH)DFWRU\ZKLFKLVORFDWHGLQWKH
5\ǂQJVDQJGRQJGLVWULFWPLQLQJPDFKLQHVRIDOONLQGVKLJKVSHHGH[FDYDWRUVURWDWLRQ
H[FDYDWRUVORDGHUVGULOOVDQGZDJRQVDUHSURGXFHGHPSOR\HHVZRUNRQDQDUHD
RIPð
7KH6LQXLMX6SLQQLQJ0DFKLQH)DFWRU\LVRQHRIWKH¿YHPDMRUPDFKLQHIDFWRULHVRIWKH
SURYLQFH7KHIDFWRU\ZDVH[WHQGHGLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHV
7KH6LQXLMX&KHPLFDO)LEUH&RPSOH[LVORFDWHGLQWKHQRUWKHDVWRIWKHUDLOVWDWLRQ
RI6LQXLMXLQWKHGLVWULFWRI3DQJMLNGRQJDQGKDVDQDUHDRIPð7KHVHFWRUIRU
SDSHUPDNLQJWKHEUDQFKIDFWRU\IRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIFDXVWLFVRGDWKHFKHPLFDOIDFWRU\
7RQJULPWKHFKHPLFDOIDFWRU\6LQXLMXDQGWKHIDFWRU\IRUG\HLQJHTXLSPHQW6LQXLMXDUH
VXERUGLQDWHO\RUJDQL]HGXQGHUWKH6LQXLMX&KHPLFDO)LEHU&RPSOH[
7KH8QLWHG&KHPLFDO)LEUH)DFWRU\6LQXLMXHPHUJHGLQIURPWKH-DSDQHVH)XML
3DSHU&RPSDQ\DVWKH&KRVHQ3DSHU)DFWRU\DQQXDOFDSDFLW\RIWLQRUGHUWR
PDQXIDFWXUHSXOSLWZDVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKH2ML3DSHU&RPSDQ\DQGH[SDQGHG
$IWHU WKH .RUHDQ WDNHRYHU RI WKH IDFWRU\ VHYHUDO H[SDQVLRQV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW ZKLFK
UHVXOWHGLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQHZVSDSHUDQGSDSHUIRUVFKRROERRNV
7KHGHVWUXFWLRQGXULQJWKH.RUHDQ:DUZDVIROORZHGE\WKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ,QWKH
SURGXFWLRQZDVUHVXPHG7KHUDZPDWHULDOVIRUWKHSXOSSURGXFHGLQWKLVIDFWRU\ZHUH
XVHGIURPUHHGVLQWKHUHHG¿HOGVRIWKHPRXWKRIWKH<DOX3LGDQVǂP5\RQJFKRQNXQ
DQGIURPULFHVWUDZRIWKH:HVWHUQDJULFXOWXUDOEHOWDORQJWKH*UHHQ6HDIURPWKHFLW\RI
-RQJMXDVZHOODVIURPFRUQVWDONV6DOWRULJLQDWHVIURPWKHVDOWZRUNVIURPWKH:HVWFRDVW
DUHDDQGFDXVWLFVRGDSURGXFHGE\HOHFWURO\VLVLVQHHGHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFKHPLFDO
¿EUHVDQGRISDSHU(OHFWULFHQHUJ\LVGUDZQIURPWKH6XSKXQJ3RZHU3ODQW
.2)&DOVR.,(7
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQV.,(7
&KRVXQ,OER1RYHPEHU.2)&FODLPVWKDWLWLVORFDWHGLQ0DMǂQGRQJ
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJDQG.2)&
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
7KH6LQXLMX(QDPHO:DUH)DFWRU\ZDVEXLOWLQWKHVDQGLVWKHODUJHVWVPDOOKDUGZDUH
SURGXFHURIWKH'35.ZLWKLWVPXOWLSOHGHSDUWPHQWVDQGDEUDQFKIDFWRU\YDULHWLHV
RIHQDPHOOHGVPDOOPHWDOKDUGZDUHLVSURGXFHGLQWKLVIDFWRU\LHFXWOHU\FURFNHU\FXSV
EXFNHWVSRWVSDQVDQGEDVLQV&KRH6ǂQ\ǂQJ,QWKH\HDURIWKHIDFWRU\ZDV
PRGHUQLVHG.&1$WK6HSWHPEHU7KHIDFWRU\DOVRSURGXFHVIRUH[SRUW
7KH6LQXLMX&RVPHWLFV)DFWRU\ZDVEXLOWEHWZHHQDQG.-<
DQGRULJLQDOO\ZDVORFDWHGLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHFLW\,WSURGXFHGVRDSSDSHUVRDSWRRWK
SDVWH FUqPHV DQG ERG\ SHUIXPH ,Q DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH IDFWRU\ ZDV PRGHUQLVHG
DQGH[SDQGHGLQ.,(7'XULQJDYLVLWE\.LP-RQJ,OLQ-XQH
WKHUHORFDWLRQRIWKHIDFWRU\WR6RXWK6LQXLMXZDVRUGHUHGE\KLP7KHQHZORFDWLRQZDV
VLWXDWHGDERXWNPIURPWKHFLW\FHQWHUZKHUHDQLQGXVWULDODUHDZDVSODQQHG,Q-DQXDU\
WKHIDFWRU\ZDVFRPSOHWHGRQWKHQHZVLWHZLWKGHSDUWPHQWVIRUVRDSWRRWKSDVWHDQG
FRVPHWLFV.LP7XKZDQ,Q-DQXDU\DGHSDUWPHQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIER[HV
DQGRWKHUSDFNDJLQJZDVDGGHG7KHFRVPHWLFVIDFWRU\6LQXLMXLVQRZFRQVLGHUHGDVWKH
ODUJHVWFRVPHWLFVIDFWRU\RIWKH'35.,Q1RYHPEHU1RUWK.RUHDQPHGLDUHSRUWHG
WKDWWKHSURGXFWLRQXQGHUVWHULOHFRQGLWLRQVZDVQRZSRVVLEOH7KHSURGXFWVRI6LQXLMXDUH
LPPHQVHO\SRSXODULQWKH'35.DQGFRPSHWHZLWKWKHSURGXFWVRIWKHFRVPHWLFVIDFWRU\
3\RQJ\DQJ7KHSURGXFWVPDGHLQ6LQXLMXXQGHUWKHQDPHRI³1ǂZDQD´<RXDQG0H
DUHLQWHQGHGIRUWKHH[SRUWRIWKHSURGXFWOLQH0HDQZKLOHWKHSURGXFWVDUHDOVRGLVWULEXWHG
DQGVROGZLWKLQWKH'35.XQGHUWKHSURGXFWQDPHRI³3ǂPK\DQJJL´VSULQJVFHQW
Figure Sinuiju-IV. Sinuiju Textile Factory (2012)
Figure Sinuiju-V. Pomhyanggi-Products from
Sinujiu from a Hotel in Wonsan (2012)
,QWKH6LQXLMX6KRHV)DFWRU\PDLQO\ERRWVZKLFKDUHVROGLQWKHZKROHSURYLQFHRI
3K\RQJEXNDUHSURGXFHG
4XRWHGDIWHU-ԁQJǍQL
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
7KH 6LQXLMX )RRWZHDU )DFWRU\ LV DFWXDOO\ WKH ODUJHVW VKRH IDFWRU\ RI WKH '35.
EHFDXVHLWKDVDQDQQXDOFDSDFLW\RIPLOOLRQRISURGXFHGVKRHV0RVWO\WH[WLOHFORWK
VKRHVDUHPDVVSURGXFHGKHUH7KHPDQXIDFWXUHGVSRUWVVKRHVZRUNVKRHVUXEEHUERRWV
39&VKRHVEDVNHWEDOOVKRHVDQGVLPSOHFORWKVSRUWVVKRHVDUHDOVRSDUWLDOO\H[SRUWHG
7KLVIDFWRU\ZDVEXLOWDOUHDG\GXULQJWKH-DSDQHVHFRORQLDOUXOH,QRIWKH1RUWK
.RUHDQVKRHSURGXFWLRQFRXOGEHDOORFDWHGWRWKLVYHU\IDFWRU\,Q$SULODVSHFLDOSDUW
RIWKHIDFWRU\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIH[SRUWLQJSURGXFWVZDV¿QLVKHG.2)&
7KLVIDFWRU\ZLWKLWVHPSOR\HHVKDVLWVYHU\RZQHQHUJ\GHSDUWPHQW
JHQHUDWLQJVWHDPIURPFRDOZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHWKHIDFWRU\ZLWKHQHUJ\.,(7
,QDQGWKHIDFWRU\ZDVIXUWKHUPRGHUQLVHG.2)&
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVWDWHPHQWVPDGHE\UHIXJHHVIURP1RUWK.RUHDWKHVSRUWVVKRHVPDGH
E\WKHIDFWRU\KDYHDQH[FHOOHQWUHSXWDWLRQIRUIRRWZHDU7KHUHDUHSHUVRQVZKRDUH
HPSOR\HGE\WKH6LQXLMX7H[WLOH)DFWRU\ZRUNLQJLQDQDUHDRIPð7KHIDFWRU\
ZDVEXLOWLQ$XJXVWDVVWDWHGE\WKH6RXWK.RUHDQFRPPHUFHEDQNDQGZDVSXW
LQ RSHUDWLRQ LQ +RZHYHU WKH IDFLOLWLHV ZHUH GHVWUR\HG GXULQJ WKH .RUHDQ:DU
$IWHUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQWKHIDFWRU\UHVXPHGLWVRSHUDWLRQLQ-XO\$IWHUZDUGV
VHYHUDOH[WHQVLRQVRIWKHIDFWRU\ZHUHPDGH,WZDVDQQRXQFHGLQWKDWRQO\ORFDOUDZ
PDWHULDOZRXOGEHXVHG7KHIDFWRU\LVVXSSOLHGZLWKVWDSOH¿EUHVE\WKH8QLWHG&KHPLFDO
)LEUH)DFWRU\6LQXLMXDOWKRXJKHQHUJ\LVSURYLGHGE\LQKRXVHWKHUPDOSRZHUSODQW7KH
LQWHUQDOO\SURGXFHG\DUQLVQRWRQO\XVHGIRUWKHLQKRXVHVXEVHTXHQWSURFHVVWRFORWKEXW
DGGLWLRQDOO\LVVXSSO\LQJVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGWH[WLOHFRPSDQLHV
7KH6LQXLMX)DPLO\*RRGV)DFWRU\ZDVIRXQGHGLQ,QWKLVIDFWRU\DOXPLQLXP
DQGUHVLQDPRQJVWRWKHUWKLQJVDUHSURGXFHGLQRUGHUWRPDQXIDFWXUHDYDULHW\RISURGXFWV
IRUGRPHVWLFXVH,3$
$SDUWIURPWKHFRPSDQLHVWKDWZHUHLGHQWL¿HGDVLPSRUWDQWLQ&KDSWHU,,,WKHUH
DUHFHUWDLQO\QXPHURXVRWKHUFRPSDQLHVLQ6LQXLMXWKDWZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGKHUH
,QWKH)DFWRU\WK0DUFKFRPPXQLFDWLRQ FDEOHV DUH PDQXIDFWXUHG ,Q$SULO WKH IDFWRU\ ZDV H[SDQGHG ZLWK D PRGHUQ SURGXFWLRQ OLQH7KLV SURGXFWLRQ OLQH WKH
RI¿FLDOQHZVSDSHURIWKH&HQWUDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH:RUNHUV¶3DUW\RI.RUHDWKH5RGRQJ
6LQPXQQRWDEO\VLQJOHVRXWRQVW-XO\LVFDSDEOHWRSURGXFHWKLQLQVXODWHGZLUH
DVZHOODVWKLQLQVXODWHGZLUHFRQVLVWLQJRIVHYHUDOVWUDQGV<RQKDS1HZV$JHQF\
)XUWKHUPRUH WKLV IDFWRU\ ZKLFK LV DOVR UHJDUGHG DV DQ DUPDPHQW IDFWRU\ SURGXFHV
DQQXDOO\DSSUR[LPDWHO\SDLUVRIZKLWHUXEEHUJORYHV
,QWKHIDFWRU\6HSWHPEHU*HQHUDO,URQ(QWHUSULVHVDQQXDOO\WRQVRIORZJUDGH
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJ$FFRUGLQJWRRWKHUGDWDZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQDQDUWLFOHE\WKH1RUWK.RUHDQ
5RGRQJ6LQPXQWKH)DFWRU\VXSSRVHGO\ZDVEXLOWLQ$XJXVW.,(7
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJ
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
VWHHO VDPKZDFKǂO WRQV RI VWHHO DQG UROOHG VWHHO LV SURGXFHG7KH
IDFWRU\LVQDPHGDIWHUWKHHYHQWZKHQ.LP,OVXQJVXSSRVHGO\YLVLWHGLQ6HSWHPEHU
DQG GHWHUPLQHG WKH ORFDWLRQ IRU WKH LQGXVWULDO SODQW$GGLWLRQDOO\ LW LV UXPRXUHG WKDW
DQHOHFWULFIXUQDFHZDVLQWURGXFHG7KHVWHHOIDFWRU\ZDVPRGHUQLVHGZLWKWKHKHOSRI
VFLHQWLVWVRIWKH7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\.LP&KDHNIURPWKHFDSLWDO3\RQJ\DQJ.&1$
-DQXDU\
7KH 6LQXLMX 6WUHSWRP\FLQ )DFWRU\ LV D VSHFLDO IDFWRU\ IRU DQWLELRWLFV LQ ZKLFK
DPRQJVW RWKHU WKLQJV WKH DQWLELRWLFFRQWDLQLQJ RLQWPHQW7HUUDP\FLQ PHGLFLQH IRU
LQMHFWLRQVHWFDUHSURGXFHG
7KH6LQXLMX3XOS)DFWRU\LVORFDWHGLQ6LQXLMX6XPXQGRQJDQGLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\
Pð,WZDVEXLOWLQ6HSWHPEHULQRUGHUWRPDQXIDFWXUHULFHSDSHU6WDUWLQJIURP
WKHDUWL¿FLDOVLONSDSHUSURGXFWLRQFRPPHQFHG,QKHPSDQGÀD[ZDVSURFHVVHGDQG
FLJDUHWWHSDSHUDQGSDFNDJLQJSDSHUVIRUIRRGSURGXFWVZDVSURGXFHG$VDJHQHUDOUXOH
UHHGIURPWKHULYHUPRXWKRIWKH<DOXFRUQVWDONVDQGULFHVWUDZDUHXVHGDVUDZPDWHULDOV
7KHDUWL¿FLDOVLONSXOSLVGHOLYHUHGWRWKH7H[WLOH)DFWRU\6LQXLMXEXWWKHVXOIXULFSXOSLV
QHFHVVDU\IRUWKHLQKRXVHSDSHUSURGXFWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHWKHELQGHUPDWHULDOVHUYHVXVHLQ
WKHEULTXHWWHDQGSDYHPHQWSURGXFWLRQ7KHTXDOLW\RIWKHSURGXFWVLVOLNHO\WREHVLPLODU
WRWKHSDSHUSURGXFWLRQGHSDUWPHQWRIWKH8QLWHG&KHPLFDO)DFWRU\6LQXLMX7KHIDFWWKDW
WKHVDPHPDFKLQHVDUHXVHGIRUGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRISDSHUPLJKWKDYHDQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQ
WKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSURGXFWV
,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH .RUHD$PQRNJDQJ7UDGLQJ &RUSRUDWLRQ KDV D UHJLVWHUHG RIILFH
LQ 6LQXLMX7KLV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ ZDV KDQGHG RYHU LQ $VVLJQHG WR WKLV IDFWRU\ DUH
WKHH[SRUWSURGXFWVEDVHVIRUFRORXUHGPHWDOQRQPHWDOUHHGSURFHVVLQJPDULQHDQG
DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVFORWKLQJHOHFWURQLFDFFHVVRULHVDQGGHFRUDWLYHEXFNOHVLQ6LQXLMX
DQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHDV2QHIRFXVRILWVDFWLYLWLHVOLHVLQWKHWUDGHZLWKWKHERUGHUDUHDVRI
WKH35&KLQD
Sinuiju special economic zone
1RUWK.RUHDVXUSULVHGWKHZRUOGE\HVWDEOLVKLQJDFDSLWDOLVWLF³6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH
5HJLRQRI6LQXLMX³LQ6HSWHPEHU7KLVUHJLRQZDVVXSSRVHGWRGHYHORSLWVHOILQWR
DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FHQWHU IRU ILQDQFH WUDGH ,7 LQGXVWU\ PRGHUQ VFLHQFH HQWHUWDLQPHQW
,WLVVWHHOVLQFHDQWKUDFLWHZDVXVHGDWLWVVPHOWLQJ:KHQXVLQJFRNHVWHHOZRXOGEHFUHDWHG
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJ
6WUHSWRP\]LQLVDQDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWZKLFKLVREWDLQHGIURPVRLOPLFUREHVDQGLVXVHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
PRVWDQWLELRWLFVIRUWKHKXPDQDQGYHWHULQDU\PHGLFLQHDVZHOODVIRUDJULFXOWXUH
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJ
+DQ¶JXNVDQRSǎQKDHQJ
1DHQDUDÄ.RUHDQ7UDGLQJ&RPSDQ\$PQRNJDQJ³KWWSZZZQDHQDUDFRPNSGHUHDOWUDGH"FRPSDQ\
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
DQGWRXULVP)RUWKLVSXUSRVHLWZDVSODQQHGWKDWWKHUHJLRQVKRXOGUHFHLYHDODUJHO\
DXWRQRPRXV JRYHUQPHQW XQWLO VW 'HFHPEHU ,Q WKLV PDQQHU WKH LVVXDQFH RI
SDVVSRUWVDQGFXUUHQF\ZDVSODQQHGDVZHOO(YHQWKHLURZQÀDJZDVDOUHDG\GHVLJQHG
ZLWK SHRQ\ RQ D EOXH EDFNJURXQG 6LPLODULWLHV ZLWK +RQJ .RQJ ZHUH SUREDEO\ QRW
XQLQWHQWLRQDO2I¿FLDOODQJXDJHVZHUHVXSSRVHGWREH&KLQHVH.RUHDQDQG(QJOLVK
2EYLRXVO\WKHVHWXSRIWKHHFRQRPLF]RQHZDVVXSSRVHGWREHPRUHFRQVLVWHQWWKDQ
WKHIDLOHGDWWHPSWLQ5DMLQ6RQERQJ$VJRYHUQRU—LWZDVKLJKO\XQXVXDO—DIRUHLJQHU
<DQJ%LQZDVDSSRLQWHGZKRZDVD\HDUROG'XWFKZLWK&KLQHVHRULJLQ$FFRUGLQJ
WR)RUEHVKHZDVDWWKHWLPHRIKLVSODQQHGDSSRLQWPHQWDVJRYHUQRUWKHVHFRQGULFKHVW
&KLQHVHLQWKHZRUOG
1RUWK.RUHDLVE\DOOPHDQVLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIVSHFLDOHFRQRPLF]RQHV
+RZHYHUWKHFRXQWU\LVQRWLQWHUHVWHGLQH[WHUQDOSROLWLFDOLQIOXHQFHV(DVLO\GHILQDEOH
SHULSKHUDO SRVLWLRQV VHHP WR EH EHVW VXLWHG IRU FRQGXFWLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO H[SHULPHQWV
IURPWKHYLHZRI1RUWK.RUHDQUXOHUV:KLOHWKHUHLVHQRXJKLQGXVWULDOZDWHUDQGHQHUJ\
IURPWKH:DWHU3ODQW6XSKXQJWKHSRUWLWVHOIVHHPVWREHYHU\VPDOODQGWKHUHVWRIWKH
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVZHDNO\GHYHORSHG%DVHGRQWKHEDGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQ
LQGXVWULDOFRPSOH[ZDVUHMHFWHGE\WKH6RXWK.RUHDQ+\XQGDLJURXS
6KRUWO\DIWHUKLVDSSRLQWPHQWDVJRYHUQRU<DQJ%LQDQQRXQFHGWKDWVHYHUDOKXQGUHG
WKRXVDQGFXUUHQWLQKDELWDQWVRIWKHNPðDUHDZHUHWREHGLVSHOOHGDQGWKDWDWKUHH
PHWHU KLJK ZDOO ZDV WR EH EXLOW ,PPHGLDWHO\ UXPRXUV FLUFXODWHG WKDW HVSHFLDOO\ WKH
GLVWULFWVLQWKH1RUWKRIWKHFLW\$SJDQJGRQJ3RQEXGRQJ<ǂNMǂQGRQJ&KDHKDGRQJ
ZRXOGEHDIIHFWHGE\WKHUHVHWWOHPHQWWRXQGHWHUPLQHGORFDWLRQVRUWR6RXWK6LQXLMX
$FFRUGLQJWRDVWXG\E\.275$LWZDVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKHLQYHVWPHQWVLQWKLV1RUWK
.RUHDQ FLW\ ZRXOG EH PDGH E\ WKH &KLQHVH DQG RYHUVHDV&KLQHVH DQG OHVV PDGH E\
³:HVWHUQ´FRPSDQLHV,QYHVWPHQWVRI³:HVWHUQ´FRPSDQLHVZHUHVFKHGXOHGDVUHFHQWO\
DVLQIRXUWRILYH\HDUVODWHUZKHQLPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHEXVLQHVV
HQYLURQPHQWZRXOGEHVLJQL¿FDQWO\YLVLEOH<RR&KHRQJPR
+RZHYHUWKLQJVWXUQHGRXWWREHTXLWHGLIIHUHQWWKDQH[SHFWHG$OUHDG\LQWKHEHJLQQLQJ
RI2FWREHU&KLQHVHVHFXULW\DXWKRULWLHVDUUHVWHG<DQJ%LQLQ6KHQ\DQJ+HZDV
DFFXVHGZLWKWD[HYDVLRQDQGLOOHJDOEXVLQHVVSUDFWLFHVE\WKH&KLQHVH/DWHU<DQJ%LQZDV
VHQWHQFHGWR\HDUVLQSULVRQ
$WDODWHUWLPH-XOLH6DZKRZDVWKHGDXJKWHURIWZR&KLQHVHSDUHQWVDOWKRXJKERUQ
LQ6RXWK.RUHDZKHUHVKHDOVRJUHZXSEXWODWHUHPLJUDWHGWR&DOLIRUQLDZDVXQGHU
GLVFXVVLRQDVDSRWHQWLDOJRYHUQRU%XWE\WKHHQGRIWKHPHGLDDQQRXQFHGWKDWWKH
1RUWK.RUHDQVKDGSURFODLPHGWKHHQGRIWKHSURMHFWRIWKH6SHFLDO=RQH6LQǎLMX
:KDWZHUHWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVUDSLGIDLOXUH"
.XNPLQ,OER6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZNPLEFRNUKWPONPYLHZ
KWPO
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
$ERYH DOO WKH SURMHFW ZDV QRW VXIILFLHQWO\ FRRUGLQDWHG ZLWK &KLQD7KLV LQLWLDOO\
ZDVSRLQWHGRXWE\WKHUHDVRQVWKDWOLHZLWKWKHSHUVRQRI<DQJ%LQ&KLQDSRVVLEO\KDG
FRQFHUQV WKDW 6LQXLMX FRXOG EHFRPH D JDPEOLQJ KHOO IRU WKH &KLQHVH LQ ZKLFK FULPH
DQGPRQH\ODXQGHULQJFRXOGULVHIURP,QSDUWLFXODU6LQXLMXFRXOGKDYHEHHQDSHVN\
FRPSHWLWRULQUHJDUGVWRLQYHVWPHQWVIRUWKHUHJLRQRI1RUWK(DVWHUQ&KLQD
6LQFHWKRXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH6LQXLMXVSHFLDOHFRQRPLF]RQHKDVEHHQ
SXWEDFNRQWKHDJHQGDDQGXQGHUGHEDWHGXHWRDQDJUHHPHQWZLWK&KLQDFRQFHUQLQJ
WKHLVODQGVRI:LKZDDQG+ZDQJJǎPSK\ǂQJLQRUGHUWRGHYHORSWKHVHDUHDVDVMRLQWIUHH
WUDGH]RQHV$OVR&KLQDKDVUHDFKHGDQDJUHHPHQWZLWK1RUWK.RUHDRYHUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
RIWKHQHZ<DOX5LYHU+LJKZD\%ULGJH7RQJ,QWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQEHJDQDQG
LVVXSSRVHGWREHWKH\HDURIFRPSOHWLRQ7KHQHZEULGJHLVORFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\
NP GRZQVWUHDP IURP WKH H[LVWLQJ ³.RUHD&KLQD )ULHQGVKLS %ULGJH´ QHDU
+ZDQJJǎPSK\ǂQJDQGFRQQHFWVWKH'DQGRQJ1HZ&LW\=RQH*XRPHQZDQ([KLELWLRQ
&HQWHUZLWK6LQXLMX
2Q WKH +ZDQJJǎPS\ǂQJ DQG:LKZD ,VODQG (FRQRPLF =RQH /DZ ZDV
HQDFWHG E\ 1RUWK .RUHD KRZHYHU QHJRWLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ &KLQD DQG .RUHD DUH VWLOO
UXQQLQJ DQG QRW ILQLVKHG 0RVW FRQFUHWHO\ VHHP WR EH WKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ
+ZDQJJǎPSK\ǂQJZKLFKLVWKHVRXWKHUQLVODQGIURPWKHWZR$QLQGXVWU\VSHFLDOLVHGRQ
WUDGHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQWRXULVPDQGFXOWXUHDVZHOODVDPRGHUQDJULFXOWXUHDQGSURFHVVLQJ
LQGXVWU\LVSODQQHGWKHUH,WLVDOVRSODQQHGWKDWWKHUHRQFHVKRXOGEHXSWR1RUWK
.RUHDQVZRUNLQJWKHUH.%6:RUOG5DGLR
$QRWKHUDUHDQHDU6LQXLMXZKLFKLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHSODQIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
VSHFLDOHFRQRPLFUHJLRQVLVWKHDUHDDURXQG7DHJ\HGRZKHUHH[WHQVLYHODQGUHFODPDWLRQ
ZDVFDUULHGRXW
6LQXLMXLVWKHILQDOGHVWLQDWLRQRIWKHUDLOZD\OLQHEHWZHHQ3\RQJ\DQJDQG6LQXLMX
)URPKHUHWKHUHDUHUDLOFRQQHFWLRQVDYDLODEOHWR&KLQD7KHUDLOVWDWLRQ³6LQXLMX<RXWK´
ZDVEXLOWLQDVSDUWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHUDLOZD\OLQHIURP6HRXOWR6LQXLMX
7KLVVWDWLRQLVWKHERUGHUVWDWLRQIRUWUDLQVWRDQGIURP%HLMLQJ%RWKSDVVHQJHUVDVZHOO
DVFDUJRDUHWUDQVSRUWHG,QWKHUDLOVWDWLRQ6RXWK6LQXLMXZKLFKDOVROLHVRQWKHURXWH
EHWZHHQ3\RQJ\DQJDQG6LQXLMXWKH7ԁNK\ԁQ/LQH6RXWK6LQXLMX±8LMX±7ǂNK\ǂQ
DQGWKH3DHNPD/LQH6RXWK6LQXLMX±3KLK\RQ±<RPMXIRUNRII0DMRUURDGVOHDGIURP
6LQXLMXWRWKHGLUHFWLRQRI3\RQJ\DQJ8LMXDQG3KLK\RQ)URP6LQXLMXWKHUHDUHNP
WR3\RQJ\DQJ
,Q WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH V D QHZ ZLGH URDG EHWZHHQ 2OG6LQXLMX DQG WKH
6RXWKHUQERXQGDU\RIWKHFLW\ZDVEXLOW)LJXUH6LQXLMX9,DQG)LJXUH6LQXLMX9,,
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
Figure Sinuiju-VI. Nam-Sinuiju 2006
Figure Sinuiju-VII. Nam-Sinuiju 2012
7KURXJKWKHSRUWRI6LQXLMXFDUJRVKLSVJRWRWKHLVODQGVORFDWHGLQWKHORZHUFRXUVH
RIWKH<DOXDQGDVIDUDV5\RQJDPSKR3LGDQVǂP&KROVDQ-RQJMX1DPSKRDQG+DHMX
RQWKHFRDVWRIWKH<HOORZ6HD7KURXJKWKHXSSHUFRXUVHRIWKH<DOXFDUJRDQGSDVVHQJHU
VKLSVFRPHIURPDQGJRWR8LMX2NNDQJDQG&KRQJVRQJ3DVVHQJHUVKLSVDUHDOVRXVHGDV
LQQHUFLW\WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
Center of education and culture in the northwest of the DPR Korea
6LQXLMXZDVIRUPHUO\DQGLVQRZDGD\VDFLW\RIHGXFDWLRQ7KHUHDUHQXPHURXVVHFRQGDU\
HGXFDWLRQDOHVWDEOLVKPHQWV6HYHUDOFROOHJHVDUHVSHFLDOLVHGLQWKHDUHDVRILQGXVWU\DQG
WHDFKHUWUDLQLQJ$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHUHDUHFROOHJHVIRUDJULFXOWXUHIRUPHGLFLQHIRUPLOLWDU\
VWXGLHVDQGIRUWKHSDUW\FDGUHWUDLQLQJ$UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKFKHPLFDO¿EUHV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHDUHDFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURIFXOWXUDOLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFKLVFXVWRPDU\IRU
DFDSLWDORIDSURYLQFH2QWKHZKROH6LQXLMXKDVWKHIRXUWKPRVWFXOWXUDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQDOO
1RUWK.RUHDQFLWLHVDVVWDWHGE\DWDEOHLQWKH,3$7DEOH6LQXLMX,,,
The ten party members of Rakwǂn
7KH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH&RPSOH[LVWKHODUJHVWFRPSDQ\RIWKHFLW\7KHZRUG5DNZǂQ
KDVDVSHFLDOULQJLQ.RUHDVLQFHLWKDVWKHPHDQLQJRI³SDUDGLVH´7KH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH
&RPSOH[WKHUHIRUHZDVPDWHULDOIRUWKHSURSDJDQGDVWRULHVRI6LQ3KRK\DQJDQGWKH³7HQ
3DUW\0HPEHUVRI5DNZǂQ´7KHVHZHUHVRDFFRUGLQJWRWKHQDUUDWLYHZRUNLQJLQWKHFDVW
LURQGLYLVLRQRIWKH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH)DFWRU\WKHIRUPHUQDPHRIWKHFRPSDQ\GXULQJ
WKH.RUHDQ:DU$WWKHHQGRI-XQH.LP,OVXQJWRRNSDUWLQDSOHQDU\PHHWLQJRI
KLVSDUW\FHOOWRGLVFXVVWKHSUHOLPLQDU\ZRUNIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDIWHUWKH:DU6LQ3KR
K\DQJRQHRIWKHZRUNHUVUHPHPEHUHGGXULQJWKLVFRQYHUVDWLRQWKDW-DSDQHVHLPSHULDOLVP
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
KDGLQGHHGGHVWUR\HGHYHU\WKLQJKRZHYHULWDOVRKDGEHHQSRVVLEOHWRUHEXLOGHYHU\WKLQJ
LQWZRWRWKUHH\HDUV&RQVHTXHQWLDOO\WKHVDPHVKRXOGEHSRVVLEOHDIWHUWKHFHVVDWLRQRI
WKH:DU7KXV.LP,OVXQJVKRXOGQRWEHWRRZRUULHG.LP,OVXQJZDVTXLWHLPSUHVVHG
E\WKLVDVVXUDQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVQDUUDWLYH7KHUHIRUHKHFRXOGQRWIRUJHWWKHZRUGV
VSRNHQE\6LQ3KRK\DQJ9HUODJIU)UHPGVSUDFKLJH/LWHUDWXU$VVKRZQLQ
WKHDERYHWKHWHQ3DUW\PHPEHUVIURP5DNZǂQDUHDOZD\VUHPHPEHUHGHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQ
LWFRPHVWRFRQMXULQJWKH³UHYROXWLRQDU\VSLULWRIWKHLQGHSHQGHQWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ´OLNHIRU
H[DPSOHLQWKHRI¿FLDO1HZ<HDU¶VPHVVDJHRIWKH'35.LQWKH\HDURI
Capital of the province of Phyongbuk
7KHFDSLWDORI3K\RQJEXN3URYLQFHZDVLQLWLDOO\8LMX6LQXLMXWKRXJKZDVDGPLQLVW
UDWLYHO\ D SDUW RI 8LMX ,Q WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHIRUP RI 8LMX ZDV SXW WRJHWKHU
ZLWK6LQXLMXKRZHYHU6LQXLMXWKXVEHFDPHWKHFDSLWDORIWKHSURYLQFHDQGLQWKH
SURYLQFLDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHEXLOGLQJZDVUHORFDWHGWR6LQXLMX,Q6LQXLMXZDVRI¿FLDOO\
GHFODUHGDVDFLW\SXVLQFHVL,QDWWKHH[SHQVHRI8LMXNXQ6LQXLMX¶VXUEDQ
DUHDZDVHQODUJHG,QWKHUHRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKHV6LQXLMXDJDLQORVWDUHDVLQWRWKH
NXQRI8LMXDQG5\RQJFKǂQLQQLQHULFDPHWRWKHQHZO\IRXQGHG.ZDQJVǂQJNXQ
,Q6LQXLMXZDVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHNX\RN1DP.ZDQJP\ǂQJ.DQJDQDOWKRXJK
WKH\ZHUHDEROLVKHGDJDLQLQ1RYHPEHU
High population density in Old-Sinuiju
7KHFLW\ZDVODLGRXWLQDFKHFNHUERDUGSDWWHUQ$WWKH<DOXZKHUHUDIWVZHUHFXWIURPWKH
ORJVIURPWKHIRUHVWUHJLRQVRIWKH1RUWKODUJHZRRGSURFHVVLQJIDFWRULHVZHUHFUHDWHG
,QWKHSRSXODWLRQRI6LQXLMXKDGJURZQWRLQKDELWDQWVRIZKRPZHUH
-DSDQHVH DQG &KLQHVH /DXWHQVDFK 7KH SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV OLYHG LQ
GLIIHUHQWTXDUWHUVWKHUHZDVD-DSDQHVHVWUHHWZKHUHWRGD\WKHGLVWULFWRI6LQZǂQGRQJ
H[LVWVDQGD&KLQHVHVWUHHWZKHUHWRGD\WKHGLVWULFWRI1DPVǂGRQJDQG1DPKDGRQJOLH
<L<RVHS7KH.RUHDQVOLYHGLQWKHUHPDLQLQJRWKHUGLVWULFWV,QWKHFLW\KDG
DSSUR[LPDWHO\LQKDELWDQWV0DMǂQGRQJORFDWHGVRPHZKHUHHDVWIURPWKHUDLO
VWDWLRQZDV¿UVWFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHUHVLGHQFHRIWKHHVSHFLDOO\SRRUSRSXODWLRQJURXSVHDUO\
LQWKHV
6LQXLMXZDVYLFWLPRIKHDY\ERPELQJE\WKH86ZDUSODQHVGXULQJWKH.RUHDQ:DU
*HQHUDO'RXJODV0DF$UWKXUKDGRUGHUHGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDZDVWHODQGEHWZHHQWKHIURQWDQG
WKH.RUHDQ&KLQHVHERUGHU2QWK1RYHPEHUWKHUHIRUH%WRQLQFHQGLDULHV
ODQGHGRQ6LQXLMXZLWKWKHJRDORIHUDVLQJWKHFLW\IURPWKHPDS&XPLQJV
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
7KHHQRUPRXVHIIRUWVWKDWZHUHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDUHWKXVDSSDUHQW
WREXLOGLQJWKHOHJHQGDURXQG6LQ3KRK\DQJDQGWKHWHQ3DUW\PHPEHUVRIWKH0DFKLQH
)DFWRU\5DNZRQ
7KHFLW\FHQWHURI6LQXLMXLVFRPSOHWHO\RYHUSRSXODWHG$OUHDG\LQWKHV6DLWVFKLNRZ
ZURWHWKDWWKHODFNRIDVXLWDEOHJURXQGIRUWKHFLW\ZDVWKHUHDVRQZK\WKH
FLW\ZDVGHVLJQHGLQDFRPSDFWVWUXFWXUHDQGWKDWWKHLQKDELWDQWVKDGWRILQG
VSDFHLQDQDUHDRIOLWWOHPRUHWKDQNPð7KHUHZHUHQRODUJHSDUNVDQGJDUGHQVLQWKH
FLW\(YHU\SDWFKRIJURXQGZDVRFFXSLHGZLWKDSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJVWKDWZHUHDOORFDWHG
LQUHFWDQJXODUDUHDV6WUDLJKWURDGVZLWKPXOWLVWRUH\EXLOGLQJVRFFXSLHGWKHEDQNVRIWKH
ULYHU,QWKHQRUWKHUQDQGVRXWKHUQIULQJHVRIWKHFLW\VHYHUDOLQGXVWULDOFRPSDQLHVKDG
EHHQHVWDEOLVKHG
7KHSURYLQFLDOFDSLWDORI3K\RQJEXN6LQXLMXLVWKHOLYHOLHVWFLW\ZLWKLQWKH'35
.RUHD&RUUHVSRQGHQWZLWKWKHVWDWXVDVDERUGHUWRZQDYLEUDQWWUDGHDQGPDQ\ORFDO
FKDQJHVLQWKHSRSXODWLRQH[LVW7KLVLVWKHORFDWLRQZKHUHIRUHLJQFXOWXUHIDVWHVWSHQHWUDWHV
6LQFHWKHVWKHPRVWIDPRXVPDUNHWLQ6LQXLMXLVWKH&KDHKD0DUNHW,WZDVUHSRUWHG
WKRXJKWKDWWKLVPDUNHWYDQLVKHGLQWKHV&KRVXQ,OER1RYHPEHU
6DWHOOLWHLPDJHVIURPWKHVKRZHYHULQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDJURZWKUHODWLQJWR
WKLVPDUNHWIURPXQWLO7KHQLQWKHPDUNHWYDQLVKHG$QHZODUJHPDUNHW
ZDVEXLOWDWWKHVRXWKHUQERUGHURI2OG6LQXLMX1RUWK.RUHDQ(FRQRP\:DWFK
7KHSURYLQFLDOKHDGTXDUWHUVRIWKH:RUNHUV¶3DUW\LVORFDWHGLQ3RQEXGRQJZKHUHD
ORWRIFDGUHVRIWKHSURYLQFLDOKHDGTXDUWHUVRIWKH3DUW\DUHFRQFHQWUDWHG7KHSURYLQFLDO
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FRPPLWWHH DOVR LV LQ 6LQZǂQGRQJ ZKHUH DOVR WKH KLJK FDGUH RI WKH
SURYLQFLDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQOLYH,QDGGLWLRQH[FHSWVSHFLDOH[FHSWLRQVPRVWRIWKHFDGUH
OLYHVLQWKHFLW\EXWWKHIDFWXDOO\SRZHUIXOOLYHFRQFHQWUDWHGLQ.ZDQPXQGRQJ.ǎQKZD
GRQJDQG<ǂNMǂQGRQJ7KHDSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJVRIWKHSURYLQFLDOFDGUHDUHVHSDUDWHG
IURPWKHKRXVHVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQRI6LQXLMXE\DZDOO1.&KRVXQFRP
,QDUGFODVVKRWHOZLWKURRPVZDVEXLOW,WLVORFDWHGLQ.ZDQPXQGRQJDQG
LVPRVWO\XVHGE\WKH&KLQHVH,WLVVLWXDWHG¿YHPLQXWHVE\FDUDZD\IURPWKHFXVWRPV
RI¿FH
Old-Sinuiju, Nam-Sinuiju, Yǂnha: three urbanized areas
7KHXUEDQL]HGDUHDVRI6LQXLMXDUHGLYLGHGURXJKO\LQWRWKUHHDUHDV
2OG6LQXLMXRU1RUWK6LQXLMX7KLVLVWKHRULJLQDO6LQXLMXZKLFKZDVSURWHFWHGE\
GDPV
1DP6LQXLMXRU6RXWK6LQXLMXWKHDUHDVRXWKIURP2OG6LQXLMXHVSHFLDOO\DURXQGWKH
IRUPHU5DNZǂQURGRQJMDJXDQGWKHIRUPHU.ZDQJVǂQJXS
7KHDUHDRIWKHIRUPHU<ǂQKDURGRQJMDJXLQWKH1RUWKHDVWRIWKHFLW\
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
Incorporations in 1961, 1963 and 1989
$IWHU6LQXLMXZDVUHGXFHGLQVL]HLQWKHVLWFDPHWRLQFRUSRUDWLRQVLQWKHVDVZHOODV
LQ
Ɣ ,Q 6DQJDQUL DQG +DGDQUL ERWK LQ 8LMXNXQ DV ZHOO DV 0DMǂQUL DQG
6ǂQVDQJULERWKLQ.ZDQJVǂQJNXQZHUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHFLW\
Ɣ,Q.ZDQJVǂQJNXQZDVGLVVROYHGDQGH[FHSWIRU6DPVDQJULZDVLQWHJUDWHG
LQWR6LQXLMXVL.ZDQJVǂQJXS5DNZǂQURGRQJMDJXDQGHOHYHQUL
ZHUHDIIHFWHGE\WKLVFKDQJH
Ɣ ,Q WKH LQFRUSRUDWLRQV RI SDUWV RI 8LMXNXQ ZKLFK ZHUH LQFRUSRUDWHG DV
<ǂQKDGRQJWR6LQXLMXVLZHUHPDGHDVZHOODVWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRI7DMLUL8LMX
NXQ
Figure Sinuiju-VIII. Incorporations
Figure Sinuiju-IX. Urbanization and industrial area as
well as topography (Source: Yi Sang-jun et.al. 2011,
75, 83)
Urbanization process in Sinuiju
,QGRQJZHUHIRXQGHGLQWKHFLW\RI6LQXLMXZKLFKZHUHUHGXFHGWRLQWKH
FRXUVHRIWKHUHVWUXFWXULQJRIWKHFLW\RI6LQXLMX$GGLWLRQDOO\.ZDQJVǂQJǎSZKLFKZDV
IRXQGHGLQDQGWKHLQIRXQGHG5DNZǂQURGRQJMDJX.ZDQJVǂQJNXQDUHSDUW
RIWKHFLW\RI6LQXLMX%RWKDUHORFDWHGQRZDGD\VZLWKLQWKHFLW\ERUGHUVRI6LQXLMX
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
Figure Sinuiju-X. Dong 1961
Figure Sinuiju-XI. Dong 1976
Figure Sinuiju-XII. Dong 1994
,Q.ZDQJVǂQJXSLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHGRQJDQG5DNZǂQURGRQJMDJXEHFRPHVD
GRQJ6LQSKXQJGRQJLVDGGHGWR0DMǂQULZKLFKWKHUHIRUHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\LVDVFHQGLQJWR
0DMǂQGRQJ
,QGXHWRWKHVSOLWWLQJIRXUQHZGRQJZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGWKUHHRIZKLFKDUHORFDWHG
LQ2OG6LQXLMXRQHLQWKH6RXWK
,Q <ǂQKDURGRQJMDJX HPHUJHV ,Q 5DNFKǂQJ VHSDUDWHV LWVHOI IURP
5DNZǂQGRQJ
,Q¿YHQHZGRQJFRPHLQWRH[LVWHQFHIURPWKHIRUPHUULORFDWHGLQWKH6RXWK
RI2OG6LQXLMX$WWKHVDPHWLPH5DNFKǂQJGRQJDQG5DNZǂQGRQJDUHGLYLGHGLQWZR
GRQJHDFK
7KUHHQHZGRQJHDFKHPHUJHIURPWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIH[LVWLQJGRQJLQDQGLQ
)RXURIWKHPDUHORFDWHGVRXWKIURP2OG6LQXLMXDQGRQHZLWKLQ2OG6LQXLMX$QRWKHUUHVXOW
IURPWKHVHSDUDWLRQLV<ǂQKDGRQJZKLFKHPHUJHGIURP<ǂQKDURGRQJMDJX
Table Sinuiju-VI. Number of dong in the regions of Old-Sinuiju, Nam-Sinuiju and YŰnha
Old-Sinuiju
South, (Southeast)
Yžnha
1955
31
2
-
1957
29
3
1961
25
3
-
1963
25
5
-
1967
26
8
-
1972
26
8
1
1976
26
9
1
1989
26
16
1
1990
27
18
1
1994
27
20
2
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
7DEOH6LQXLMX9,VKRZVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIGRQJXSURGRQJMDJXZLWKLQ6LQXLMXLQ
WRGD\¶VERUGHU
The Development of Nam-Sinuiju since the end of the 1980s
,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWUXFWXUHZLWKLQ2OG6LQXLMXZDVFRQVROLGDWHGDOUHDG\
DURXQGDQGEHWZHHQDQGRQO\WZRQHZGRQJZHUHFUHDWHGWKURXJKWKH
VHSDUDWLRQIURPDQRWKHUGRQJ
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRXWVLGHWKHROGFLW\ZKLFKZDVVXUURXQGHGE\DGDPZDVPXFK
OLYHOLHU,QRQO\RQHGRQJ6LQSKXQJGRQJLQWKH6RXWKHDVWZKLFKZDVLQFRUSRUDWHG
LQ LQWR 0DMǂQGRQJ H[LVWHG EH\RQG WKH ROG FLW\ FHQWHU RI 6LQXLMX ,Q DGGLWLRQ
.ZDQJVǂQJXS ZKLFK LV WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH KHDGTXDUWHU RI .ZDQJVǂQJNXQ ZDV
LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHFLW\RI6LQXLMXLQ,Q5DNZǂQURGRQJMDJXZDVIRXQGHG
,Q.ZDQJVǂQJXSZDVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHGRQJ7KH¿UVWVLJQVRIGHYHORSPHQWLQWKH
6RXWKRI6LQXLMXDUHH[KLELWHGE\WKHQHZO\HPHUJHGGRQJLQWKH\HDUVRIDQG
Figure Sinuiju-XIII. Sinuiju (2012)
Figure Sinuiju-XIV. Nam-Sinuiju (2012)
)DUUHDFKLQJFKDQJHVKDYHEHFRPHDSSDUHQWWKHQVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKHV7KH1RUWK
.RUHDQJRYHUQPHQWKDGSURPRWHGDSURJUDPIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI1DP6LQXLMX6RXWK
6LQXLMX
'XHWRWKHFRQVWDQWWKUHDWRIÀRRGIRU6LQXLMXLWZDVEXLOWLQWKHVNPDZD\IURP
6LQXLMXRQDVOLJKWO\KLJKHUWHUUDLQLQ1DP6LQXLMX7KHUHKDYHEHHQVHYHUDOIDFWRULHV
DOUHDG\LQWKLVUHJLRQIRUH[DPSOHWKH5DNZǂQ0DFKLQH&RPSOH[
2ULJLQDOO\ LW ZDV SODQQHG WR UHORFDWH XUEDQ IXQFWLRQV IURP 2OG6LQXLMX WR 1DP
6LQXLMX+RZHYHURQO\WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIOLYLQJDUHDVZDVLPSOHPHQWHG7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD
RIWKHOLYLQJDUHDVWKRXJKZDVSUREOHPDWLFGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHH[LVWLQJLQGXVWULDO
IDFLOLWLHV-DQJ6H+XQE
Statistics
7KHUHIRUHLQ6LQXLMXFRQVLVWHGRIGRQJDQGQLQHUL7KH36&KRZHYHU
UHFRUGHGGRQJDQGQLQHULZLWKRXWJLYLQJDQ\LQGLFDWLRQVWRWKHGRQJ
'RQJ)RUPDWLRQ'RQJ6SOLWWLQJ
H[WHUQDO
H[WHUQDO
H[WHUQDO
H[WHUQDO
H[WHUQDO
Sinuiju - Korea’s Door to the Eurasian Mainland
6LQXLMXLVWKHFDSLWDORIWKHSURYLQFHRI3K\RQJDQEXNWR7KHFLW\LVORFDWHGNPDERYH
WKHPRXWKRIWKH<DOXDQGDWRQO\PDERYHVHDOHYHOZKLFKLVWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHODWHQW
GDQJHURIÀRRGFDWDVWURSKHV6LQXLMXRZHVLWVH[LVWHQFHWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHUDLOZD\
OLQHIURP6HRXOWRKHUHZKLFKZDV¿QLVKHGLQ7KH-DSDQHVHSXWWKHGLVWDQFHLQWKLV
ZD\WKDWWKHURXWHGLGQ¶WFURVV8LMXEXWDVZDPSDUHDLQWKH:HVWVRWKDWWKHOLQHFURVVHG
WKH<DOX7KH¿QDOGHVWLQDWLRQRQ.RUHDQVRLOZDVQDPHG³1HZ8LMX´WKXV6LQXLMXE\
WKH-DSDQHVH,Q6HSWHPEHU1RUWK.RUHDVXUSULVHGWKHZRUOGZKHQLWDQQRXQFHG
WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDFDSLWDOLVWLF³6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQ6LQXLMX´7KLVVKRXOG
KDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGDVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFHQWHUIRUILQDQFHWUDGH,7LQGXVWU\PRGHUQ
VFLHQFHHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQGWRXULVP+RZHYHUWKHSURMHFWZDVVWRSSHGZKHQWKHGHVLJQDWHG
JRYHUQRU<DQJ%LQD'XWFKZLWK&KLQHVHRULJLQVZDVDUUHVWHGE\WKH&KLQHVHDXWKRULWLHV
$WWKLVWLPHWKHQHJRWLDWLRQVIRU&KLQHVH.RUHDQFRRSHUDWLRQIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH
LVODQGVRI+ZDQJJǎPSK\ǂQJDQG:LKZDDUHXQGHUZD\$VSHFLDOSRWHQWLDORI6LQXLMXIRU
.RUHDOLHVLQWKHSRVVLEOHH[SDQVLRQRILWVIXQFWLRQVDVDGRRUWRWKH(XUDVLDQPDLQODQG
)URPWRWKHQXPEHURIGRQJLQWKH6RXWKKDVPRUHWKDQGRXEOHGZKLOH
1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV
2OG6LQXLMXDOPRVWVWDJQDWHG
,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD